FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 4, Part 2FAO SPECIES CATALOGUEFIR/S125 Vol. 4, Part 2VOL. 4, PART 2 SHARKS OF THE WORLDAN ANNOTATED AND ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUEOF SHARK SPECIES KNOWN TO DATEUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSFAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 125, Volume 4, Part 2 FIR/S125 Vol. 4, Part 2FAOSPECIES CATALOGUEVOL. 4 SHARKS OF THE WORLDAn Annotated and Illustrated Catalogueof Shark Species Known to DatePart 2 - Carcharhiniformesprepared byLeonard J.V. CompagnoJ.L.B. Smith Institute of IchthyologyGrahamstown, South AfricaPrepared with support from theUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)and the American Elasmobranch SocietyUNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMEFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONSRome 1984 Thedesignationsemployedandthepresentation ofmaterialinthispublicationdonotimplythe expressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartoftheFoodandAgricul tureOrganizati on oftheUnitedNationsconcerningthelegal statusofanycountry,territory,cityorareaorofitsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. M-40 SBN 92-5-101383-7 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorbyanymeans, electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withouttheprior permissionofthecopyrightowner.Applicationsforsuchpermission, withastatementofthepurposeandextentofthereproduction,should beaddressedtotheDirector,PublicationsDivision,FoodandAgriculture OrganizationoftheUnitedNations,ViadelleTermediCaracalla,00100 Rome, taly. FAO 1984 PREPARATION OF THIS DOCUMENTThepresentpublication,preparedundertheUNDP/FAOProjectfortheSurveyanddentificationofWorld-MarineFishResources(GLO/82/001),isthefourthworldwidespeciescatalogueissuedwithintheFAOFisheries Synopses series. Workonthiscataloguewasinitiatedbytheauthormanyyearsagowiththepreparationofasimplelistof sharkspeciesincludingonlymostelementaryinformationsuchasscientificsynonymies,geographicaldistributions, sizes,etc.,precededbyanillustratedkeytosharkfamilies.However,withtheevolvementofamoreambitious formatfortheseries,andparalleltothepreparationofthevolumesonscombridsandcephalopods,itbecame necessarytoexpandtheoriginalmanuscriptverysubstantially, ataskwhichtheauthoraccomplishedwithhisusualenthousiasmandthoroughness,inspiteofthedifficultconditionsunderwhichhehadtoworkduringthepast years. Theworkwasfacilitatedbytheauthor'sinvolvementinseveralregionalsetsofFAOSpeciesdentification SheetsforFisheryPurposes,e.g.theWesternCentralAtlantic,EasternCentralAtlanticandWesternndian Ocean,butthenumerousgapsininformationonspeciesfromthendo-Pacificregioncouldnothavebeenfilled withouttheauthor'srecentextensivefieldworkinthatarea,whichwasmadepossiblethankstothesupportof several institutions both within and outside the USA, coordinated by the American Elasmobranch Society. nthefinalstagesofthework,theauthorcouldcountonthegenerousassistanceoftheJ.L.B.Smith nstitute of chthyology, Grahamstown, South Africa. TheindexesofscientificandcommoninternationalFAOspeciesnamesandoflocalspeciesnameswere prepared in collaboration with FAO's Fishery nformation, Data and Statistics Service. llustrations were adapted and redrawn by a wide variety of sources, especially from Okutani (1980). IIIustrators :P.Lastrico(principalillustrator),O.Lldonnici,E.D'AntoniandP.-L. sola, FAO, Rome. FAO FamiIy and Species names in French:J.-C.Quro,nsti tutSci enti fi queet Technique des Pches Maritimes, La Rochelle, France. TechnicaI Editors :W.FischerandC.E.Nauen,FisheryResourcesandEnvironment Division, FAO. ABSTRACT ThisisthefourthintheFAOseriesofworldwideannotatedandillustrated cataloguesofmajorgroupsoforganismsthatentermarinefisheries.Thepresent volumeincludes342sharkspeciesbelongingto8ordersand31families.tprovidesa comprehensiveandillustratedkeytoallordersandfamiliesofsharks,withaglossary oftechni cal termsandmeasurements.Wi thi neachfami l yaregi veni ndi vi dualaccountsofspecies,whichincludedrawings,scientificandvernacularnames,informa-ti ononhabi tat,bi ol ogyandfi sheri es,andadi stri buti onmap;formostfami l i esthere isalsoakeytogenera.Theworkisfullyindexedandthereisamplereferenceto pertinent literature. Distribution: Author FAO Fisheries Department FAORegionalFisheriesOfficers Regional Fisheries Councils andCommissions Selector SM For bibliographic purposes this document should be cited as follows: Compagno, L.J.V.,FAO species catalogue. Vol. 4. 1984Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Part 2. Carcharhiniformes. FAO Fish.Synop., (125)Vol.4,Pt.2:251-655 - iii -click for next page- v - TABLE OF CONTENTS CodePage 9.ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES - GROUND SHARKS ....................................................................................... 251 9.1FAMLY SCYLORHNDAE - Catsharks .................................................. SCYL ...........................................253 Apristurus.......................................................................................................A. atlanticus .....................................................................................A. brunneus ......................................................................................A. canutus ............................................................................................A. herklotsi ........................................................................................A. indicus .............................................................................................A. investigatoris ...................................................................................A. japonicus .......................................................................................A. kampae ........................................................................................A. laurussoni ........................................................................................A. longicephalus ..................................................................................A. macrorhynchus ................................................................................A. maderensis ......................................................................................A. manis ...............................................................................................A. microps ............................................................................................A. nasutus ........................................................................................A. parvipinnis ....................................................................................A. platyrhynchus ..................................................................................A. profundorum ....................................................................................A. riveri .................................................................................................A. saldanha .......................................................................................A. sibogae .........................................................................................A. sinensis ........................................................................................A. spongiceps ......................................................................................A. stenseni ........................................................................................A verweyi .......................................................................................... Asymbolus .....................................................................................................A. analis ...............................................................................................A. vincenti ......................................................................................... Atelomycterus ...............................................................................................A. macleayi ..........................................................................................A. marmoratus .................................................................................... Aulohalaelurus ..............................................................................................A. labiosus ...........................................................................................

Cephaloscyllium ............................................................................................C. fasciatum .........................................................................................C. isabellum .........................................................................................C. laticeps ........................................................................................C. nascione .......................................................................................C. silasi .................................................................................................C. sufflans .........................................................................................C. ventriosum ....................................................................................... Cephalurus .....................................................................................................C. cephalus .......................................................................................... Galeus ...........................................................................................................G. arae .................................................................................................G. boardmani .......................................................................................G. eastmani .........................................................................................G. melastomus ....................................................................................SCYL Aprist................................SCYL Aprist 1 ...............................SCYL Aprist 2 ...............................SCYL Aprist 3 ...............................SCYL Aprist 4 ...............................SCYL Aprist 5 ...............................SCYL Aprist 6 ...............................SCYL Aprist 7 ...............................SCYL Aprist 8 ...............................SCYL Aprist 9 ...............................SCYL Aprist 10 .............................SCYL Aprist 11 .............................SCYL Aprist 12 .............................SCYL Aprist 13 .............................SCYL Aprist 14 .............................SCYL Aprist 15 .............................SCYL Aprist 16 .............................SCYL Aprist 17 .............................SCYL Aprist 18 .............................SCYL Aprist 19 .............................SCYL Aprist 20 .............................SCYL Aprist 21 .............................SCYL Aprist 22 .............................SCYL Aprist 23 .............................SCYL Aprist 24 .............................SCYL Aprist 25 ............................. SCYL Asym.................................SCYL Asym 1 ................................SCYL Asym 2 ............................... SCYL Atel .....................................SCYL Atel 2.................................SCYL Atel 1................................. SCYL Aul. .....................................SCYL Aul 1.................................. SCYL Cep ....................................SCYL Cep 1................................SCYL Cep 2................................SCYL Cep 3................................SCYL Cep 4................................SCYL Cep 5................................SCYL Cep 6................................SCYL Cep 7................................ SCYL Ceph ...................................SCYL Ceph 1 ................................ SCYL Gal .....................................SCYL Gal 2..................................SCYL Gal 3..................................SCYL Gal 4..................................SCYL Gal 1 ................................... 257261262263264265267268269270271272272273275276277278279280282283284285286287289290291292292293294295296297298299300301302303305305306308310311312 click for previous page- vi - G. murinus.........................................................................................G. nipponensis..................................................................................G. piperatus ........................................................................................G. polli................................................................................................G. sauteri ............................................................................................G. schultzi.......................................................................................... Halaelurus ...............................................................................................H. alcocki...........................................................................................H. boesemani .....................................................................................H. buergeri.........................................................................................H. canescens ......................................................................................H. dawsoni ..........................................................................................H. hispidus ..........................................................................................H. immaculatus ...................................................................................H. lineatus ...........................................................................................H. lutarius ............................................................................................H. natalensis .......................................................................................H. quagga ........................................................................................... Haploblepharus ......................................................................................H. edwardsii ........................................................................................H. fuscus .............................................................................................H. pictus .............................................................................................. Holohalaelurus ........................................................................................H. punctatus ........................................................................................H. regani .............................................................................................. Parmaturus .............................................................................................P. campechiensis ...............................................................................P. melanobranchius.....................................................................P.pilosus ...........................................................................................P. xaniurus .......................................................................................... Pentanchus .............................................................................................P. profundicolus ................................................................................. Poroderma ..............................................................................................P. africanum ........................................................................................P. marleyi ............................................................................................P. pantherinum ................................................................................... Schroederichthys ....................................................................................S. bivius ...............................................................................................S. chilensis..................................................................................S. maculatus .......................................................................................S. tenuis .............................................................................................. Scyliorhinus ............................................................................................S. besnardi ..........................................................................................S. boa ..................................................................................................S. canicula..................................................................................S. capensis .........................................................................................S. cervigoni .........................................................................................S. garmani ...........................................................................................S. haeckelii ..........................................................................................S. hesperius .........................................................................................S. meadi ...............................................................................................S. retifer ...............................................................................................S. stellaris ............................................................................................S. torazame .........................................................................................S. torrei ................................................................................................SCYL Gal 5.............................SCYL Gal 6.............................SCYL Gal 7.............................SCYL Gal 9.............................SCYL Gal 9.............................SCYL Gal 10 ............................ SCYL Hal .................................SCYL Hal 1.............................SCYL Hal 2.............................SCYL Hal 3.............................SCYL Hal 4.............................SCYL Hal 5.............................SCYL Hal 6.............................SCYL Hal 7.............................SCYL Hal 8.............................SCYL Hal 9.............................SCYL Hal 10............................SCYL Hal 11............................ SCYL Hap .................................SCYL Hap 1.............................SCYL Hap 2.............................SCYL Hap 3............................. SCYL Hol .................................SCYL Hol 1.............................SCYL Hol 2............................. SCYL Parm ..............................SCYL Parm 1 ...........................SCYL Parm 2 ...........................SCYL Parm 3 ...........................SCYL Parm 4 ........................... SCYL Pent ................................SCYL Pent 1 ............................. SCYL Por .................................SCYL Por 1.............................SCYL Por 2.............................SCYL Por 3............................. SCYL Schroed ..........................SCYL Schroed 1 ......................SCYL Schroed 2 .......................SCYL Schroed 3 .......................SCYL Schroed 4 ....................... SCYL Scyl ................................SCYL Scyl 3 .............................SCYL Scyl 4 .............................SCYL Scyl 1 .............................SCYL Scyl 5 .............................SCYL Scyl 6 .............................SCYL Scyl 7 .............................SCYL Scyl 8 .............................SCYL Scyl 9 .............................SCYL Scyl 10 ...........................SCYL Scyl 11 ...........................SCYL Scyl 2 ..............................SCYL Scyl 12 ...........................SCYL Scyl 13 ........................... 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 321 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 329 330 331 332 332 334 335 336 336 338 339 341 341 343 344 345 345 346 347 348 349 351 352 352 353 354 355 357 357 358 359 361 362 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 Code Page - vii - !"#$ Page9.2 FAMLY PROSCYLLDAE - Finback catsharks ................................... Ctenacis ................................................................................................C. fehlmanni..................................................................................... Eridacnis..............................................................................................E. barbouri......................................................................................E. radcliffei.......................................................................................E. sinuans........................................................................................ Gollum.................................................................................................G. attenuatus.................................................................................. Proscyllium..........................................................................................P. habereri....................................................................................... 9.3 FAMLY PSEUDOTRAKDAE - False catsharks ................................. Pseudotriakis......................................................................................P. microdon..................................................................................... 9.4 FAMLY LEPTOCHARDAE - Barbeled houndsharks........................... Leptocharias.......................................................................................L. smithii.......................................................................................... 9.5 FAMLY TRAKDAE - Houndsharks .................................................... Furgaleus.............................................................................................F. macki........................................................................................... Galeorhinus.........................................................................................G. galeus......................................................................................... Gogolia .........................................................................................G. filewoodi...................................................................................... Hemitriakis...........................................................................................H. japanica .....................................................................................H. leucoperiptera............................................................................ Hypogaleus..........................................................................................H. hyugaensis.................................................................................. ago....................................................................................................... garricki.......................................................................................... omanensis.................................................................................... Mustelus..............................................................................................M. antarcticus..................................................................................M. asterias......................................................................................M. californicus.................................................................................M. canis............................................................................................M. dorsalis.......................................................................................M. fasciatus.....................................................................................M. griseus........................................................................................M. henlei..........................................................................................M. higmani.......................................................................................M. lenticulatus..................................................................................PROS..................................... PROS Cten ..............................PROS Cten 1 ........................... PROS Erid ..............................PROS Erid 1 ............................PROS Erid 2 ............................PROS Erid 3 ............................ PROS Gol ................................PROS Gol 1 .............................

PROS Pros ..............................PROS Pros 1 ........................... PSEUDOT.............................. PSEUDOT Pseu ......................PSEUDOT Pseu 1 ................... LEPTOC .................................. LEPTOC Lep..........................LEPTOC Lep 1 ........................ TRAK ...................................... TRAK Furg............................TRAK Furg 1 ........................... TRAK Galeo ...........................TRAK Galeo 1 ......................... TRAK Gog ..............................TRAK Gog 1 ........................... TRAK Hem.............................TRAK Hem 1 ...........................TRAK Hem 2 ........................... TRAK Hypo...........................TRAK Hypo 1 .......................... TRAK ago.............................TRAK ago 2 ...........................TRAK ago 1 ........................... TRAK Must............................TRAK Must 8 ...........................TRAK Must 2 ...........................TRAK Must 4 ...........................TRAK Must 3 ...........................TRAK Must 5 ...........................TRAK Must 9 ...........................TRAK Must 10 ........................TRAK Must 11 ........................TRAK Must 12 ........................TRAK Must 13 ........................ 369 370 371 372372 373 374 375 375 376377 378 378378 380 380380 381 384385 386386 389389 390391392 393394 395395396 397401402403404407408409410412413- viii - Code PageM. lunulatus .......................................................................................M. manazo ........................................................................................M. mento ...........................................................................................M. mosis ...........................................................................................M. mustelus ......................................................................................M. norrisi....................................................................................M. palumbes .....................................................................................M. punctulatus ..................................................................................M. schmitti .........................................................................................M. whitney ......................................................................................... Scylliogaleus .........................................................................................S. quecketti ........................................................................................ Triakis ....................................................................................................T. acutipinna ......................................................................................T. maculata .......................................................................................T. megalopterus ................................................................................T. scyllium .........................................................................................T. semifasciata .................................................................................. 9.6 FAMLY HEMGALEDAE - Weasel sharks ............................................. Chaenogaleus .......................................................................................C. macrostoma ..................................................................................

Hemigaleus ...........................................................................................H. microstoma........................................................................... Hemipristis .............................................................................................H. elongatus ...................................................................................... Paragaleus ............................................................................................P. pectoralis .......................................................................................P. tengi ............................................................................................... 9.7 FAMLY CARCHARHNDAE - Requiem sharks ...................................... Carcharhinus .........................................................................................C. acronotus ......................................................................................C. albimarginatus ..............................................................................C. altimus ...........................................................................................C. amblyrhynchoides .........................................................................C. amblyrhynchos ..............................................................................C. amboinensis ..................................................................................C. borneensis .....................................................................................C. brachyurus ....................................................................................C. brevipinna .....................................................................................C. cautus ............................................................................................C. dussumieri .....................................................................................C. falciformis ......................................................................................C. fitzroyensis ....................................................................................C. galapagensis .................................................................................C. hemiodon ......................................................................................C. isodon ............................................................................................C. leucas .............................................................................................C. limbatus..........................................................................................C. longimanus ....................................................................................C. macloti ...........................................................................................C. melanopterus ................................................................................C. obscurus ........................................................................................C. perezi .............................................................................................C. plumbeus .......................................................................................TRAK Must 14 .........................TRAK Must 6 ..........................TRAK Must 15 .........................TRAK Must 7 ..........................TRAK Must 1 ...........................TRAK Must 16 .........................TRAK Must 17........................TRAK Must 18........................TRAK Must 19 .........................TRAK Must 20........................ TRAK Scyl.............................TRAK Scyi 1 ........................... TRAK Triak ............................TRAK Triak 1 .........................TRAK Triak 2 .........................TRAK Triak 3 .........................TRAK Triak 4 .........................TRAK Triak 5 ......................... HEMG ..................................... HEMG Chaen .........................HEMG Chaen 1..................... TRAK Hemig ...........................HEMG Hemig 1...................... HEMG Hemip .........................HEMG Hemip 1...................... HEMG Para...........................HEMG Para 1 .........................HEMG Para 2 ......................... CARCH ................................... CARCH Carch .........................CARCH Carch 1 ......................CARCH Carch 17 ....................CARCH Carch 2 ......................CARCH Carch 18 ....................CARCH Carch 19 ....................CARCH Carch 14 ....................CARCH Carch 27 ....................CARCH Carch 15 ....................CARCH Carch 3 ......................CARCH Carch 28 ....................CARCH Carch 20 ....................CARCH Carch 4 ......................CARCH Carch 29 ....................CARCH Carch 16 ....................CARCH Carch 21 ....................CARCH Carch 5 ......................CARCH Carch 6 ......................CARCH Carch 7 ......................CARCH Carch 8 ......................CARCH Carch 22 ....................CARCH Carch 23 ....................CARCH Carch 9 ......................CARCH Carch 10 ....................CARCH Carch 11 .................... 414 416 417 418 419 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 428 429 430 432 433 435 437 437 438 439 440 440 442 442 444 445 449 454 455 457 458 459 461 463 464 466 468 469 470 472 473 475 477 478 481 484 486 487 499 492 493 - ix - CodePageC. porosus.......................................................................................C. sealei..........................................................................................C. signatus......................................................................................C. sorrah.........................................................................................C. wheeleri...................................................................................... Galeocerdo.........................................................................................G. cuvier.......................................................................................... Glyphis................................................................................................G. gangeticus.................................................................................G. glyphis........................................................................................ sogomphodon..................................................................................... oxyrhynchus................................................................................ Lamiopsis............................................................................................L. temmincki.................................................................................... Loxodon...............................................................................................L. macrorhinus................................................................................ Nasolamia...........................................................................................N. velox........................................................................................... Negaprion............................................................................................N. acutidens....................................................................................N. brevirostris.................................................................................. Prionace..............................................................................................P. glauca.......................................................................................... Rhizoprionodon...................................................................................R. acutus.........................................................................................R. lalandii.........................................................................................R. longurio.......................................................................................R. oligolinx.......................................................................................R. porosus.......................................................................................R. taylori..........................................................................................R. terraenovae................................................................................ Scoliodon.............................................................................................S. laticaudus................................................................................... Triaenodon..........................................................................................T. obesus......................................................................................... 9.8 FAMLY SPHYRNDAE Eusphyra.............................................................................................E. blochii......................................................................................... Sphyrna...............................................................................................S. corona........................................................................................S. couardi.......................................................................................S. lewini..........................................................................................S. media..........................................................................................S. mokarran....................................................................................S. tiburo...........................................................................................S. tudes...........................................................................................S. zygaena ...............................................................................- Bonnethead sharks, Hammerhead sharks, ....Scoophead sharksCARCH Carch 12 ....................CARCH Carch 24 ....................CARCH Carch 13 ....................CARCH Carch 25 ....................CARCH Carch 26 .................... CARCH Gal .............................CARCH Gal 1 .......................... CARCH Glyph .........................CARCH Glyph 1.....................CARCH Glyph 2..................... CARCH SO ............................CARCH so 1 .......................... CARCH Lamio .........................CARCH Lamio 1.................... CARCH Lox...........................CARCH Lox 1 ......................... CARCH Nas...........................CARCH Nas 1 ......................... CARCH Neg..........................CARCH Neg 2 ........................CARCH Neg 1 ........................ CARCH Prion ..........................CARCH Prion 1...................... CARCH Rhiz..........................CARCH Rhiz 3.......................CARCH Rhiz 1.......................CARCH Rhiz 5.......................CARCH Rhiz 4.......................CARCH Rhiz 2.......................CARCH Rhiz 6.......................CARCH Rhiz 7....................... CARCH Scol...........................CARCH Scol 1 ........................ CARCH Tria...........................CARCH Tria 1 ........................ SPHYRN................................ SPHYRN Eusp ........................SPHYRN Eusp 1.................... SPHYRN Sphyrn....................SPHYRN Sphyrn 5 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 6 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 1 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 7 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 3 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 2 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 8 ..................SPHYRN Sphyrn 4 .................. 496497499500501 503503 506507509 510510 511512 513514 515515 516517519 521521 524525527528529530531532 533534 535536 538 540540 54154354454554754855055155310. APPENDIXES................................................................................................................................................ 10.1 SHARK ATTACK ................................................................................................................................. 10.2 PRESERVNG SHARKS FOR SCENTFC STUDY............................................................................... 10.3 CORRECTONS AND ADDTONS .......................................................................................................... 11. LIST OF SPECIES BY MAJOR FISHING AREAS ................................................................................................ 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY................................................................................................................................................ 13. INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC AND VERNACULAR NAMES ................................................................................................ 555 555 561 562 565 593 633- x - Page click for next page - 251 - 9. ORDER CARCHARHINIFORMES - GROUND SHARKS Order Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1973, J.Linn.Soc.(Zool.)London, 53, suppl. 1 Synonymy:OrderAsterospondyli:Gill,1893(inpart),Fowler,1941(inpart),Smith,1949(inpart).Order Asterospondyl i ,SuborderGal ei :Jordan&Evermann,1896(i npart).OrderCarcharhi ni da:Gl i kman,1967(i n part).OrderCarcharhi ni formes:Rass&Li ndberg,1971(i npart),Appl egate,1974."Group"Carchari noi dei : Garman,1913(inpart)."Group"Catuloidei:Garman,1913(inpart).OrderEuselachii,SuborderGalei:Jordan, 1923(inpart),Whitley,1940(inpart).OrderEuselachii,SuborderGaleoidei:Blot,1969(inpart).OrderGalea, SuborderCarcharhinida:White,1936,1937.SuborderGalei:Gill,1872(inpart).OrderGaleiformes,Suborder Carcharhinoidei:Arambourg&Bertin,1958.SuborderGaleiformes:.LozanoRey,1928(inpart),Budker& Whitehead,1971(inpart).SuborderGaleoidea:Romer,1945,1966(inpart),Bigelow&Schroeder,1948(inpart), Norman,1966(inpart)."Division"Galeoidei:Regan,1906.SuborderGaleoidei:Engelhardt,1913.Suborder Galeorhinina:Fowler,1967b.OrderLamniformes,SuborderScyliorhinoidei:Berg,1940,Berg&Svedovidov,1955, Patterson,1967.SuborderLamni formes:Bertin,1939(inpart).SuborderLamnina:Matsubara,1955(inpart). OrderLamnoi dea,SuborderScyl i orhi noi dea:Schul tz&Stern,1948.SuborderMustel i formes:Berti n, 1939( i n part).SuborderPl agi ostomi Asterospondyl i :Hasse,1879(i npart).SuborderScyl i orhi noi dei :Li ndberg,1971, Nelson,1976.SuborderScyl l i i formes:Berti n,1939(i npart).SuborderScyl l i oidei :Goodri ch,1909.Suborder Squali: Gill, 1868 (in part). DiagnosticFeatures:Trunkcylindricaltoslightlycompressedordepressedbutnotraylike.Headconicalto depressedandusuallynotanteriorlyexpanded,exceptfortheprebranchialheadinSphyrnidae;5pairsofgillslits presentonsidesofhead(partlydorsolateralinsomeScyliorhinidae),withthelastlto3overpectoralbases; spiraclespresentinmanyspecies,smalltolargeandclosebehindeyes,orabsent;nostrilsusuallywithoutbarbels andnasoralgroovesandalwayswithoutcircumnarialgrooves,barbelswhenpresentdevelopedfromanteriornasal flapsratherthanfromlateralsurfacesofflaps,anteriornasalflapsvaryingfromwellseparatedfrommouthto overl appi ngi tposteri orl y;eyesl ateral ordorsol ateral onhead,wi thtrueni cti tati ngl owereyel i ds;snoutvaryi ng fromveryshorttomoderatel yl ongandal mostbl adel i ke,butnotgreatl yel ongatedandnotformedasarostralsawwi thl ateral teethandbarbel s;mouthmoderatel yl argetoveryl arge,arched,andextendi ngbehi ndanteri or endsofeyes;l abi al furrowsvaryi ngfroml argeandonbothj awstoabsent;teethvari abl ydi fferenti atedal ong jaws,butusuallywithoutenlargedmolariformposteriorteethandwithanteriorteethnotseparatedbysmall intermediateteethoragapfromthelateralteeth.Twodorsalfins(possiblyonlyoneinPentanchus,family Scyl i orhi ni dae),wi thoutspi nes,thefi rstwi thori gi nvaryi ngfromoverthegi l l sl i tstobehi ndthepel vi cbases; pectoral fi nsmoderate-si zedtol argebutnotrayl i ke,wi thouttri angul aranteri orl obes;pel vi cfi nssmal l to moderatel yl arge,wi thventconti nuouswi ththei ri nnermargi ns;anal fi npresent;caudal fi nwi thal ongdorsall obebutwi thventral l obevaryi ngfroml ong(butconsiderabl yshorterthanthedorsal l obe)toabsent;vertebralaxis raised into the dorsal caudal lobe. ntestinal valve of spiral or scroll type. Key to FamiIies 1a.Headwithlateral,bladelikeexpan-sions(Figs1,2a)Hammerhead sharks .................................... FamiIy Sphyrnidae 1b.Headnormal,withoutlateralexpan-sions (Fig. 2b) 2a. Firstdorsalfinbaseopposite (Fig.3)orbehind(Fig.4)pelvic bases Catsharks ........ FamiIy ScyIiorhinidae 2b. Fi rstdorsal basei nfrontof pelvic bases (Figs 8,10,11,14,15) a. Sphyrnidaeb. Other families underside of headFig. 2 Scyliorhinidae (Parmaturus)Fig. 3Scyliorhinidae (Scyliorhinus)Fig. 4 Sphyrnidae Fig. 1click for previous page - 252 - 3a. Fi rstdorsal fi nl ow,el ongated,andkeel -l i ke,aslongas,orslightlylongerthanthecaudalfin (Fig.5).Over200rowsofteethineitherjaw - False catsharks ...................... FamiIy Pseudotriakidae 3b.Firstdorsalfinhigh,relativelyshort,andnot keel-like,usuallyshorterthanthecaudalfin (except in Gogolia of Family Triakidae) 4a. Precaudalpitsabsent.Dorsalcaudal margin not undulated (Fig. 6) 5a. Posteriorteethondentalbands comblike(Fig.7a).Labialfurrows veryshortorabsent,whenpresent confinedtomouthcorners(Fig.8) - Finback catsharks ....... FamiIy ProscyIIiidae 5b.Posteriorteethondentalbandsnot comblike(Fig.7b):Labialfurrows relativelylongwithuppersexten-dingpartwayoral l thewayante-riortolevelofsymphysis(Fig.9) a. Proscylliidaeb. (Triakidae) lower posterior toothFig. 7 6a.Anteriornasalflapsformedasslenderbarbels.Upper l abi al furrowsextremel y long,nearlyequaltointer-narialandoverhalfmouth width(Fig.9a).ntestinal valvewith14to16turns.No supraorbi tal crestson cranium(Fig.10)-Barbeledhoundsharks ....FamiIy Leptochariidae 6b. Anteriornasalflapsusually notbarbel-like(exceptfor Furgaleus).Upperlabial furrowsshorter,considerably lessthaninternarialandless thanhalfofmouthwidth(Fig.9b).ntestinalvalvewith4to.10turns.Supra-orbitalcrestspresenton cr ani um* ( Fi g. 11) -Houndsharks .............. FamiIy TriakidaePseudotriakidaeFig. 5margin smooth Proscylliidae Fig.8a. Leptochariidae b. Triakidae underside of headFig. 9 *Oftenrevealedexternallyasahardridgeovereacheye,butsomespeciesmayrequiredissectiontoshow the crest noprecaudalpitslabial furrowsunderside of headanteriornasal flapsLeptochariidaeFig. 10labial furrowsFig. 6- 253 - 4b.Precaudalpitspresent.Dorsalcaudalmargin undulated (Fig. 12) 7a.ntestinal valve of spiral type (Fig. 13a) - Fig. 14 - Weasel sharks......... FamiIy HemigaIeidae 7b.ntestinal valve of scroll type (Fig. 13b) - Fig. 15 - Requiem sharks .... FamiIy Carcharhinidae a. spiral valve b. scroll valve intestinal valveFig. 13 FAMILY SCYLIORHINIDAE Gill, 1862 SCYL FamilyScylliorhinoidaeGill,1862,Ann.LyceumNat.Hist.N.Y.,7(32):393;emendedtoFamilyScyliorhinidaeby Jordan & Fowler (1903). Synonymy:FamilyScylliaorScylliumMller&Henle,1838;FamilyPentachidaeSmith&Radcliffe,1912; FamilyCatulidaeGarman,1913;SubfamilyGaleinaeFowler,1934(FamilyScyliorhinidae);FamilyHalaeluridae White,1936;FamilyAtelomycteridaeWhite,2936;SubfamilyCephaloscylliinaeFowler,1947(FamilyScyliorhi-nidae). FAO Names : En - Catsharks; Fr - Chiens, Holbiches, Roussettes; Sp - Alitanes, Pejegatos, Pintarrojas. FieId Marks :Usuallyelongated,catlikeeyeswithnictitatingeyelids;nostrilsusuallywithoutnasoral groovesbut,whenpresent,thesearebroadandshallow;mouthlong,archedandreachingpastanteriorendsof eyes;smallcuspidateteeth.Twosmall,spinelessdorsalfinsandananalfin,thefirstdorsalbaseoverorbehind pelvicbases,noprecaudalpits,andthecaudalfinwithoutastrongventrallobeorlateralundulationsonitsdorsal margin. Diagnostic Features : Head without laterally expanded blades;eyeselongatedandfusiform,oval,or slitlike,theirlengthover1.5timestheheight;nictitatingeyelidsrudimentary;spiraclespresentandmoderatelylarge;anteriornasalflapsvariablyshaped,butnotbarbel-like,exceptforonegenus(Poroderma)withabarbel formedfromaseparateridgeoneachanteriornasalflap;internarialwidthabout0.6to1.3timesnostrilwidth;labialfurrowsabsentorveryshorttoverylong;teethsmall,withacutenarrowcusps,oftenlateralcusplets,and basalledges,notbladelike,andsimilarinbothjaws;posteriorteethcomblikeornot;toothrows40to101/34to 111.Precaudal pi tsabsent.Fi rstdorsal fi nsmal l andnotkeel -l i ke,muchshorterthancaudal fi n;fi rstdorsalbaseoverorbehindpelvicbases,itsorigineitherslightlyaheadofpelvicorigins(Cephalurus)orwellbehindthem; mi dpoi ntoCfi rstdorsal baseal waysposteri ortopel vi cori gi ns;pectoral fi nswi thradi al sconfi nedtobasesof fi ns;ventral caudal l obeabsentorveryweak;noundul ati onsorri ppl esi ndorsal caudal margi n.Neurocrani um wi thorwi thoutasupraorbi tal crest.Vertebral centrawi thorwi thoutstrong,wedge-shapedi ntermedi alcal ci fi cati ons.Val vul ari ntesti newi thaspi ral val veof5to21turns.Manyspeci eswi thvari egatedcol our patterns, some without them. Development usually oviparous, but some species ovoviviparous. precaudal pitspresentmarginrippledFig. 12rolledunrolledHemigaleidae Fig. 14CarcharhinidaeFig. 159.1- 254 - Habitat, Distribution and BioIogy :Thisisbyfarthelargestfamilyofsharks,withabroadworldwide geogr aphi crangei nt r opi cal t ocol d- t emper at eandar ct i cwat er s; cat shar ksoccur f r omt hei nt er t i dal zone totheedgesofthecontinentalandinsularshelvesanddowntheslopestodepthsgreaterthan2000m.Catsharksaregeneral l yfoundonornearthebottomi ncoastal watersi nshoreandoffshore;noneareoceani c,al though somedeepwat erspeci esmayrangeaconsi derabl edi st anceof f t hebot t om. Most speci esaresmal l , l ess than 80 cm l ong, and whi l e some may be mature at about 30 cm, a few may reach about 1.6 m l ength. Catsharks aregeneral l yweakswi mmersanddonotmi grateovergreatdi stances;thi si sshowni nthei rgeographi c di stri buti on,whi chi softenmuchmorel ocal i zedthanthatoffami l i eswi thstrongswi mmi ngspeci es.Some i nshorespeci esarenoct urnal , sl eepi ngof t eni ngroupsi nrockycrevi cesi nday-t i meanddi spersi ngt of eedatni ght.Manyspeci esshowthepri mi ti vesi ngleovi pari ty,i nwhi chonl yoneferti l i zedeggenterseachovi duct andi sdeposi tedonthesubstrateatati me;thel argeeggs,encapsul atedi ntoughegg-caseswi thcorner t endri l st oanchort hem, havemost of t hei rembryoni cdevel opment out si det hemot hersharkandmaytakenearl yayeartoproduceahatchl i ngshark.Otherspossi blyi nareasofi ntenseeggpredati on,havemul ti pl eovi pari ty,i nwhi chseveral encasedeggsremai ni ntheovi ductsforanextendedperi od,duri ngwhi ch t i met heembryosdevel opt oadvancedst agesbef oret heeggsarel ai d; sucheggsmayhat chi nl esst han amonth.Sti l l otherspecieshaveeli mi natedoviparityal togetherandareovovi viparous,retai ni ngtheeggsunti l theyoungarereadytobeborn.Catsharksfeedchi efl yoni nvertebratesand smal l fi shes, andareharmless to peopl e. Most speci es are very poorl y known biologically. Interest to Fisheries : Ami nori tyofthespeci esi nthi sfami l yareofi mportancetofi sheri es,parti cul arl y thespottedcatsharks(Scyl i orhi nus)oftheeasternAtl anti c,whi charemuchuti l i zedforhumanfood.Someare rathercommonandregul arl ytakenasabycatchi nthetrawl fi sheri esworl dwi de,andmaybeusedforfi shmealand oil.Manyare deepwater sharks, and are not knownto be utilized to .anygreat extent, although theymaybea mi norcomponentofthecatchofl arge,deep-fi shi ngoffshoretrawl ers.Several i nshorespeci esarecommonl y caught by sportfi shers. Remarks :ThepresentarrangementofthisfamilyfollowstherevisionoftheScyliorhinidaebySpringer (1979) in most details. Fowler(1941)placedthedubiousgenusCaninoaNardo,1841,withThalassokephetesGistel,1848ajunior synonym,inthefamilyScyliorhinidae,onthepossibilitythatitmaybeaone-dorsaledcatsharklikePentanchus profundicolus.followTortonese(1952)inconsideringCaninoaanditssinglespeciesC.chiereghinidubiousand possibly mythical shark taxa, that are not placeable in modern shark families. Smith&Radcliffe(1912)proposedanewfamilyfortheirnewgenusandspeciesofonedorsal-finnedshark, Pentanchusprofundicolus,ontheassumptionthatthespecieswasahexanchoidwithfivegillopenings.However, Regan(1912),Garman(1913),andsubsequentwritersnotedthatPentanchusprofundicoluswasascyliorhinid,the genusPentanchuswasclosetoApristurusoraseniorsynonymofit,andthatthePentanchidaewasajunior synonym of the Scyliorhinidae. Thefollowingnominanuda,namedbyBlainville(1816)andplacedinhissubgenusScyliorhinus(Genus Squalus)mayrefereitherto scyliorhinidsororectoloboids:Squalusmyops,S.breviculus,S.punctatus,S. punctulatus, S. unicolor, S. variegatus, S. lambarda. Key to Genera 1a.Supraorbi t al crest spresent on crani um, above eyes (Fig. la) 2a.Seconddorsalfinaboutaslarge as first (Figs 3 to 5) 3a. Ant eri ornasal f l aps great l yexpanded,reaching mouth; nasoral groovespresent (Fig. 2a) ........... AteIomycterus (Fig. 3) 3b. Anteriornasalflapsnot expandedandnotreaching mouth; nasoral groovesabsent (Fig. 2b,c) crest a. (Cephaloscylium)b. (Galeus) crania showing presenceor absence of supraorbital crest ( dorsal view ) no crest Fig. 1 underside of headFig. 2 Atelomycterusa. Atelomycterus b. Aulohalaelurus c. SchroederichthysFig. 3nasoralgroovesnasal flapsreaching mouth - 255 - 4a. Labialfurrowsverylong, uppersreachi ngl evel ofupper symphysis (Fig. 2b) .... AuIohaIaeIurus (Fig. 4) 4b. Labi al f ur r owsshor t er ,uppersnotreachinglevelofu p p e r s y mp h y s i s ( F i g .2c) ............................... Schroederichthys(Fig. 5) 2b. Seconddorsalfinconsiderablysmaller than first (Figs 7 to 9) 5a. Labi al f ur r owsabsent orrudimentary (Fig. 6a) .......... CephaIoscyIIium (Fig. 7) SchroederichthysFig. 5 5b.Labialfurrowspresentonone or both jaws (Fig. 6b,c) 6a. Anteriornasalflaps trilobate,withpromi-nentbarbels.Short upperlabialfurrows present in addition tolowers (Fig. 6b).............Poroderma(Fig. 8) 6b. Anteriornasalflaps entire,withoutbarbels oratmostmedial projections.Lower labialfurrowspresent, uppers absent (Fig. 6c).. ScyIiorhinus (Fig. 9) 1b.Supraorbital crests absent from cranium (Fig. 1b) undersideofheadFig.6 CephaloscyllimFig.7 Poroderma Fig. 8 AulohalaelurusFig. 4a. Cephaloscylliumb. Poroderma c. ScyliorhinusScyliorhinus Fig. 9- 256 - 7a.Headbroadlyflattenedandspatulate,snout elongatedandusuallylongerthanmouth width.Labialfurrowsverylong,uppers reaching upper symphysis (Fig. 10a) 7b. Headmoderatelyorlittle-flattened,not spatulate,snoutequalorusuallyshorterthanmouthwidth.Labialfurrowsshorteror absent,whenpresentnotreachingupper symphysis (Fig. 10b) 9a. Dorsalcaudalmargin,andsometimes preventralmargin,withacrestof enlarged denticles (Fig. 13a) 8a. One dorsal fin (Fig. 11) .................. Pentanchus8b. Two dorsal fins (Fig. 12) .................. Apristurus10a Pectoralfinsrelativelylarge, widthoftheirposteriormargins usuallylargerthanmouthwidth. Subocularridgesobsoleteor nearlyso,eyelateral.Bodyfirm.Colourpatternofblotchesand spots often present (Fig. 14). GaleusPectoralfinsrelativelysmall, widthoftheirposteriormargins usuallysmallerthanmouth width.Subocularridgeswell-developed,eyesdorsolateral. Bodysoft.Colourplain,nopattern (Fig. 15) ........ Parmaturusunderside of headFig. 10 9b. Nocaudal crestsofdenti cl es(Fi g. 13b) 11a.Headandespeciallybranchial regiongreatlyenlarged,giving adultsatadpole-shape.Originoffi rstdorsal fi nsl i ghtl yante- rior to pelvic origins (Fig. 16)..Cephalurus 11b. Headnotgreatlyenlarged, adul t snott adpol e-shaped. Ori gi noffi rstdorsal fi nposte-ri or to pelvic origins 10bPentanchusFig. 11 lateral view of head(Apristurus)(Galeus)a. b.Fig. 12Apristurusa.Galeus Fig. 14CephalurusParmaturusFig. 15Fig. 16undersideb.caudal fin Fig. 13 a. Haploblepharus underside of head Fig. 17 HalaelurusFig. 20 AsymbolusFig. 21 Apristurus Garman, 1913SCYL Aprist Genus : Apristurus Garman, 1913, Mem.Mus.Comp.Zool.Harv.Coll ., 36:96. Type Species : Scylliorhinus indicusSmith&Radcliffe,1912(seediscussionunderthatgenus);GenusApristuriusFowler,1934(GenusPentanchus);Subgenus Compagnoia Springer, 1979 (Genus Parmaturusb.Holohalaelurusc.Halaelurus Holohalaelurus HaploblepharusFig. 19 Fig. 18- 257 - 12a. Anteriornasalflapsgreatlyenlarged,over-lappingmouth;nasoralgroovespresent(Fig. 17a) ...................................................... Haploblepharus(Fig. 18) 12b. Anteriornasalflapsnotenlargedandnotover-lappingmouth;nonasoralgrooves(Fig.17b,c) 13a.Headverybroad.Labialfurrowsabsent. Smallblackdotsonundersideofhead (Fig. 17b) ....................................... Holohalaelurus (Fig. 20) 14b. Adultmaleswithinnermarginsof pelvicfinsfusedoverclaspers, formingan"apron".Acolourpat-ternofspotspresent,butgillslits notelevatedandsnoutrounded(Fig. 21) ...................................... Asymbolus (Fig. 19) 13b. Headnarrower.Labialfurrowsusually present.Noblackdots,orlargerdark spots, on underside of head (Fig. 17c) 14a. Adultmaleswithoutinnermargins ofpelvicfinsfusedoverclaspers. Eithernocolourpatternor,ifpat-ternispresent,gillslitselevated above level of mouth and snout pointed ....................................... Halaelurus Brauer, 1906, by original designation. Synonymy:GenusPentanchusSchultze,Kuekenthal&Heider,1926(error);SubgenusParapristurus). FieIdMarks:Scyliorhinidswith"theApristurus look"-Longlaterallyexpandedsnoutandhead,enlarged nostrils with reduced anterior nasal flaps, very long labial furrows, small rear-sited, spineless dorsal fins, very large, elongated anal fin separated from elongated caudal by a notch only, and uniform coloration. - 258 - Diagnostic Features : Body not tadpole-shaped, stocky and more or less compressed, increasing in height up tothepectoralandtrunkregionandtaperingposteriorly;bodyverysoftandflabby,withthinskinandweakly cal ci fi eddermal denti cl es;stomachnoti nfl atabl e;tai l short,l engthfromventtol owercaudal ori gi nabout2/5 to3/5ofsnout-ventlength.Headgreatlydepressed,pointedandwedge-shapedinlateralview,ratherelongated, butusuallyslightlylessthan1/4oftotallengthinadults;snoutelongated,aboutequaltomouthwidthorgreater, greatlyflattened,narrowandpointedinlateralview;snoutexpandedlaterally,narrowlyspade-shapedtobroadly spatulateandusuallymoreorlessbell-shapedindorsoventralview;ampullalporesenlargedandprominenton snout;nostrilsmoreorlessenlarged,withincurrentandexcurrentaperturesbroadlyopentoexterior;anterior nasalflapsreducedtoangularlobes,withoutbarbels,widelyseparatefromeachotherandfallingfaranteriorto mouth;internarialspace0.8to1.7timesthenostrilwidth;nonasoralgrooves;eyesdorsolateralonhead,broad subocularridgespresentbeloweyes;mouthangularorbroadlyarched,withlowersymphysiswellbehindupperso thatupperteethareexposedinventralview;labialfurrowspresentalongbothupperandlowerjaws,theselongandreachingnearlyorquitetolevelofuppersymphysisofmouth;branchialregionnotgreatlyenlarged,distance fromspiraclestofifthgillslitslessthanhalfheadlength;gillslitslateralonhead.Twodorsalfinspresent,equal-si zedorwi ththeseconddorsal l argerthanthefi rst;ori gi noffi rst dorsal varyi ngfromoverthe pel vi cmi dbases tooverthepelvicfreereartips;originofseconddorsalaboutoverorslightlybehindtheanalmidbase,analfin enlargedandmoreorlesselongated,largerthanpelvicanddorsalfins,baselengthatleasttwiceseconddorsal base;originofanaljustbehindpelvicbases,andinsertionseparatedfromlowercaudaloriginbyanarrownotch; pectoralfinsvariableinsize,theirwidthlesstogreaterthanmouthwidth;innermarginsofpelvicfinsnotfusedoverclaspersinadultmales;claspersshort,thick,anddistallypointed,notextendingmorethan2/3oftheir lengthsbehindthepelvicfintipsandsometimesnotextendingpasttheirtips.Caudalfinmoreorlesselongated, overafifthandoftenoverafourthoftotallength.Acrestofenlargeddenticlesabsentorvariablydevelopedonthedorsal caudal margi n;supraorbi tal crestsabsentfromcrani um.Nocol ourpattern,uni forml yj etbl ack, brownish-black, brown, pinkish or whitish. Remarks:Thisisoneofthelargestandperhapsleastknownofsharkgenera,havingsome25described species and several unnamed taxa. Springer (1966, 1979) recently revised the genus while Nakaya (1975) reviewed theJapanesespeci es.Despi tethei refforts,several speci esareofuncertai nval i di ty,wi thoverathi rdofthe speciesknownfromtheholotypesonly,atleastfourspecieshavingtheholotypeslost,andlessthanathirdofthe speciesknownfrommodesttogoodseriesofspecimens.Judgingfromthefrequencythatnewspeciesare discovered, the wide geographic range of the genus, and the paucity of knowledge: of slope faunas in many areas of the world, this may eventually become the largest genus of sharks. ThepresenttreatmentofApristuruscontainsmuchnewdataanddiffersfromSpringer's(1979)revisionina numberofways;butmostimportantlyitincludesthreespeciesplacedbyhiminseparategenera.A.spongicepswasplacedbySpringerinthegenusParapristurus,raisedinrankfromasubgenusproposedbyFowler1934.t wasprimarilydistinguishedfromApristurusbyitspleatedgillsandthroat,butalthoughnoApristurushavepleatsandgroovesonthei rgi l l s,several havethemonthei rthroats,i ncl udi ngA.mani s,A.ri veri photoi nSpri nger, 1979,fig.18),andapossiblyundescribedGalapagos-PeruvianspeciesclosetoA.stenseni.Also,otherspeciesof ApristurusincludingA.kampae,A.manis,andA.micropsapproachA.spongicepsinitsunusuallystockybodyand highroundedfins.ThewriterpreferstoretainParapristurusinApristurus,andthinksitmaybeworthyof subgeneric ranking at best. Springer'searlier(1966)revisionofwesternAtlanticApristurusincludedaspecieswithacrestofenlarged denticlesonitscaudalfin,whichhetermedA.profundorum.However,helater(Springer,1979)notedthattwo specieswereconfusedunderthisname,thetrueprofundorumwithoutacrestandanewspecieswithacrest.This latterheplacedinParmaturusratherthanApristurus,asP.manis,alongwithasecondnewspecies,P.stenseni,in the new subgenus Compagnoia. CompagnoiawasananomalywithinParmaturusbecausealthoughitsupposedlyagreedwiththatgenusand differedfromApristurusinitssupracaudalcrest,itsmembersotherwisecloselyresembledApristurusspeciesand nottypicalParmaturus(suchasP.pilosusandP.xaniurus)intheirlong,laterallyexpandedsnoutsandheads, enlargednostrils,longlabialfurrows,compressedbodies,longlowanalfinsseparatedbyanotchfromthecaudal fin,andlongnarrowcaudalfins.nvestigationofthecaudalfinsofApristurusspeciesbythewritershowedthat caudalcrestsarenotconfinedtomanisandstenseni,butarevariablydevelopedinA.canutus,A.investigatoris,A.microps,A.parvipinnis,thetrueA.profundorum,andatleasttwoapparentlyundescribedspecies.Ratherthan placingthesespeciesinanincreasinglyheterogeneousParmaturus,prefertotransferthesubgenusCompagnoia toApristurus,andplacemanisandstenseniinthatgenus.ThoseApristuruswithcaudalcrestsaresufficiently heterogeneoussoasnottowarranttheirinclusioninthesubgenusCompagnoiaasdistinctfromallother Apristurus.A.micropsandA.profundorumareisolatedinthegenusandnotparticularlyclosetoeitherA.manisorA.stenseni ,A.canutusandA.parvi pi nni sarecl osesttoA.pl atyrhynchusandA.verweyi ,whi l eA. investigatorisisapparentlyclosetoA.indicus.A.stenseniappearstobenotparticularlyclosetoA.manisbut forms aspeciesgroupsorsuperspecieswithA.riveri,A.kampae,apossiblynewGalapagos-Peruvianspecies,a whitishspeciesfromtheeasternAtlantic(possiblyA.atlanticus),andapossi bl ynewdarkwesternAtlantic species.fthesubgenusCompagnoiaisrecognizeditwouldbebestutilizedforitstypealone,thedistinctiveand isolated A. manis. Key to Species 1a.Firstdorsalfinmuchsmallerthansecond,abouthalfitsareaorless,withitsorigin usually behind pelvic insertions but over last fourth of pelvic bases in some species - 259 - 2a.Origin of first dorsal somewhat in front of pelvic insertions 3a.Nostrilssmall,internarialspace1.5timestheirwidthormore.Mouthvery long,expandedinfrontofeyes.Gillslitsenlarged,thewidestnearlyequal to length of eyes in adults ........................................................................................ A. riveri 3b.Nostrilslarger,internarialspaceaboutequaltotheirwidth.Mouthshort, notexpandedinfrontofeyes.Gillslitsshort,thewidestmuchlessthan eye length 4a.Prenarialsnoutangular.Gillseptawithmedialprojections.Distance betweenpectoralandpelvicbaseslong,atleastlengthofprespira- cular, rear tips of pectoral fins far in front of pelvic origins ............................ A. sinensis 4b.Prenarialsnoutbroadlyrounded.Gillseptaincised,withoutmedial projections.Distancebetweenpectoralandpelvicbasesextremelyshort , l esst hanpreoral snout , reart i psof pect oral f i nsaboutopposite or just in front of pelvic origins ....................................................... A. herklotsi 2b.Origin of first dorsal behind pelvic insertions 5a.Colourwhiteorreddishwhite.Snoutrelativelynarrowandpointed.Mouth extendingwellinfrontofeyes.Eyesverysmall,aboutequaltolongestgill slit ....................................................................................................................... A. sibogae 5b. Col ourbl ack,brownorgrey.Snoutbroadandrounded.Mouthmostl y undereyes.Eyeslarger,theirlengthmuchgreaterthanwidestgillslit 6a.Distancebetweenpectoralandpelvicbasesshort,6to9%oftotal length. Anal fin base 2.5 to 3 times fin height ................................................. A. canutus 6b.Distancebetweenpectoralandpelvicbaseslonger,10to14%oftotal length. Anal base 4 to 5 times fin height 7a.Analbaseshorter,16to18%oftotallength.Dorsalcaudal margin with a fairly prominent crest of enlarged denticles ................. A. parvipinnis 7b. Analbaselonger,18to19%oftotallength.Dorsalcaudal margin wi thout a crest of denticles 8a. Pel vi cfi nsrel ati vel yhi ghandbroadl yrounded.nter- dorsal space slightly less or greater than preorbital snout ...... A. platyrhynchus 8b.Pelvicfinslowandangular.nterdorsalspaceabout2/3 of preorbital snout ......................................................................A. verweyi 1b.Firstdorsalfinnearlyorquiteaslargeassecond,two-thirdstoequalitsarea,withits originusuallyaboutoppositepelvicmidbasesbutmoreposteriorandaboutopposite last third or fourth of pelvic bases in a few species 9a.Nostrilsrathernarrow,internarialspaceatleast1.5timesthenostrilwidth.Gill slits very wide, greater than eye length in adults 10a. Fi nswi thpromi nent whi teedges. Anal fi nveryhi ghandbroadl yrounded, i tsl engthabouttwi cei tshei ght.Di stancebetweenpectoral andpel vi c. bases long, greater than preorbital snout. Dorsal crest of denticles absent from caudal fin .......................................................................................................A. kampae 10b. Fi nswi thoutwhi teedges.Anal fi nl owandsubangul ar,i tsl engthover threeti mesi tshei ght.Di stancebetweenpectoral andpel vi cbasesshort, muchl essthanpreorbi tal snout.Apromi nentdorsal crestofdenti cl eson caudal fin.......................................................................................................... A. stenseni 9b.Nostri l sratherbroad,i nternari al space1.3ti mesthenostri l wi dthorl ess, usuallyaboutequaltoit.Gillslitsnarrower,lessthaneyelengthinadults 11a.Gillslitscoveredwithgroovesandpleatsthatextendtotheepibranchial area and to the entire throat region behind the jaws ...........................................A. spongiceps 11b. Gi l l sl i tsnotcoveredwi thgroovesandpl eats,these,wherepresent, confined to throat - 260 - 12a. Eye very large, horizontal diameter more than 4.2% of total length ........................................ A. atlanticus 12b. Eyesmaller,horizontaldiametergenerallylessthan4%oftotallengthandoften 13a. nterdorsal space very long, about equal to prespiracular head ........................................... A. saldanha 13b. nterdorsal space shorter, less than prespiracular head 14a. Snout extremely long, preoral length about 12% of total length ............................ A. longicephalus 14b. Snout shorter, preoral length about 7 to 11% of total length 15a. nterdorsalspaceequalto,orslightlylessthanfirstdorsalbase Pectoral inner margins very short, about a third of pectoral bases ........................ A. microps 15b. nterdorsalspacegreaterthanfirstdorsalbase.Pectoralinner margins longer, half to about equal to pectoral bases 16a. Gill septa with prominent medial projections ......................................... A. maderensis 16b. Gill septa with no, or at most only weak, projections 17a. First dorsal origin over last fourth of pelvic bases ..................... A. macrorhynchus 17b. First dorsal origin over pelvic midbases 18a. Distancebetweenpectoralandpelvicbasesgreater than prebranchial head ........................................................ A. japonicus 18b. Distance between pectoral and pelvic bases subequal or less than prebranchial head 19a.Distancebetween pectoral and pelvic bases greater than prespiracular head 20a. nterdorsalspaceaboutequaltopreoral snout ................................................................... A. brunneus 20b.nterdorsalspacegreaterthanpreoral snout ..................................................................... A. nasutus 19b. Distancebetween pectoral and pelvic bases less than prespiracular head 21a.Caudalfinwithoutacrestofenlarged denticles 22a.Firstdorsallowerthanthesecond andextendinganteriorlyasalong, lowridge.Mouthveryshort,with dental bands hardly expanded ......................... A. indicus 22b.First dorsal as high as second and notextendinganteriorlyasalow ridge.Mouthlonger,withdental bands somewhat expanded .................... A. laurussoni 21b. Caudal fin with a crest of enlarged denti-23a.Mouthveryshortandrelatively small,notexpandedinfrontof eyes and with dental bands not greatlyenlarged.Firstdorsal about two-thirds of area of second, extending anteriorly as a long, low ridge to nearly over pelvic origins ........... A. investigatoris about 3% of total length cles click for next page- 261 - 23bMouthlongandlarge,expandedinfrontofeyesandwithdentalbandsenlarged.First dorsal asl argeassecond,notextendi nganteri orl yasari dgeandori gi nati ngabout over pelvic midbases 24a. Body stout and strongly tapering to head.Lateraltrunkdenticlesverysparseon body,notoverlapping.Nostrilswithcircular,broadincurrentandexcurrent apertures.Analfinbroadlyrounded,caudalfinverynarrow.Tipsofdorsalfins whitish ............................................................................................................................ A. manis 24b. Bodyslenderandnotstronglytaperingtohead.Lateraltrunkdenticlesmore close-setonbody,nearlyoverlapping.Nostrilswithelongate-oval,narrow incurrentandexcurrentapertures.Analfinsubangular,caudalfinbroader.Tips of dorsal fins plain ................................................................................................... A. profundorum Apristurus atlanticus (Koefoed, 1932)SCYL Aprist 1 ScylliorhinusatlanticusKoefoed,1927,Rep.Sci.Res."MichaelSars"N.Atl.deep-seaExped.,1910,4(1):18;pl.3, fig.3.Holotype:ZoologicalMuseum,Oslo,Norway,ZMO,about250mmtotallength.TypeLocality:2808'N, 1335'W, 1365 m depth off Canary slands. Synonymy : None. FAO Names . En - Atlantic ghost catshark; Fr - Holbiche atlantique; Sp - Pejegato atlantico. partial ventral view FieId Marks :AnApristuruswithunusuallylarge eyes, 5% of total length. dermal denticles Diagnostic Features :Bodyratherslender,trunksl i ghtl ytaperi ngtowardhead.Snoutmoderatel yl ong,andbroad,preoralsnoutabout9%oftotallength;gillslitsofmoderatesize,abouthalftheeyelength;gillseptaincisedbutnotpleated,withoutprojectingmediallobes;eyesratherlarge,about5%oftotallength;mouthprobablyshortandbroadlyarched,withdentalbandsholotype, after Koefoed moderatelyexpandedandwithloweronesfallingwellbehinduppers;mouthandlabialfurrowsaboutundereyes;l abi al fol dspossi bl yl i ttl eenl arged,wi thl owerfol dsdi agonal tobodyaxi s;mouthandteethenl argedi n mal es.nterdorsal spaceabout1.6ti mesfi rstdorsal base,sl i ghtl yl essthanpreorbi tal snout;fi rstdorsal fi n slightlysmallerinareathansecond,basesaboutequallylong;originoffirstdorsalaboutoppositelastfourthof pel vi cbases;seconddorsal i nserti onaboutopposi teanal i nserti on;pectoral fi nsrathersmal l ,anteri ormargi ns about12%oftotallength;innermarginsong,nearlylengthofpectoralbases;interspacebetweenpectoraland pelvicbasesshort,slightlylessthanpreorbitallengthandabout10%oftotallength;pelvicfinsmoderatelyhigh click for previous page- 262 - andangular;analfinshort,fairlylow,andangular,about3.5timesaslongashigh,itsbaseaboutequalto prespiracularspaceand14%oftotallength;caudalfinfairlylongandnarrow,presenceorabsenceofsupracaudal crestuncertai n(seeremarks).Lateral trunkdenti cl esofbodymayhaveel evatedcrowns,gi vi ngtheski na fel tl i keorfuzzytexture.Col ourbrown,wi thconspi cuousdarkposteri ormargi nsonprecaudal fi nanddarkgi l lsepta. Adult size uncertain. GeographicaI Distribution :Known with certainty only from the type locality. Habitat and BioIogy :A poorly known deepwater catshark, trawled from yellow mud bottom of the Atlantic continental slope. Size: Maximum known 25+ cm. Interest to Fisheries: None. Literature : Koefoed (1932); Springer (1979). Remarks : This species is recognized following Springer (1979), but itsvalidityneedstobeconfirmedbycollectionofmorematerial.Thewriterexaminedseveralspecimensofasmall ApristurusinthenstittfrSeefischerei,Hamburgichthyologicalcollections,fromverydeepwater(usually1500m ormore)onof f shorebanksi nthenort heast ernAtl anti cnorthof theBri ti sh sl es.Thei rmoststri ki ng charactersaretheirlead-greycoloration,elevated,Deania-likelateraltrunkdenticlesthatgivetheirskinafuzzy texture,relativelylargeeyes(nearly4%oftotallengthinadults),slenderbodies,relativelynarrowsnouts,small nostrilswi ththeinternarialatleast1.5timesthenostrilwidth,l arge,equal -si zeddorsalfinswi thashort interdorsalspacehardlylongerthanthefirstdorsalbase,andrelativelysmallsize(adultsbeingbetween40and50 cmlong.Thesemaybelongtothepresentspeciesoranewone.fdistinct,A.atlanticusapparentlydiffersfrom themi nhavi ngamoreposteri orfi rstdorsal fi nori gi n,darkercol orati on,andmouthnotexpandedanteri orto eyes. Apristurus brunneus (Gilbert, 1892) SCYL Aprist 2 CatulusbrunneusGi l bert,1892,Proc.U.S.Nat.Mus.,14(880):542.Hol otype:U.S.Nati onal Museumof NaturalHistory,USNM,51708,500mm,gravidfemale.TypeLocality:3249'N,117029'W,556mdepthoffLaJolla, California. Synonymy : None. FAO Names : En - Brown catshark; Fr - Holbiche brune; Sp - Pejegato marrn. partial ventral view - 263 - FieId Marks : See diagnostic features and key to species. DiagnosticFeatures:Bodyrel ati vel ysl ender,trunksl i ghtl ytaperi ngtowardhead.Snoutmoderatel y long,ratherbroad,andbell-shaped,preoralsnoutabout7%oftotallength;gillslitsmoderatelylarge,thel ongest aboutequal toeyel ength;gi l l septamoreorl essi nci sed,notpl eatedandwi thoutproj ecti ngmedi al l obes;eyes rathersmal l i nadul ts,about2.5%oftotal l ength;nostri l sbroad,thei rwi dthaboutequal toi nternari al space; i ncurrentandexcurrentaperturesmoderatel yl argeandtransversel yoval ,anteri ornasal fl apsfai rl yl ong;mouth moderatel yl ong,notgreatl yenl arged,andbroadl yarched,wi thdental bandssl i ghtl yexpandedandwi thl ower onesfal l i ngj ustbehi nduppers;mouthandl abi al furrowsundereyes;l abi al fol dsnotenl arged,wi thl owers di agonal tobodyaxi s;mouthandteethnotgreatl yenl argedi nmal es.nterdorsal spaceequal orsl i ghtl ygreater thanfi rstdorsal base,sl i ghtl yl essthanpreorbi tal snout;fi rstdorsal fi naboutasl argeassecond,basesabout equal l yl ong;ori gi noffi rstdorsal sl i ghtl yanteri ortopel vi cmi dbases;seconddorsal i nserti oni nfrontofanali nserti on; pectoralfi ns rather smal l , anteri or margi ns about 12% of totall ength; i nner margi ns l ong, nearl y l ength of pectoral bases; i nterspacebet weenpect oral andpel vi cbasesmoderatel yl ong,about equal t o prebranchi al l engthandabout16%oftotal l engthi nadul ts;pel vi cfi nsfai rl yhi ghandbroadl yrounded;anal fi n fai rl yshort,hi gh,andangul ar,sl i ghtl ymorethan2.5ti mesasl ongashi gh,i tsbasesl i ghtl ygreaterthan prespi racul arspaceand13%oftotal l engthi nadul ts;caudal fi nratherbroad,wi thoutacrestofenl arged denti cl esondorsal margi n.Lateral trunkdenti cl eswi thcrownssomewhatel evated,bodysurfacewi thafel tl i ke orfuzzytexture.Col ourdarkbrown,wi thconspi cuousl i ghtposteri ormargi nsonfi ns.Adul tsmoderatel yl arge, 42 to 69 cm. GeographicaI Distribution : Eastern Pacific: British Columbia, Canada,tonorthernBaj aCal i forni a,Mexi co,probabl ysouthto Panama, Ecuador and Peru. Habitat and BioIogy : A little-known, common deepwater bot- tom shark from the outer continental shelf and upper slope from 33 to 950 m depth, also well off the bottom. Oviparous, laying a single egg per oviduct at a time; egg cases about 5 cm long and 2.5 wide, with long tendrils. ncubation period of eggs possibly about 1 year. n Canadian waters, females carry egg cases from February to August. Eats primarily small true shrimps, but also euphausiid shrimps, squids, and small fishes. Attempts have been made to keep this small harmless shark in captivity, without notable success (up to two weeks).Size:Maximum68cm,malesadolescentatabout50cm, adults males 49 to 57 cm, adult females 42 to 49+ cm, size of young at hatching about 7 cm. Interest to Fisheries : Commonly taken in deeper bottom trawl hauls, but not utilized at present. Literature:Cox(1963);Kato,Springer&Wagner(1967);Miller&Lea(1972);Hart(1973);Jones&Geen (1977); Springer (1979). Remarks :Untilrelativel yrecentl yall Apristurus caughtnorthofBajaCaliforniaintheeasternNorthPacificwerereferredtothisspecies.ApartfromA.kampaeandapossiblynewspeciesofheavy-bodied,kampae-likeApri sturusf romof f Cal i forni a, t herat herl argenumberof speci mensofApri st urusbrunneusi nt he collectionsoftheCaliforniaAcademyofSciencesandelsewhereinthewesternNorthPacificmayrepresentmore than one speci es of brunneus-l i ke catsharks. The wri ter has exami ned the hol otype of A. brunneus and compared ittoavailable'brunneus'material,andsuspectsthananadditionalspecies,withsmaller,flat,smoothdenticles,a muchl onger,l oweranal andcaudal fi n,l owerpel vi cfi ns,smal l ergi l l s,narrowersnout,l argerpectoral fi ns,and lessexpandeddentalbandsispresentinthismaterial.WhetherthisisidenticaltoA.nasutusorsomeother species, or is new, remains to be seen. The above illustration is based on drawings of the holotype of this species by the writer. Apristuruscanutus Springer & Heemstra, 1979 SCYL Aprist 3 Apristurus canutus Springer & Heemstra, in Springer, 1979, NOAA Tech.Rep.NMFS Circ., (422):16, figs 10 to 13.Holotye:U.S.NationalMuseumofNaturalHistory,USNM2061-76,455mmadultfemale.TypeLocality: 18018'N, 6323'W, Leeward slands near Anguilla in 687 m depth, western North Atlantic. - 264 - Synonymy : None. FAO Names : En - Hoary catshark; Fr - Holbiche grise; Sp - Pejegato cano. FieIdMarks:Oneofseveral Apristuruswithfirstdorsalfinhalfthesizeofsecond.Forothercharacterssee diagnostic features and key to species. DiagnosticFeatures:Bodyrela-tivelyslender,trunkslightlytapering t owardhead.Snout l ong,broad, and bel l -shaped,preoral snoutabout9to 10%oftotallength;gillslitssmall,muchlessthaneyelength;gillsepta somewhatincised,withoutpleatsor proj ecti ngmedi al l obes;eyesmodera-tel ylargeinadults,between3to4%oftotallength;nostrilsfairlybroad,theirwidthabout1.3ininternarialspace;incurrentandexcurrentaperturesmoderatelylargeandoval,anteriornasalflapselongatedandtriangular;mouth fairlyshort,moderate-sizedandbroadlyarched,withdentalbandshardlyexpandedandwithloweronesfalling sl i ghtl ybehi nduppers;mouthandl abi al furrowsundereyes;l abi al fol dsnotenl arged,wi thl owersdi agonal to bodyaxis;mouthandteethenlargedinmales.nterdorsalspaceabouttwotimesgreaterthanfirstdorsalbase,about2/3ofpreorbi tal snout;fi rstdorsal fi nabouthal fthesi zeofsecond,baseoffi rstabout3/5ofthatof second;ori gi noffi rstdorsal somewhatbehi ndpel vi ci nserti ons;seconddorsal i nserti onwel l i nfrontofanali nserti on;pectoral fi nsfai rl yl arge,anteri ormargi nsabout11to14%oftotal l ength;i nnermargi nsl ong,nearl y the l ength of pectoralbases; i nterspace between pectoraland pel vi c bases short, somewhat l ess than preorbi tall ength and about 7 to 9% of totall ength i n adul ts; pel vi c fi ns fai rl y hi gh and broadl y rounded; analfi n l ong, fai rl y hi gh,andangul ar,between2.5and3ti mesasl ongashi gh,i tsbaseaboutequal to,orsl i ghtl ygreaterthan prebranchi al spaceand18to22%oftotal l engthi nadul ts;caudal fi nfai rl ybroad,wi thasl i ghtl ydevel oped, poorl ydi fferenti atedcrestofenl argeddenti cl esondorsal margi n.Lateral trunkdenti cl eswi thcrownsvery smal l ,fl atandcl ose-set,bodysurfaceal mostsi l ky-smoothandnotwi thafel tl i keorfuzzytexture.Col ourdark grey with blackish fin margins. Adults moderately large, 40 to 46 cm. GeographicaIDistribution:WesternNort hAtl anti c: Leeward slands off Antigua and Anguilla. Habitat and BioIogy : A little-known deepwater bottom shark foundon the insular slopes off the Leeward slands at depth of 687 to 840 m. Size : Females adult at 39.5 to 45.5 cm, males adult at 42.8 cm. Interest to Fisheries : None at present. Literature : Springer (1979). Remarks:Thewri terexami nedthehol otypeandothermateri al ofthi sspeci es.Theabovei l l ustrati oni s based on hi s drawi ngs of the hol otype. Apristurus herklotsi (Fowler, 1934.)SCYL Aprist 4 Pentanchusherkl otsi Fowl er,1934,Proc.Acad.Nat.Sci .Phi l ad.,85:238,fi g.3.Hol otype:U.S.Nati onalMuseumofNatural Hi story,USNM,93134,312mmtotal l ength,i mmaturefemal e.TypeLocal i ty:9037' N, 121012.5' E, Cagayan sl and, Jol o Sea, The Phi l i ppi nes. partial ventral view- 265 - Synonymy : None, but see account of Pentanchus profundicolus. FAO Names : En - Longfin catshark; Fr - Holbiche longues nageoires; Sp - Pejegato aletn. FieIdMarks:AnApristuruswith anunusuall yshortabdomen,longnarrow caudalfinwithoutacrestofdenticles,a verylonglowanalfin,andseconddorsal fin about hal f the length of fi rst. Diagnostic Features :Bodyrela-tivelyslender,trunkslightlytapering towardhead.Snoutmoderatelylong, broad,andbell-shaped,preoralsnout about9%oftotallength;gillslitsvery small,muchlessthaneyelength;gill septasomewhatincisedbutwithoutpleatsorprojectingmediallobes;eyes rathersmall,about3%oftotallength; nostrilsbroad,theirwidthabout1.2 timesininternarialspace;incurrentand excurrentaperturesverynarrowandal mostsl i tl i ke,anteri ornasal fl apl owandangul ar;mouthfai rl yshort, large,andbroadlyarched,withdentalbandslittleexpandedbutwithloweronesfallingwellbehinduppers;mouth andlabialfurrowsextendingpartl yinfrontofeyes;labi alfoldssomewhatenlarged,wi thlowernearl ytransverse tobodyaxis.nterdorsalspaceslightlygreaterthanfirstdorsalbase,abouthal fofpreorbitalsnout;firstdorsal finaboutathirdaslargeasthesecond,baseoffirstabouthal fthatofsecond;originoffi rstdorsal slightl y anteriortopelvicinsertions;seconddorsalinsertionwellinfrontofanalinsertion;pectoralfi nsratherlarge, anteriormargi nsabout14%oftotallength;innermarginslong,nearlythelengthofpectoralbases;interspace betweenpectoralandpelvi cbasesextremel yshort,abouthalfofpreoral snoutandabout6%oftotallength; pelvicfinsfairl yhighandbroadl yrounded;anal finverylong,fairl yhi gh,androunded-angular,nearl yfivetimes aslongashigh,itsbaseaboutequaltoprebranchialspaceand19%oftotallength;caudalfinratherlongand narrow,withoutacrestofenlargeddenticlesondorsalmargin.Lateraltrunkdenticleswithcrownsflatandcl ose-set,bodysurfacefai rl ysmoothandnotwi thafel tl i keorfuzzytexture.Col ourbrowni shwi thout conspicuous markings. Adult size unknown. partial ventral view GeographicaIDistribution:Knownonlyfromthetype locality. HabitatandBioIogy:Apoorlyknowndeepwaterbottom shark,knownonlyfromtheholotype(Cagayansland,JoloSea, The Philippines). Size: Maximum 31 + cm (immature female holotype). Interest to Fisheries : None. Literature : Fowler (1934); Springer (1979). Remarks : The writer has examined the holotype, a distinctive speciesclosesttothesingledorsal-finnedPentanchus profundicolusandpossiblyidenticaltoit.Theaboveillustrationis based on the writer's drawings of the holotype. Apristurus indicus (Brauer, 1906) SCYL Aprist 5 ScylliorhinusindicusBrauer,1906,Deutsch.Tiefs.Exped.Valdivia,Tiefs.Fisch.,15:8,pl.14,fig.1. Lectotype:ZoolgischesMuseumanderHumboldt-universittzuBerli n,ZMB22424,336mmfemale,designated by Springer (1979:19). Type Locali ty: 02 59'N, 4706'E, off coast of Somalia, ndian Ocean. - 266 - Synonymy : None. FAO Names : En - Smallbelly catshark; Fr - Holbiche artouca; Sp - Pejegato ndico. FieIdMarks:AnApristuruswithfirst dorsalbaseexpandedanteriorlyasa l ongl owri dge,andwi thoutacaudalcrest. DiagnosticFeatures:Bodyrela-tivel yslender,trunkslightl ytapering towardhead.Snoutratherlong,very broad,andbell-shaped,preoralsnout about9to10%oftotallength;gillslits moderatelysmall,about1/2to2/3of eyelength;gillseptanotincised,withorwi thoutshort,proj ecti ngmedi allobes;eyessmall,between2and3%of totallength;nostrilslarge,theirwidth aboutequal toi nternari al space;i ncur- rentandexcurrentaperturesfai rl ylargeandoval ,anteriornasalflapsexpandedandangular;mouthshort,l arge, and very broadl y arched,wi th dental bands hardl y expanded andwith lower onesfalling just behind uppers; mouth andlabialfurrowsextendingbeloweyes;labialfoldsnotenlarged,withlowersdiagonaltobodyaxis.nterdorsal spaceabout2/3offirstdorsalbaseandpreorbitalsnout;firstdorsalfinabouttwo-thirdsofareaofsecond,but firstdorsalbaseelongatedanteriorlyasalowridgeandnearlytwicethelengthofseconddorsalbase;originof firstdorsalextendingslightlyanteriortopelvicmidbases;seconddorsalinsertionslightlyinfrontofanal insertion;pectoralfinsratherlarge,anteriormarginsabout13%oftotallength;innermarginslong,nearlythe lengthofpectoralbases;interspacebetweenpectoralandpelvicbasesveryshort,about2/3ofpreorbitalsnout andabout7%oftotallength;pelvicfinsveryhighandbroadlyrounded;analfinverylong,high,andangular, nearly 4 times as long as high, its base about equal to prebranchial space and 16 to 20% of total length; caudal fin verylongandnarrow,withoutacrestofenlargeddenticlesondorsalmargin.Lateraltrunkdenticleswithcrowns close-setandfai rl yflat,bodysurfacesmoothandnotwithafeltlikeorfuzzytexture.Colourbrownishorblackish. Adults size unknown.partial ventral view GeographicaIDistribution:Westernndi anOcean:Somal i a, Gul fofAden,Oman;possi bl yal soeasternSouthAtl anti coffNamibia and South Africa. Habitat and BioIogy :Alittle-knowndeepwaterbottomcat-shark,fromtheEastAfricancontinentalslopesat1289to1840m depth. Size : Maximum 34+ cm (immatures). Interest to Fisheries: None. Literature : Springer (1979). Remarks :Charactersofthediagnosisabovearetakeninpart fromaspecimenofthisspeciesexaminedbythewriterintheBritish Museum(NaturalHistory),BMNH1939.5.24.6,22.7cmimmature femal e,Gul fofAdenat1061to1080mdepth,aswel l asfrom Springer (1979).- 267 - Apristurus investigatoris (Misra, 1962) SCYL Aprist 6 Pentanchus(Parapristurus)investigatorisMisra,1962,Proc.All-ndiaCongr.Zool.,1(2):636,pl.1.Holotype: Zoological Survey of ndia, ZS-F 1, 627/2, 242 mm female. Type Locality: 1146'N, 9310'E, Andaman Sea. Synonymy : None. FAO Names : En - Broadnose catshark; Fr - Holbiche platnez; Sp - Pejegato ato. dorsal view of head FieIdMarks:AnApristuruswiththefirstdorsalbaseelongatedanteriorlyasalowridge,andamoderately well-developed caudal crest of denticles. Diagnostic Features :Bodyrelativelyslender,trunkslightlytaperingtowardhead.Snoutlong,broad,and bell-shaped,preoralsnoutabout11%oftotallength;gillslitssmall,abouthalfofeyelength;gillseptaincised, withoutpleatsorprojectingmediallobes;eyessmall,about2.5%oftotallength;nostrilsverybroad,theirwidthaboutequaltointernarialspace;incurrentaperturesofnostrilsfairlynarrowandalmostslitlike,anteriornasalflapsverylowandrounded;mouthshort,moderatelylarge,andverybroadlyarched,withdentalbandshardly expandedandwi thl oweronesfal l i ngwel l behi nduppers;mouthandl abi al furrowsextendi ngsl i ghtl yi nfrontof eyes;labialfoldsnotenlarged,wi thlowersdiagonaltobodyaxis.nterdorsalspaceequaltoorslightl ylessthan firstdorsalbase,about3/4ofpreorbitalsnout;firstdorsal finabout3/4aslargeassecond,butfirstdorsalbase wi thananteri orri dgel i keel ongati onandabout1.5ti mesthel engthofseconddorsal base;ori gi noffi rst expandedanteriorlytooverfirstfourthofpelvicbases;seconddorsalinsertionslightlyinfrontofanalinsertion; pectoralfinsmoderatelylarge,about13%oftotallength;innermarginslong,nearlythelengthofpectoralbases; interspacebetweenpectoralandpelvicbasesshort,about2/3ofpreorbitallengthandabout7%oftotallength; Pelvicfinsfairl ylowandbroadl yrounded;analfinlong,ratherhigh,androunded-angular,almost4timesaslong ashigh,itsbasealmostequaltoprebranchialspaceand17%oftotallength;caudalfinratherbroad,withawell-devel opedcrestofenl argeddenti cl esondorsal margi n.Lateral trunkdenti cl eswi thcrownscl ose-setand somewhat elevated, giving body a rough surface. Colour medium brown. Adult size unknown. GeographicaI Distribution :Knownonlyfromthetype locality (holotype only), in the Andaman Sea. HabitatandBioIogy:Adeepwaterbottomshark,fromthe eastern ndian ocean continental slope at 1040 m depth. Size : Maximum 26 + cm (presumably immature at this size). Interest to Fisheries : None at present. Literature : Misra (1962); Springer (1979). Remarks:Diagnosticcharactersandtheaboveillustration arefromtheholotype,examinedbythewriterinCalcuttain 1982. The species is very much like A. indicus in its general shape partial ventral view- 268 - andlongfi rstdorsalbase,butdi ffersfromasimilar-sizedspecimenofthatspeciesinhavingsmallerpectoral fins,narrowernostrils,muchlowerpelvi cfins,amuchshorter,bro