Lesson 2Systems in Human Life

Created by : ♫ Shofi Dhiya’ulhaq♫ Asma RahmaniNurafaidah♫ Bayu Achmad Renaldi♫ Reynaldi Hamzah Nurzaman

8D

ORGAN SISTEM

MOVEMENT

CIRCULATORY

DIGESTIVE

RESPIRATORY

END SHOW

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Mechanical digestive

Chemical digestive

Organs composing the digestive system

Disorder of digestive system

Mechanical digestive is digestive system that occurs in the mouth. At mechanical digestive we use teeth for make the food destroy.

Mechanical Digestive

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Chemical digestive is the digestive system that use the enzim for its proces.After the teeth make the food destroy, chemical substance in the saliva will soluble with the food. After that it will soluble in the stomach and the early parts small intestine, which involve gastric juice, pancreatic juice and bile. So the food get finer.

Chemical digestive

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Organs composing the digestive system

1. Mouth cavity :

A. TongueB. Teeth

C. Salivary gland

2. pharinx

3. esophagu

s

4. vantricel

5. Small intestine :

A.DuedonumB.Jejunum

C.Ileum

6. Large intestine

A.Colon and B.Rectum

7. Anus

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Mouth cavity

Tongue

TeethSalivary gland

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TongueTongue is a muscle tisswue whose

fixed end is in the back of the mouth base. Its function is to push the food from mouth cavacity to esophagus. At the back of tongue there is collection of lymph tissue called tonsil (amandel).

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TeethThe number of teeth in the childhood and

adult is diffrrent. These are the the shape of the teeth :A.Incisor (I) whose shape is similar to a chisel,

function to cut the food.B.Canine (C) whose shape is pointed, function to

tear tough and ruberry food , such as meat.C.Premolar (P) and Molar (M) which are bigger in the

upper part with wavy surface, function to grind and crush the food.

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the stuctures of tooth :A.Enamel is the outhermost part of a tooth and very

hard in structure.B.Yellow wish tructure forming the tooth shape

called dentine.C.Root is parts inside dentine.D.Pupl Chamber is the tooth part containing blood

vessel and nerves which extend to the root.

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Salivary gland

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It is in the border between mouth cavacity and esophagus and in the crossing between trachea and esophagus.in the pharinx there is the valve which continuation from ceiling on the back of the oral cavity. At the back part of vulva there is small extension called uvula. Also, there is another valve in the lower part called epiglottis.

epiglottis can open and close on trachea and esophagus in turn. When we not swallowing the epiglottis will close. When we are swallowing the epiglottis will open,

pharinx

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connecting between the mouth cavacity and ventricle. The food will move slowly caused by peristaltic movement of the esophagus.

Esophagus

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human ventricle is under the diaphragma. Diaphragma is a membrance which borders the cest and stomach cavaties.

ventricle counsist of cardiac, fundus and pylorus.cardiac is the early part of stomach which is the continuation between esophagus and stomach. Fundus is the enlarging middle part of stomach. While pylorus is the distal part of the stomach which connects the stomach to the early intestine.ventricle wall counsist of three muscle layers. The outermost layer is longitudinal muscle, the middlelayer is cilcular muscle, and the inner most one is diagonal muscle. Besides those layers, the innermost layer is covered by cell layers which secrete gastric juice.

Ventricle

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1. Water : it functions to soften food so it is easier to digest2. Mucous : it functions to soften the food and protect the

stomach wall from exscessive production of HCL. The protein liquid which protect the ventricle wall is called mucin.

3. HCL : it cuses the situation in the stomach is very acid, so the pH can achieve 2 or even less then 2. the situation can kills yhe pathogenic organism which enter with the food the amilase from the saliva also enters the stomach and stops digetion the amilum.

4. Pepsinogen : in acid condition, pepsinogen will change into pepsin. It functions for digesting or breaking protein into peptides

Gastric Juice

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Small Intestine

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

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Duodenum

1. Twelve-finger intestine (duodenum)duodenum is the place where some of

digestive enzymes can be found. The enzymes are bile is responsible for emulsifying, amylase is necessary to continue digesting amylum into maltose. Trypsin is necessary to continue digesting protein into peptide. Lipase has function to digest fat into glycerol and fatty acid.

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Jejunum

2. The central section of small intestine (Jejunum)

the central section of small intestine (jejunum) also produces some enzymes they are maltase and peptidase. Maltase digest maltose inti glucose while peptidase deigest peptide into amino acid.

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Ileum

3. The final section of small intestine (Ileum)

Ileum plays the key role in absorbing digestion result, such as glucose, amino acid glycerol and fatty acid. Glucose and amino acid are absorbed by Ileum wall and carried out by blood, whereas glycerol and fatty acid are absorbed by lymph capillaries known as lymph tract (lacteal)

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Large intestine is the final section of human digestive tract. It is composed of two parts colom and rectum. Large intestin functions as a place of reabsorption and deterio tion of undigested food. The joint between small intestine and large intestine is signed by the presence large sack-like segment known as cecum. On the cecum, there is the long small tube that called appendix.

In the large intestine there is the bacteria that can make the food deteriot. The name of bacteria is Escherichia coli.

Large intestine (intestinal crasum)

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Anus is the opening at the end of the digestive system through which waste exits the body. It has cilcular muscle called Anal sphincer. it function is to close and open the anus in order to regulate the exits the stool.

ANUS

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Disorder of Digestive system

Cause Infection

Noninfection

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DysentryTyphusHepatitisAppendictis

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GastritisContipationFood PoisonouseGastric cancerHemmorhoid

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JointBoneMuscle

Movement

Abnormalities in movement system

Bone

Hard bone

Cartilage

Hard boneHard bone functions to give strength to the moving organs. Hard bone cells called osteosytes. The older a human is, more more calcium and the less collagen. So, the skeleton bones in younger human are more flexible than those in the older ones.

CartillageCartillage consist of cartilage cells which are called chondrocyte. Between the chondrocyte, there is a matrix which contain collagen cause cartilage flexible. In a new born baby, the skeleton is composed of cartillage. As they get older, the skeleton bones slowly develop into hard bones except in some parts.

Muscle is a tissue cells are arranged longitudinal and has the ability to cause tension which is parallel to longitudinal axis.

Muscle

striated

heartsmoot

h

How do the muscle work ?

Striated MuscleStriated muscle which is found in skeleton muscle so, it’ s called Skeleton Muscle. Striated muscle consist of cells which can shrivel or contract. Contraction of striated muscle cells is coordinate by nerve system command.

Heart Muscle

Smooth MuscleSmooth muscle cells have only one nucleus.

The way Muscle Work

Joints

Moving StiffFixed

Washered

Ball and

socket

Saddle

Hinge

gliding

Fixed Jointa joint between two or more bones which cannot be moved at all. Example: joints in skull bones

Moving Jointa joint between two or more bones which can be freely moved

Stiff Jointa joint between or more bones which can be slightly moved.

Gliding jointa joint which has four direction movements. Example: the joints at our backbones

Ball and socketJoints that can move to all direction, such as those between humerus and scapula.

Hinge Jointa joint which moves only to one direction, such as in elbow, knee and finger nodes.

Saddle Jointa joint that can move to two direction, such as the joint in the thumb.

Washered Jointa joint which can be moved circurlarly, such as the one between atlas and axis bone.

Abnormalities in Movement systemDiskolasi: In correct location or position. It

occurs if the position or tip of a bone node does not exactly place on the other bone node.

Sprained: Bruished ligament or joint binder which cause pain due to too forceful pulling of the ligament.

Arthritis : Joint inflammationPolio : Disease caused by polio virus, it can

cause the sufferer paralyzed.Fracture: An accident can cause bones

broken, cracked, or bruished.

Lordosis: backbone bend forwardScoliosis: backbone bend rightward of

leftwardKiphosis : backbone bend backward

Circulatory

Blood Organs

ErithrocitThrombocy

teLeucocyte

Blood vassel Heart

Disorder and Disease of circulatory system

Circulatory SystemThere are two types of Circulatory system in our body there are large Circulatory system and small Circulatory system

• Large Circulatory systemblood is pumped away from heart through arcus aorta throughout the body

• Small Circulatory systemblood is pumped out from heart towards lungs through pulmonary artery

Blood Vassel

Blood Vessel consists of artery and veins

ArteryArtery is blood vessel transporting blood from heart throughout the body

Veinvein is blood vessel transporting blood from body back to the heart

HeartHeart is necessary to pump the blood throughout the body and located slightly on the left in Chest Cavity

BloodBlood is transportation device of important substances in the body.

a.Blood PlasmaThe composition of plasma is mostly water(90%) and the other 10% are protein,amino acid,sugar,vitamin,mineral salt,enzyme,hormone and antibodies.

b.Blood cell and its formationThere are three types of blood cells: Erythocite, Leukocyte, and Thrombocyte

Erythrocyte

a.ErythrocyteErythrocyte has biconcave-shaped structure and has no nucleus.The amount of red blood cell is about 5 million per 1 mm3 blood.

Leukocyte

b.LeukocyteLeukocyte is produced in red marrow,lymphoid tissues and lymphatic gland.the number of Leukocyte normally about 6,000-9,000 white blood cells.

Thrombocyte

Thrombocyte have irregular shape,smaller than other blood cells,and no nucleus.The normal number of Thrombocyte is about 200,000-300,000.

Disorder and Disease of circulatory system

a.Anemiaanemia is a blood deficiency disease.

b.LeukemiaLeukemia is a blood cancer signed by very large amount of white blood cells because its production cannot be controlled.

c.Varicose veinVaricose vein is a vein enlargement.

d.SclerosisSclerosis is a hardening of arteries.

e.HypertensionHypertension is a condition in which a person has high blood pressure.

f. HypotensionHypotension is an abnormally low blood pressure.

g.HemophiliaHemophilia is a blood disorder in which ability of blood to clot is impaired at injury.