Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.
-
Upload
ada-morris -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.
![Page 1: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology
Lect #2Muse9/14/11
![Page 2: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
What is a Tissue?• A tissue is a group of cells
– Common embryonic origin– Function together to carry out specialized activities
• Hard (bone), semisolid (fat), or liquid (blood)
• Histology is the science that deals with the study of tissues.
• Pathologist specialized in laboratory studies of cells and tissue for diagnoses
![Page 3: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Development of Tissues
• Tissues of the body develop from three primary germ layers:
• Ectoderm, Endoderm, and Mesoderm
– Epithelial tissues develop from all three germ layers
– All connective tissue and most muscle tissues drive from mesoderm
– Nervous tissue develops from ectoderm
![Page 4: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
A little embryology
![Page 5: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cell Junctions
• Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells
– 5 most common types:
• Tight junctions
• Adherens junctions
• Desmosomes
• Hemidesmosomes
• Gap junctions
![Page 6: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Stem and Progenitor Cells
Stem cell • can divide to form two new stem cells
• self-renewal• can divide to form a stem cell and a progenitor cell• totipotent – can give rise to every cell type• pluripotent – can give rise to a restricted number of cell types
Progenitor cell • committed cell• can divide to become any of a restricted number of cells • pluripotent
![Page 7: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Stem and Progenitor Cells
![Page 8: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Control of Cell Division• cell division capacities vary greatly among cell types
• skin and blood cells divide often and continually• neuron cells divide a specific number of times then cease
• chromosome tips (telomeres) that shorten with each mitosis provide a mitotic clock
• cells divide to provide a more favorable surface area to volume relationship• growth factors and hormones stimulate cell division
• hormones stimulate mitosis of smooth muscle cells in uterus• epidermal growth factor stimulates growth of new skin
![Page 9: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cancertumors are the consequence of a loss of cell cycle control
Traditional control of growth is lost: cells become independent of growth factors.
cells lose contact inhibition
in many cases cells become immortal
![Page 10: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Telomeres cap the ends of chromosomes
Chromosomes tagged with anti-telomerase antibodies
![Page 11: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Four Types of Tissues
• Tissues are collections of cells and cell
products that perform specific, limited
functions
• Types of tissue
– Epithelial tissue
• Covers exposed surfaces
• Lines internal passageways
• Forms glands
![Page 12: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Four Types of Tissues• Types of Tissue (cont’d)
– Connective tissue• Fills internal spaces
• Supports other tissues
• Transports materials
• Stores energy
– Muscle tissue• Specialized for contraction
• Skeletal muscle, heart muscle, and walls of hollow organs
– Neural tissue• Carries electrical signals from one part of the body to another
![Page 13: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues• Epithelia
– Layers of cells covering internal or external
surfaces
• Glands
– Structures that produce secretions
![Page 14: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues• Characteristics of Epithelia
– Cellularity (cell junctions)
– Polarity (apical and basal surfaces)
– Attachment (basal lamina)
– Avascularity
– Regeneration
![Page 15: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues• Functions of Epithelial Tissue
– Provide physical protection
– Control permeability
– Provide sensation
– Produce specialized secretions (glandular
epithelium)
![Page 16: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues
Figure 4–1 The Polarity of Epithelial Cells.
![Page 17: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Epithelial Tissues• Maintaining the Integrity of Epithelia
– Intercellular connections
– Attachment to basal lamina
– Epithelial maintenance and repair
![Page 18: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
![Page 19: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
![Page 20: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia• Squamous Epithelia
– Simple squamous epithelium
• Absorption and diffusion
– Mesothelium
• Lines body cavities
– Endothelium
• Lines heart and blood vessels
![Page 21: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–3 Squamous Epithelia.
![Page 22: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia• Squamous Epithelia
– Stratified squamous epithelium
• Protects against attacks
• Keratin protein adds strength and water resistance
![Page 23: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–4 Cuboidal Epithelia.
![Page 24: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia• Cuboidal Epithelia
– Simple cuboidal epithelium
• Secretion and absorption
– Stratified cuboidal epithelia
• Sweat ducts and mammary ducts
![Page 25: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–4 Cuboidal Epithelia.
![Page 26: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia• Columnar Epithelia
– Simple columnar epithelium
• Absorption and secretion
– Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
• Cilia movement
– Stratified columnar epithelium
• Protection
![Page 27: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia.
![Page 28: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–5 Columnar Epithelia.
![Page 29: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia• Glandular Epithelia
– Endocrine glands• Release hormones:
– into interstitial fluid
– no ducts
– Exocrine glands• Produce secretions:
– onto epithelial surfaces
– through ducts
![Page 30: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Classification of Epithelia
Figure 4–7 A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands.
![Page 31: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Connect epithelium to the rest of the body
(basal lamina)
• Provide structure (bone)
• Store energy (fat)
• Transport materials (blood)
• Have no contact with environment
![Page 32: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Characteristics of Connective Tissues
– Specialized cells
– Solid extracellular protein fibers
– Fluid extracellular ground substance
• The extracellular components of connective tissues (fibers and ground substance) make up the matrix
– Majority of tissue volume
– Determines specialized function
![Page 33: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Connective Tissues
• Fibroblasts
• Fibrocytes
• Macrophages
• Adipocytes
• Mesenchymal cells
• Melanocytes
• Mast cells
• Lymphocytes
• Microphages
Nine Cell Types of Connective Tissue Proper
![Page 34: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Connective Tissue Fibers
– Collagen fibers
• Most common fibers in connective tissue proper
• Long, straight, and unbranched
• Strong and flexible
• Resist force in one direction
• For example, tendons and ligaments
![Page 35: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Connective Tissue Fibers
– Elastic fibers
• Contain elastin
• Branched and wavy
• Return to original length after stretching
• For example, elastic ligaments of vertebrae
![Page 36: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Ground Substance
– Is clear, colorless, and viscous
– Fills spaces between cells and slows pathogen
movement
![Page 37: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Connective Tissues• Connective Tissue Fibers
– Reticular fibers
• Network of interwoven fibers (stroma)
• Strong and flexible
• Resist force in many directions
• Stabilize functional cells (parenchyma) and structures
• For example, sheaths around organs
![Page 38: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Connective Tissues
Figure 4–8 The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper.
![Page 39: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Connective Tissues
Figure 4–12 Formed Elements of the Blood.
![Page 40: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues• Support soft tissues and body weight
– Cartilage
• Gel-type ground substance
• For shock absorption and protection
– Bone
• Calcified (made rigid by calcium salts, minerals)
• For weight support
![Page 41: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues• Cartilage Matrix
– Proteoglycans derived from chondroitin sulfates
– Ground substance proteins
• Chondrocytes (cartilage cells) surrounded by
lacunae (chambers)
![Page 42: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–13 The Growth of Cartilage.
![Page 43: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues• Types of Cartilage
– Hyaline cartilage• Stiff, flexible support• Reduces friction between bones• Found in synovial joints, rib tips, sternum, and trachea
– Elastic cartilage• Supportive but bends easily• Found in external ear and epiglottis
– Fibrous cartilage (fibrocartilage) • Limits movement• Prevents bone-to-bone contact• Pads knee joints• Found between pubic bones and intervertebral discs
![Page 44: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
![Page 45: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
![Page 46: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–14 The Types of Cartilage.
![Page 47: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues• Bone or osseous tissue
– Strong (calcified: calcium salt deposits)– Resists shattering (flexible collagen fibers)
• Bone cells or osteocytes– Arranged around central canals within matrix– Small channels through matrix (canaliculi) access blood
supply
• Periosteum – Covers bone surfaces– Fibrous layer– Cellular layer
![Page 48: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Supportive Connective Tissues
Figure 4–15 Bone.
![Page 49: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Membranes• Membranes
– Are physical barriers
– That line or cover portions of the body
– Consist of
• An epithelium
• Supported by connective tissues
![Page 50: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Membranes• Four Types of Membranes
– Mucous membranes
– Serous membranes
– Cutaneous membrane
– Synovial membranes
![Page 51: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Membranes• Mucous membranes (mucosae)
– Line passageways that have external connections
– In digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
– Epithelial surfaces must be moist
• To reduce friction
• To facilitate absorption and excretion
– Lamina propria
• Is areolar tissue
![Page 52: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Membranes• Serous Membranes
– Line cavities not open to the outside
– Are thin but strong
– Have fluid transudate to reduce friction
– Have a parietal portion covering the cavity
– Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the
organs
![Page 53: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Membranes• Three Serous Membranes
– Pleura:• Lines pleural cavities
• Covers lungs
– Peritoneum:• Lines peritoneal cavity
• Covers abdominal organs
– Pericardium:• Lines pericardial cavity
• Covers heart
![Page 54: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Membranes
Figure 4–16 Membranes.
![Page 55: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Membranes
Figure 4–16 Membranes.
![Page 56: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Internal Framework of the Body
• Connective tissues
– Provide strength and stability
– Maintain positions of internal organs
– Provide routes for blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and
nerves
• Fasciae
– Singular form is fascia
• The body’s framework of connective tissue
• Layers and wrappings that support or surround organs
![Page 57: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Internal Framework of the Body
Figure 4–17 The Fasciae.
![Page 58: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Tissue Injuries and Repair• Tissues respond to injuries to maintain
homeostasis
– Cells restore homeostasis with two processes
• Inflammation
• Regeneration
![Page 59: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Tissue Injuries and Repair• Inflammation = inflammatory response
– The tissue’s first response to injury
• Signs and symptoms of the inflammatory response
include
– Swelling
– Redness
– Heat
– Pain
![Page 60: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Tissue Injuries and Repair• Inflammatory Response
– Can be triggered by
• Trauma (physical injury)
• Infection (the presence of harmful pathogens)
![Page 61: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Tissue Injuries and Repair• The Process of Regeneration
– Fibrocytes move into necrotic area
• Lay down collagen fibers
• To bind the area together (scar tissue)
– New cells migrate into area
• Or are produced by mesenchymal stem cells
– Not all tissues can regenerate
• Epithelia and connective tissues regenerate well
• Cardiac cells and neurons do not regenerate (or regenerate poorly)
![Page 62: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Aging and Tissue• Aging and Tissue Structure
– Speed and efficiency of tissue repair decreases
with age, due to
• Slower rate of energy consumption (metabolism)
• Hormonal alterations
• Reduced physical activity
![Page 63: Biol 2430 Anatomy and Physiology Lect #2 Muse 9/14/11.](https://reader030.fdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022032612/56649eca5503460f94bd91cf/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Aging and Tissue• Effects of Aging
– Chemical and structural tissue changes
• Thinning epithelia and connective tissues
• Increased bruising and bone brittleness
• Joint pain and broken bones
• Cardiovascular disease
• Mental deterioration