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    DR. FREDERICK: CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

    SCANTRON Form 88-2E

    LAST NAME FIRST NAME; FORM NUMBER; SECTION NUMBER 

     NO MAKE UP EXAMS

    IN CASE OF MISSED CONTENT; CONTACT BUDDIES

    LAST DAY TO DROP - NOVEMBER T!

    TESTS - VERY DETAILED "UESTIONS

    CHAPTER 2: Chemical Context of Life

    S#r$%#$r& ' ($)%#*o)

    Bo+, or/ #0ro$10 %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/

    • C0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ - mo3&%$3&/ m*)1 )+ 4r&*)1 4o)+/

    /#r$%#$r& o( mo3&%$3& +*r&%#3, r&3#&/ #o *#/ *)#&r%#*o)/ )+ ($)%#*o)/

    &3&m&)#/ r& m+& $5 o( #om/ - 6 o( 5ro#o)/ +&(*)& ) &3&m&)# 7OXYGEN IS OXYGEN BC 8 PROTONS

    • %0)1& *) )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/ ' %0)1& *) &3&m&)#

    &%0 &3&m&)# %o)/*/#/ o( %&r#*) *)+ o( #om #0# */ different  (rom #0& #om/ o( o#0&r &3&m&)#/

    92 &3&m&)#/ 72 &//&)#*3 %))o# 3* 43)%&

    %om5o$)+ - /$4/#)%& %o)/*/#*)1 o( 2 or mor& different  &3&m&)#/ %om4*)&+ *) (*?&+ r#*o

    m##&r --> &3&m&)#/ --> #om/ --> )&$#ro)/ 5ro#o)/ &3&%#ro)/

    E3&m&)#/@ 5ro5&r#*&/ +&5&)+ o) #0& /#r$%#$r& o( #0& #om/

    • /#r$%#$r& o( #0& #om +&5&)+/ o) /$4#om*% 5r#*%3&/

    #om*% m// ' &*10# )&$#ro)/ &*10# 5ro#o)/ 7&3&%#ro)/ m*)*m3 m// )o# %o$)#&+

    • D3#o) 7#om*% m// $)*# m$ 7UNIT OF MASS .?-2

     1o 5ro#o) or )&$#ro) ' +3#o)

    #om*% )$m4&r ' 6 o( 5ro#o)/

    • 33 #om/ o( 5r#*%$3r &3&m&)# 0

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    • )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/ ' )$m4&r o( &3&%#ro)/

    IONS ILL !AVE DIFFERENT NUMBER OF PROTONS VS ELECTRONS - C!ANGED ELECTRON

     NUMBER 

    m// )$m4&r ' )$m4&r o( )&$#ro)/ )$m4&r o( 5ro#o)/

    I/o#o5&/

    • /m& &3&m&)# - +*((&r&)# )$m4&r o( )&$#ro)/

    o #om*% )$m4&r /#,/ /m&

    o #om*% m// *33 +*((&r 

    r+*o%#*

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    m##&r mo

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    /&%#*o) :%0&m*%3 4o)+/

    $)5*r&+ &3&%#ro)/ - r&%#*

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    ##r%#*o) 4&&) o55o/*#&3, %0r1&+ mo3&%$3&/ or #om/

    *o)-%0r1&+ #om or mo3&%$3& -> 3o/&1*) &3&%#ro)

     5o/*#*

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    0o# #o %o3+; 0*10 %o)%&)#r#*o) o( #0&rm3 &)&r1, #o 3o %o)%&)#r#*o)

    o 0&# 4) 

    /#or&/ 0&#

    %) 4/or4 or r&3&/& 3r1& mo$)# o( 0&# *#0 o)3, /3*10# %0)1& *) *#/ o)

    #&m5&r#$r&

    o K*)*% &)&r1, J &)&r1, o( mo#*o)

    o A#om/ )+ mo3&%$3&/ 0

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    SOLIDS !AVE LEAST AMOUNT OF ENERGY GASES !AVE T!E MOST

    LI"UIDS ARE IN T!E MIDDLE

    o !&# o(

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    o /o3

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    o mo3 o( ), /$4/#)%& ' mo3&%$3r m// 71

    o Mo3r*#,

     N$m4&r o( mo3&/ o( /o3$#& 5&r 3*#&r 7L o( /o3$#*o) 7%o)%&)#r#*o)

    o Mo3&%$3r (orm$3 J #om/ 0*%0 m& mo3&%$3&

    o A#om*% m// J m// o( #om

    o Mo3&%$3r m// J m// o( mo3&%$3& 7+3#o)/

    o Mo3r m// J m// o( mo3 o( /$4/#)%& 71rm/o Mo3r*#, J )$m4&r o( /o3$#&/ 7mo3&/ *) 3*#&r o( /o3$#*o)

    o Mo3r m// ' 1mo3

    o Mo3r*#, 7M ' mo3&/L

    • DISSOCIATION OF ATER MOLECULES:

    o 0,+ro1&) %) 1*

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    mo/# 4*o3o1*%3 (3$*+/ 5! -8

    - /#om%0 %*+ 5! ' 2

    o /3*10# %0)1& *) 5! 0rm($3 4% %0&m*%3 5ro%&//&/ o( #0& %&33

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    o (orm/ %o

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    • F$)%#*o)3 Gro$5/

    o %0&m*%3 1ro$5/ #0# ((&%# mo3&%$3r ($)%#*o)

    %o)#r*4$#& 4, ((&%#*)1 mo3&%$3&/@ /05&

    +*r&%#3, *)

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    Tr)/3#*o) J H#r)/3#&H RNA #o 5ro#&*)

    o /05& %) %0)1& ($)%#*o)

    S&? 0ormo)&/

    • o)3, +*((&r&)%& 4&&) &/#r+*o3 7(&m3& )+

    #&/#o/#&ro)& 7m3& */ #0& ($)%#*o)3 1ro$5/

    • B/*% %o)%&5#/:

    o %r4o) */ #0& 4%4o)& o( 3*(&

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    0,+ro3,& 13,%o1&) /$1r +&m)+

    *)%r&/&/

    /#r$%#$r3 ro3&/

    • /#r$%#$r3 5o3,/%%0r*+&/

    o %&33$3o/& J mor /#r$%#$r3 %om5o)&)# o(

     53)# %&33 33/

    4$)+)# or1)*% %om5o$)+ o)&r#0

     5o3,m&r o( 13$%o/& +*((&r&)#

    13,%o/*+*% 3*)1&/

    o +*((&r&)%& 4/&+ o) 2 r*)1 /#r$%#$r&/ o(

    13$%o/&: 350 7α 4 7β

    o /#r%0 - α-13$%o/& 0&3*%3 /05&

    o %&33$3o/& - β-13$%o/& /#r*10#

    !7 o) o)& /#r)+ !-4o)+ *#0

    O!7- o) o#0&r /#r)+/  5r33&3 %&33$3o/& mo3&%$3&/

    1ro$5&+ *)#o m*%ro(*4r*3/ (orm

    /#ro)1 4$*3+*)1 m#&r*3/ (or 53)#/o &),m&/ +*1&/# /#r%0 4, 0,+ro3,*)1 α-

    3*)1&/ %)@# 0,+ro3,& β-3*)1&/ *)

    %&33$3o/&

    o %&33$3o/& 5//&/ #0ro$10 #0& +*1&/#*

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    (r$%#o/& - o/&

    o )$m4&r o( %r4o)/ *) %r4o) /&3o)

    )$m4&r o( %r4o)/ *) /&3o)

    • - %r4o)/ 3o)1

    +r) / 3*)&r /&3o) *) =$&o$/ /o3$#*o)/ #0&, (orm r*)1/

    • #r*o/& J %r4o) r*)1

    •  5&)#o/& J %r4o) r*)1• 0&?o/& J %r4o) r*)1

    o G3$%o/& J &)&r1,

    mo)o/%%0r*+&/ J mor ($&3 (or %&33/ )+ r m#&r*3 (or

     4$*3+*)1 mo3&%$3&/ %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o) J &?#r%# &)&r1, (rom 13$%o/& 7m& ATP

    • r5*+ 4/or5#*o) *) 4o+,-*)/$3*) /5*&

    o 3*5*+/

    +o )o# (orm 5o3,m&r/

    0,+ro50o4*% J )o ((*)*#, (or #&r 

    • %o)/*/# mo/#3, o( 0,+ro%r4o)/

    • )o)5o3r %o

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    • 3*=$*+ # room #&m5&r#$r& J o*3/

    • +o$43& 4o)+/ J r&mo

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    o ($)%#*o):

    /&3&%#*

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    • m*)o %*+/ +*((&r *) #0&*r 5ro5&r#*&/ +$& #o +*((&r*)1 /*+& %0*)/ 7R 1ro$5/

    • AMINO ACIDS ARE CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO

    T!EIR SIDE GROUPS ONLY

    o )o)5o3r m*)o %*+/ J 0,+ro50o4*%

    o  5o3r m*)o %*+/ J 0,+ro50*3*%

    o &3&%#r*%33, %0r1&+ m*)o %*+/

    Po3,5&5#*+&/• $)*=$& 3*)&r /&=$&)%& o( m*)o %*+/

    o r)1& *) 3&)1#0 (rom (& m*)o %*+/ #o mor& #0) #0o$/)+

    • m*)o %*+/ 3*)&+ 4, 5&5#*+& 4o)+/

    o  o*) 4, +&0,+r#*o) r?) J #&r r&mo

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    • +&)#$r#*o)

    o 3o// o( 5ro#&*)@/ )#*

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    • r&mo

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    E!" CHAPTER (

    Chapter ,: A Tour of the Cell

    • T0& *m5or#)%& o( %&33/

    o A33 or1)*/m/ r& m+& o( %&33/

    o T0& %&33 */ #0& /*m53&/# $)*# o( 3*(&

    o C&33 /#r$%#$r& */ %orr&3#&+ #o %&33$3r ($)%#*o)

    o A33 %&33/ r& r&3#&+ 4, #0&*r +&/%&)# (rom &r3*&r %&33/

    o F$)+m&)#3 #0&m&/ *) 4*o3o1,

    S#r$%#$r& ' ($)%#*o)

    C&33/ r&/5o)+ #o #0&*r &)

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    • M*)*m$m +*/#)%& 2 5o*)#/ %) 4& /&5r#&+ )+ /#*33 4& +*/#*)1$*/0&+ / 2

     5o*)#/

    • S0or#&r

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    • E$r,o#&/:

    o  N$%3&$/

    o  No %&33 33

    ANIMAL CELLS ONLY

    o M&m4r)&-4o$)+

    o Lr1&r 

    o %om53&?• C&33 /*&

    o Lo1*/#*%/ o( %rr,*)1 o$# %&33$3r m4o3*/m // 3*m*#/ o) #0& /*& o( %&33/

    o  N&&+/ %&r#*) 3&

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     N$%3&r m#r*?

    • Frm&or o( (*4&r/ &?#&)+/ #0ro$10o$# #0& )$%3&r *)#&r*or 

    C0romo/om&/

    • DNA *) +*/%r& $)*#/

    • !$m) %&33 J %0romo/om&/

    C0rom#*)

    • Com53&? o( 5ro#&*)/ )+ DNA  N$%3&o3$/

    • R*4o/om3 RNA 7rRNA */ /,)#0&/*&+

    • rRNA */ //&m43&+ *)#o 3r1& )+ /m33 /$4$)*#/

    R*4o/om&/

    • M& 5ro#&*)/ $/*)1 DNA / +*r&%#*o)/

    • M+& o( rRNA )+ 5ro#&*)

    • R*4o/om&/ %rr, o$# 5ro#&*) /,)#0&/*/ *) #o 3o%#*o)/:

    o I) #0& %,#o/o3 J (r&& r*4o/om&/

    o O) #0& o$#/*+& o( #0& &)+o53/m*% r*%$3$m 7ER J 4o$)+ r*4o/om&/

    • Bo$)+ r*4o/om&/

    o M& 5ro#&*)/ (o$)+ *) m&m4r)&/ 5%1&+ *#0*) or1)&33&/

    &?5or#&+ 7/&%r&+• Fr&& r*4o/om&/

    o M& 5ro#&*)/ (o$)+ *) %,#o/o3

    o E)+om&m4r)& /,/#&m

    Com5o)&)#/ o( #0& &)+om&m4r)& /,/#&m:

    •  N$%3&r &)

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    • S&? 0ormo)&/

    o T&/#&/o

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    o P// *)#o %,#o/o3 / )$#r*&)#/ (or #0& %&33

    o M%ro501& J *mm$)& %&33 *)1&/#/ m*%roor1)*/m/

    • A$#o501, J r&%,%3& or1)&33&/ )+ m%romo3&%$3&/

    o M&m4r)&/ ($/&

    o E),m&/ 4r& *# +o)

    o R$r)/ #o %,#o/o3 (or r&$/&

    • L*

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    M*#o%0o)+r*3 DNA

    R*4o/om&/

    M4o3*% /#&5/ o( %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o) r& %#3,&+ *) #0& m*#o%0o)+r*3 m#r*?

    Cr*/#& 5r&/&)# 3r1& /$r(%& r& (or &),m&/ #0# /,)#0&/*& ATP *)%r&/*)1

     5ro+$%#*

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    C&)#r*o3&/ J *#0*) %&)#ro/om& &%0 *#0 9 #r*53/ o(

    m*%ro#$4$3&/ rr)1&+ *) r*)1

    C&)#ro/om&

    • S5%& *) %&33 0&r& %&)#r*o3&/ 1ro o$# o( 

    o C*3* )+ F31&33

    M*%ro#$4$3&/ %o)#ro3 #0& 4&#*)1 o( %*3* )+ (31&33

    C*3* )+ (31&33 +*((&r *) #0&*r 4&#*)1 5##&r)/ A %or& o( m*%ro#$4$3&/ /0&#0&+ 4, #0& 53/m m&m4r)&

    B/3 4o+, J )%0or/ #0& %*3*$m or (31&33$m

    92 5##&r)

    9 +o$43/ *) r*)1

    2 /*)13& *) #0& %&)#&r 

    D,)&*) J mo#or 5ro#&*) +r*

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    • Mo#*3*#, J %&33 mo

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    P3/m m&m4r)&/ o( +%&)# %&33/ 3*)& 53/mo+&/m#

    C,#o/o3 5//&/ #0ro$10 )+ %o))&%#/ #0& %0&m*%3

    &)

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    Hydrophilic regionof protein

    Hydrophobic region of protein

    Phospholipid

    bilayer 

    Later al movement~107 times per second)

    Flip-flop(~ once per month)

    • F3$*+*#, o( m&m4r)&/

    o  50o/50o3*5*+/ *) #0& 53/m m&m4r)& %) mo

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    C!OLESTEROL IN ANIMAL CELL MEMBRANE; FLUIDITY MUST BE MAINTAINED TO ORK

    PROPERLY; BALANCED. TOO FLUID OR NOT FLUID ENOUG! ILL CAUSE CELL TO NOT FUNCTION

    • M&m4r)& 5ro#&*)/

    o  5ro#&*)/ *) #0& 53/m m&m4r)& %) mo

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    o 33o 5//1& o( 0,+ro50*3*% /$4/#)%&/ J

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    • #&r +*(($/&/ %ro// m&m4r)&

    o (rom ) r& o( 3o /o3$#& %o)%&)#r#*o) 70*10 #&r %o)%&)#r#*o) #o ) r& o( 0*10 /o3$#&

    %o)%&)#r#*o) 73o #&r %o)%&)#r#*o)

    • To)*%*#,

    o 4*3*#, o( /o3$#*o) #o %$/& %&33 #o 1*) or 3o/& #&r 

    • I/o#o)*% /o3$#*o)

    o /o3$#& %o)%&)#r#*o) */ #0& /m& / #0# *)/*+& #0& %&33; )o ) #&r mo

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    o ACTIVE TRANSPORT

    MOVES SOLUTES AGAINST T!EIR GRADIENTS

    RE"UIRES ENERGY USUALLY ATP

    P&r(orm&+ 4, %rr*&r 5ro#&*)/ o)3,

    • %0))&3/ r& $/# o5&) 5//1& ,/ J +*(($/*o) o)3,

    /o3$#*o)-5o#//*$m 5$m5

    • 0*10&r %o)%&)#r#*o) o( K )+ 3o&r %o)%&)#r#*o) o( N *)/*+& #0& %&33%om5r&+ #o &)

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    ) #r)/(&r o( %0r1& #o &?#r%&33$3r &)

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    E!" CHAPTER -

    Chapter 4: An 0ntroduction to %eta$olism

    • 0# */ m4o3*/mW

    o A33 #0& %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ *) ) or1)*/m

    M4o3& J %0)1&

    o M4o3*/m m)1&/ #0& m##&r )+ &)&r1, r&/o$r%&/ *) %&33

    o T0o$/)+/ o( %0&m*%3 r&%#*o)/ o%%$rr*)1 *) ), %&33 # o)& #*m&

    o T0&/& r&%#*o)/ *)#&r/&%# *)#o m4o3*% 5#0,/

    • M4o3*% 5#0,/

    o  4&1*)/ *#0 /5&%*(*% mo3&%$3& *# */ 3#&r&+ *) /&r*&/ o( /#&5/ r&/$3#*)1 *) /5&%*(*% 5ro+$%#

    o

    &%0 /#&5 */ %#3,&+ 4, /5&%*(*% &),m&o &),m&/ r& )o# %o)/$m&+

    o /$4/#r#& J 0# &),m& 5*%/ $5

    /5&%*(*%

    • M4o3*% &),m&/

    o m&%0)*/m/ #0# r&1$3#& &),m&/ %#3,*)1 #0& m4o3*% 5#0,

    o #0&/& 43)%& /$553, )+ +&m)+

    o

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    mo

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    • S5o)#)&o$/ 5ro%&//- )o *)5$# o( &)&r1, *.&. #&r (3o/ +o) 0*33

    o !IG! TO LO

    •  No)/5o)#)&o$/ 5ro%&//- %))o# o%%$r o) *#/ o) )&&+/ &)&r1, ++&+ #o #0& /,/#&m

    o #&r 4&*)1 5$m5&+ $50*33

    o LO TO !IG!

    • BIOLOGICAL ORDER AND DISORDER 

    o L*

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    o SPONTANEOUS PROCESS CAN ONLY PERFORM ORK !EN IT IS MOVING TOARD

    E"UILIBRIUM

    • Fr&& &)&r1, )+ m4o3*/m

    o &)+&r1o)*%

    )o)/5o)#)&o$/ %o)/$m&/ &)&r1, 7&)&r1, *)r+

    • 4/or4/ (r&& &)&r1, (rom *#/ /$rro$)+*)1/

    • $50*33 r&%#*o)/ 3o #o 0*10 )4o3*%o &?&r1o)*%

    /5o)#)&o$/ r&3&/&/ &)&r1, 7&)&r1, o$#r+

    • +o)0*33 0*10 #o 3o %#4o3*%

    • r&3&/&+ &)&r1, */ $/&+ *) o#0&r r&%#*o)/

    • E?&r1o)*% r&%#*o)/

    o Lo/& (r&& &)&r1, G +&%r&/&/

    o DELTA G IS NEGATIVE

    o m1)*#$+& o( DELTA G r&5r&/&)#/ #0& m?*m$m mo$)# o( or #0& r&%#*o) %) 5&r(orm

    o 1r&#&r #0& +&%r&/& *) (r&& &)&r1, 1r&#&r mo$)# o( or %) 4& +o)&

    o SPONTANEOUS CATABOLIC

    o EXO J ENERGY GOES OUT; RELEASED SO T!AT IT CAN BE USED TO DO ORK 

    • E)+&r1o)*% r&%#*o)/o 4/or4/ 7%o)/$m&/ (r&& &)&r1,

    H/#or*)1H (r&& &)&r1,

    o G *)%r&/&/ DELTA G IS POSITIVE

    o )o)/5o)#)&o$/ )4o3*%

    o m1)*#$+& o( #0& DELTA G */ #0& =$)#*#, o( &)&r1, r&=$*r&+ #o +r*

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    P0o/50#& ##%0 #o )o#0&r mo3&%$3&; %0)1&/ &)&r1, /##& o( #0# mo3&%$3& +$& #o #0& *)%r&/&+ )&1#*

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    *)%r&/& r&%#*o) r#&

    &?&r1o)*% r?)/ )&&+ #o 4/or4 /m33 mo$)# o( &)&r1, (rom /$rro$)+*)1/

    &)+&r1o)*% r?)/ )&&+ #o 4/or4 &)&r1, (rom )o#0&r /,/#&m

    &?&r1o)*% J )&1#*

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    RELOCATION OF ELECTRONS

    (&rm&)##*o) J )&ro4*% r&/5*r#*o) 7 NO OXYGEN

    *)&((*%*&)#

     5r#*3 +&1r+#*o) o( /$1r/

    %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o)

    %o)/$m&/ o?,1&) 7&ro4*%

    m$%0 mor& &((*%*&)# #0) (&rm&)##*o)

    TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS J RELOCATION ELECTRONS RELEASES STORED ENERGY IN ORGANIC

    MOLECULES

    r&+o? r?)/

    #r)/(&r o( &3&%#ro)/ (rom o)& r&%#)# #o )o#0&r 

    OXIDATION J LOSE ELECTRON

    REDUCTION J GAIN ELECTRON 7BECOME MORE NEGATIVE

    ELECTRON DONOR 7LOSES ELECTRON ' REDUCING AGENT

    ELECTRON ACCEPTOR 7GAINS ELECTRON ' OXIDI]ING AGENT

    r&+o? r?)/ 3,/ %o$53&+ J r&=$*r&/ 4o#0

    RELOCATION OF ELECTRONS

    ELECTRON LOSES POTENTIAL ENERGY !EN IT S!IFTS FROM A LESS ELECTRONEGATIVE ATOMTOARD A MORE ELECTRONEGATIVE ONE

    RELEASES ENERGY 7EXERGONIC SPONTANEOUS

    LOSING POTENTIAL ENERGY LIKE ATER FLOING DON!ILL

    MOVING FROM !IG! ENERGY TO LO ENERGY

    UNSTABLE TO STABLE

    ORGANIC MOLECULES IT! ABUNDANT AMOUNT OF !YDROGEN ATOMS ARE EXCELLENT FUELS

     NAD J %o&),m&

    )*%o#*)m*+& +&)*)& +*)$%3&o#*+&

    &3&%#ro) #r)/5or# /0$##3&

    o?*+**)1 1&)#; 1/ r&+$%&+ 71*)/ &3&%#ro)

    TURNS INTO NAD!

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    r&+$%&+ (orm

     NAD o?*+*&+ (orm

    &3&%#ro) #r)/5or# %0*)

    / $5 1r+*&)#

    o?,1&) J #&rm*)3 &3&%#ro) %%&5#or 

    %&33$3r r&/5*r#*o)

    (oo+ --> NAD! --> &3&%#ro) #r)/5or# %0*) --> o?,1&)

    m4o3*% /#1&/

    13,%o3,/*/

    o%%$r/ *) %,#o/o3

    m&/ /m33 mo$)# o( #5

     4r&/ +o) 13$%o/& *)#o 2 mo3&%$3&/ o( 5,r$

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    &)o3/& (orm/ PEP

    FAD J (3

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    RED!#E

    *E#%ES %RE NE&A"$VE

    &A$NS E'E#"R%NS

    #ellular respiration vs fermentation vs photos,nthesis on test

    Deamination

    Process of removin. ammonia from amino .roups

    *eta-oxidation

    *reakin. do/n fatt, acid

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    #hapter 012 photos,nthesis

    Stroma dense 3uid

     "h,lakoid

     "h,lakoid space

    %x,.en from /ater4 not #%5

    H,dro.en oxidi6ed

    #o5 reduced

    Respiration vs photos,nthesis

    Rs2

    Electrons lose potential ener.,

    &o do/n .radient and s,nthesi6e atp

    Ps2

    Electrons increase in potential ener.,

    ove from /ater to su.ar4 re7uires ener., 8sunli.ht9

    'i.ht rxns

    %ccur in th,lakoids

    Split /ater: release o5: produce atp: and form NADPH

    #alvin c,cle

    %ccurs in stroma

    Does not re7uire sunli.ht

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    Dark c,cle

    Solar po/er reduces nadp+ to nadph