BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
Click here to load reader
-
Upload
rob-swatski -
Category
Education
-
view
6.842 -
download
1
description
Transcript of BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart
![Page 1: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Rob Swatski Associate Professor of Biology
HACC – York Campus
Chapter 20
Cardiovascular System: The Heart
Text
book
imag
es -
Cop
yrig
ht ©
20
14 J
ohn
Wile
y &
Son
s, In
c.
All
right
s re
serv
ed.
![Page 2: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
20_03a
2
![Page 3: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
![Page 5: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
![Page 6: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
(a) Inferior view of transverse section of thoracic cavity showing heart in mediastinum
Sternum
Muscle
Left lung
Esophagus Sixth thoracic vertebra
LEFT PLEURAL CAVITY
Heart
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
Right lung
Aorta RIGHT PLEURAL CAVITY
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
View
Transverse plane
Pulmonary trunk (artery)
Heart LocaEon: MediasEnum
![Page 7: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Arch of aorta
Anterior view of heart in thoracic cavity
Pulmonary trunk
Left lung
LEFT SURFACE
APEX OF HEART
Superior vena cava
RIGHT SURFACE
Right lung
Pleura (cut to reveal lung inside)
Diaphragm
INFERIOR SURFACE
Heart
![Page 8: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Heart OrientaEon
Apex: anteriorly, inferiorly, le6-‐side Base: posteriorly, superiorly, right-‐side Anterior surface: deep to sternum & ribs Inferior surface: on diaphragm Right border: faces right lung LeK (Pulmonary) border: faces le6 lung
![Page 9: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Heart Surface ProjecEon
Superior right point: sup border -‐ 3rd right costal carClage
Superior leK point: inf border -‐ 2nd le6 costal carClage, 3 cm le6 of midline
Inferior leK point: 5th intercostal space, 9 cm le6 of midline
Inferior right point: sup border -‐ 6th right costal carClage, 3 cm right of midline
![Page 10: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Pericardium
Fibrous pericardium (outer) -‐ dense irregular CT -‐ protects & anchors heart -‐ prevents overstretching
Serous pericardium (epicardium): -‐ thin, delicate membrane -‐ parietal & visceral layers -‐ pericardial cavity -‐ pericardial fluid
![Page 11: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
PericardiEs
Cardiac tamponade
11
![Page 12: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Layers of the Heart Wall Epicardium: 2 layers – 1) visceral layer of serous pericardium & 2)
adipose Cssue & fibroelasCc Cssue
Myocardium: cardiac muscle
Endocardium: endothelium & CT (lines chambers & valves)
![Page 13: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Muscle Bundles of the Myocardium
![Page 14: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
MyocardiEs & EndocardiEs
endocardiEs myocardiEs
![Page 15: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Chambers & Sulci of the Heart
4 Chambers: -‐ 2 superior atria
-‐ 2 inferior ventricles
Sulci: grooves on heart surface -‐ contain coronary BVs & adipose
Coronary sulcus -‐ encircles heart b/w atria & ventricles
Anterior interventricular sulcus -‐ ant. boundary b/w ventricles
Posterior interventricular sulcus -‐ post. boundary b/w ventricles
![Page 16: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
![Page 17: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
![Page 18: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Right Atrium
Receives blood from 3 sources: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & coronary sinus
Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis: remnant of fetal foramen ovale
Tricuspid valve -‐ blood flows through into right ventricle -‐ 3 cusps of dense CT -‐ “RAT on the Right” (Right Atrioventricular, Tricuspid)
![Page 20: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Right Ventricle
Forms most of ant. surface of heart
Interventricular septum
Trabeculae carneae
Papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
Pulmonary semilunar valve -‐ allows blood into pulmonary trunk
![Page 21: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Papillary Muscles & Chordae Tendineae
21
![Page 22: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
22
![Page 23: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
LeK Atrium
Forms most of base of heart Receives blood from lungs through 4 pulmonary veins -‐ 2 right & 2 le6 Bicuspid valve: blood flows through into le6 ventricle -‐ 2 cusps -‐ “LAMB on the Le6”: Le6 Atrioventricular, Mitral, or Bicuspid
![Page 24: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
LeK Ventricle
Forms apex of heart Chordae tendineae, papillary muscles, & trabeculae carneae
AorEc semilunar valve -‐ allows blood into ascending aorta -‐ openings to the coronary arteries directly above valve
![Page 25: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Myocardial Thickness & FuncEon Thickness varies based on each chamber’s funcCon:
-‐ Atria walls are thin; Ventricle walls are thick -‐ Right ventricle walls are thin; LeK ventricle walls are
thick
![Page 26: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
Fibrous Skeleton of Heart
Dense CT rings surround heart valves -‐ fuse together & merge with interventricular septum
FuncEons of fibrous skeleton: -‐ valve support structure
-‐ Prevents overstretching of the valves -‐ inserCon point for cardiac muscle bundles -‐ electrical insulator b/w atria & ventricles
![Page 27: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
AV Valves OPEN
Allow blood flow from atria into ventricles when ventricular pressure is lower than
atrial pressure Occurs during ventricular relaxaEon:
-‐ papillary muscles are relaxed -‐ chordae tendineae are slack
![Page 28: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
![Page 29: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
AV Valves CLOSED
Prevents backflow (regurgita/on) of blood into atria
Occurs during ventricular contracEon: -‐ papillary muscles contract -‐ chordae tendineae pulled taut -‐ valve cusps pushed closed
![Page 30: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
30
SL valves OPEN during ventricular contracCon -‐ allow blood flow into pulmonary trunk & aorta
SL valves CLOSE during ventricular relaxaCon -‐ blood fills cusps & valves close
-‐ prevents blood from flowing backwards into ventricles
Semilunar Valves
![Page 31: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Superior view with atria removed: pulmonary and aortic valves closed, bicuspid and
tricuspid valves open
PULMONARY VALVE (closed)
Left coronary artery
BICUSPID VALVE (open)
TRICUSPID VALVE (open)
AORTIC VALVE (closed)
Right coronary artery
POSTERIOR
ANTERIOR
![Page 32: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
32
![Page 33: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
34
Heart Valve Disorders Stenosis: narrowing of valve that restricts blood flow
-‐ Surgically repaired or replaced with mechanical valves or valves from human donors or pigs
Insufficiency or incompetence: valve cannot close completely
Balloon valvuloplasty
![Page 35: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mitral Valve Stenosis 35
![Page 36: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36
Systemic CirculaEon
LEFT side of heart pumps oxygenated blood to body
LeK atrium à LeK ventricle à Aorta à Systemic arteries à Arterioles à Systemic capillaries à Organsà Systemic venules à Systemic veins à Superior/Inferior vena
cava/Coronary sinus à Right atrium
![Page 37: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
37
Pulmonary CirculaEon
RIGHT side of heart pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
Right atrium à Right ventricle à Pulmonary trunk à Pulmonary arteries à Pulmonary capillaries à Lungs à Pulmonary Veins
![Page 38: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
![Page 39: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Oxygen-rich blood
Path of blood flow through heart
Oxygen-poor blood
10. 8.
5.
7.
2.
1.
3.
5.
6.
10.
4. Pulmonary capillaries of right lung
Key:
4. Pulmonary capillaries of left lung
9. Systemic capillaries of head and upper limbs
9. Systemic capillaries of trunk and lower limbs
![Page 40: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
![Page 41: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
41
Coronary CirculaEon
Blood flow into the myocardium
Supplies the cardiac muscle Cssue of the heart wall
Many anastomoses
![Page 42: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
42
![Page 43: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
43
Coronary Arteries
Right coronary artery
Marginal branch Posterior interventricular branch
LeK coronary artery
Anterior interventricular branch
or Le6 anterior descending (LAD)
Circumflex branch
![Page 44: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
44
![Page 45: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
45
![Page 46: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
46
Coronary Veins
Collect wastes from myocardium
Great cardiac vein, Middle cardiac vein, Small cardiac vein, Anterior cardiac vein
Drain into coronary sinus
![Page 47: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
47
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Striated, branching,
shorter fibers of heart
Intercalated discs with gap juncEons
One central nucleus per fiber
![Page 48: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
48
Cardiac Muscle Histology
![Page 49: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
49
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Same acCn & myosin
arrangement as skeletal muscle
Autorhythmic
Longer contracCons (longer Ca+2 delivery)
![Page 50: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
50
Cardiac Myofibril
![Page 51: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
51
ConducEon System
Autorhythmic fibers à
spontaneous APs
Propagate APs through
myocardium
Sinoatrial (SA) node =
pacemaker
![Page 52: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
52
SA node
AV node
AV bundle (of His)
Right & leK bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
ConducEon System
![Page 53: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
53
![Page 54: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
54
![Page 55: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
55
RegulaEon of the ConducEon System
Autonomic Nervous System
(ANS)
Hormones (epinephrine)
Modify heart rate & strength of contracCon
They do NOT establish the fundamental
rhythm
![Page 56: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
56
AcEon PotenEal
DepolarizaEon
Plateau
RepolarizaEon
Refractory period
![Page 57: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
57
Physiology of ContracEon
![Page 58: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
58
![Page 59: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
59
Electro-‐cardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Visual record of all APs during each cardiac cycle (heartbeat)
Detected at body’s surface
DiagnosCc value
Detects abnormal conducCon,
enlargement, muscle damage, & reasons for
chest pain
![Page 60: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
60
ECG
P wave
QRS complex
T wave
![Page 61: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
61
DiagnosEc Value of the ECG
P-‐Q interval
S-‐T segment
Q-‐T interval
![Page 62: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ventricular diastole (relaxation)
6 Repolarization of ventricular contractile fibers produces T wave
5 Ventricular systole (contraction)
4
Depolarization of ventricular contractile fibers produces QRS complex
3 Atrial systole (contraction)
2 Depolarization of atrial contractile fibers produces P wave
1
Action potential in SA node
P P P
P P P
R
Q S
T
![Page 63: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
63
![Page 64: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
64
![Page 65: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
65
![Page 66: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
66
![Page 67: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
67
Cardiac Cycle
Systole = ContracCon Diastole = RelaxaCon
At 75 beats/min, 1 cycle = 0.8 sec
Pressure & volume changes during
cycle
Blood pumped from high to low pressure areas
![Page 68: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
68
Atrial systole (contrac'on)
Atrial diastole (relaxa'on)
Ventricular systole
Ventricular diastole
Cardiac Cycle
![Page 69: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
69
Blood Volumes
End Diastolic Volume (EDV)
= 130 ml
End Systolic Volume (ESV)
= 60 ml
Stroke Volume (SV)
= 70 ml
![Page 70: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
70
SV = EDV -‐ ESV
![Page 71: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
71
Phases of the Cardiac Cycle
Isovolumetric RelaxaEon
(all valves close)
Ventricular Filling
(AV valves open)
Isovolumetric ContracEon
(AV valves close)
Ventricular EjecEon
(SL valves open)
![Page 72: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
72
![Page 73: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
73
![Page 74: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
74
Ventricular Pressures
AorCc BP = 120 mmHg
Pulmonary trunk BP = 30 mmHg
Why? How?
![Page 75: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
75
![Page 76: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
76
Heart Sounds
AuscultaEon
Produced when valves close
S1: “lubb” = AV valves close (louder, longer)
S2: “dupp” = SL valves close (quiet, shorter)
![Page 77: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
77
Heart Sounds
![Page 78: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
78
Heart Murmurs
Abnormal sounds before, b/w, or a6er normal sounds
May also mask normal sounds
Caused by valve disorders (stenosis,
incompetency)
![Page 79: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
79
Cardiac Output Volume of blood ejected each
minute from either ventricle
CO = Stroke Volume (SV) x Heart Rate (HR)
70 ml SV x 75 beats/min = 5.25 L/min
Cardiac reserve
![Page 80: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
80
RegulaEon of Stroke Volume
Preload
ContracElity
AKerload
![Page 81: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
81
Preload The greater the stretch, the
greater the force of contracCon
The greater the blood volume, the greater the force of contracCon
Frank-‐Starling Law of the Heart
![Page 82: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
82
ContracElity
PosiEve inotropic agents
SCmulaCon of he SympatheCc division of the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)
Hormones: epinephrine & norepinephrine
Higher intersCCal Ca+2
Drugs (digitalis)
![Page 83: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
83
ContracElity
NegaEve inotropic agents
InhibiCon of the SympatheCc division of the Autonomic Nervous
System (ANS)
Anoxia, acidosis, some anestheCcs
Higher intersCCal K+
Drugs (Calcium channel blockers)
![Page 84: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
84
AKerload
The back pressure in the arteries that
the ventricles must overcome…
…in order to open the semilunar
valves
The greater the BP = the greater the a6erload
![Page 85: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
85
CongesEve Heart Failure
If a6erload is high, more blood remains in the ventricles…
…which increases the preload
Le? ventricular failure = pulmonary
edema
Right ventricular failure = peripheral
edema
![Page 86: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
86
![Page 87: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
87
Neural RegulaEon of Heart Rate
Cardiovascular center in medulla
oblongata
SympatheEc impulses increase HR & force of contracCon
ParasympatheEc impulses
decrease HR
![Page 88: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
88
Nervous System
Receptors
Proprioceptors: monitor
movements
Chemoreceptors: monitor blood chemistry
Baroreceptors: monitor BP
![Page 89: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Cardiovascular (CV) center
Key: Sensory (afferent) neurons Motor (efferent) neurons
Medulla oblongata
Glossopharyngeal nerves (cranial nerve IX)
Vagus nerves (cranial nerve X, parasympathetic)
SA node
Sympathetic trunk ganglion
Cardiac accelerator nerve (sympathetic)
Ventricular myocardium
AV node
Baroreceptors in arch of aorta
Baroreceptors in carotid sinus
Spinal cord
![Page 90: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
90
![Page 91: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
91
Biochemical RegulaEon of Heart Rate
Oxygen level: hypoxia
pH: acidosis and alkalosis
Hormones: Epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid
hormones
CaEons: Na+, K+, Ca+2
Other factors: Age, gender, physical fitness, body temperature, stress
![Page 92: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
92
![Page 93: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
93
High blood cholesterol High BP Smoking
Obesity Lack of regular exercise
Family history
Male gender Diabetes Le6
ventricular hypertrophy
Risk Factors for Heart Disease
![Page 94: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
94
Plasma Lipids & Heart Disease High blood cholesterol:
promotes plaques
High-‐Density Lipoproteins
(HDLs)
Low-‐Density Lipoproteins
(LDLs)
Very Low-‐Density Lipoproteins
(VLDLs)
![Page 95: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
95
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow through
coronary arteries
Causes hypoxia & weakens
cardiac muscle
Angina Pectoris
Narrowing of coronary arteries
Leads to reduced blood flow, chest pain, pressure, discomfort
Myocardial InfarcEon
Complete obstrucCon of coronary blood
flow causing heart amack
![Page 96: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
96
![Page 97: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
97
Coronary Artery Disease ObstrucEons
Atherosclerosis
Coronary artery spasm
Coronary artery thrombosis
![Page 98: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
98
Coronary Artery Bypass GraKing (CABG)
![Page 99: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
99
![Page 100: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
100
![Page 101: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
101
Congenital Heart Defects
![Page 102: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
102
Congenital Heart Defects, cont.
![Page 103: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
103
Arrhythmia
Irregularity in heart rhythm due to
conducCon system defect
Bradycardia
Tachycardia
FibrillaEon
![Page 104: BIOL 121 Chp 20: The Cardiovascular System - The Heart](https://reader037.fdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022100309/554b26f6b4c905da088b4824/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
(d) Ventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation
(e) Ventricular fibrillation
Ventricular tachycardia