1. An Introduc+on tothe Human Body BIOL121:A&PI Chapter1 RobSwatski AssociateProfessorofBiology HACCYorkCampus Textbook images - Copyright 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Themesorganize&connect biologyconcepts Chunkit!!!2 3. 3 Anatomy body structures organs& systems Physiology body func+ons chemical reac5ons 4. 4 Anatomyis 5. 5 Physiologyis 6. Cellbiology Histology Surface anatomy Gross anatomy Systemic anatomy Regional anatomy Radiographic anatomy Pathological anatomy Embryology Develop- mental biology 6 Subspecial+esofAnatomy 7. Cardiovascular physiology Respiratory physiology Immunology Exercise physiology Endocrinology Neuro- physiology Renalphysiology Pathophysiology 7 Subspecial+esofPhysiology 8. 8 Levelsof Organiza+on 9. Atoms (C, H, O, N, P) Digestive system CHEMICAL LEVEL CELLULAR LEVEL Molecule (DNA) Smooth muscle cell TISSUE LEVEL Smooth muscle tissue ORGAN LEVEL Epithelial and connective tissues Smooth muscle tissue layers Epithelial tissue Stomach Esophagus SYSTEM LEVEL Stomach Pancreas (behind stomach) Small intestine Salivary glands Gallbladder Large intestine ORGANISMAL LEVEL Mouth Liver Pharynx 1 2 3 4 5 6 10. Integu- mentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 10 11. Cardio- vascular system Lympha+c system Respiratory system 11 12. 12 Diges+ve system Urinary system Endocrine system 13. 13 Nervous system Female reproduc+ve system Male reproduc+ve system 14. 14 Life Responsiveness Movement Growth Dieren+a+on Reproduc+on Metabolism 15. 15 16. 16 17. 17 18. Homeostasis 18 19. 19 Intracellularuid Extracellularuid Inters++aluid 20. 20 Howdoesthebodyregulatehomeostasis? Nerveimpulses (ac5on poten5als) Fast Nervous System Hormones SlowEndocrine System 21. 21 Disorder Disease Aging Death Disrup+onsto homeostasis 22. Canyou namethis disease fromthese general symptoms ? 22 23. Howaboutnow usingthesespecic signs? 23 Fas+ngplasmaglucosetest >126mg/dL HemoglobinA1ctest Avgbloodglucoseover 6-12weeks 24. STIMULUS CONTROLLED CONDITION RECEPTORS CONTROL CENTER that receives the input and provides nerve impulses or chemical signals to EFFECTORS that bring about a change or RESPONSE that alters the controlled condition Return to homeostasis when the response brings the controlled condition back to normal that send nerve impulses or chemical signals to a Input disrupts homeostasis by increasing or decreasing a Output that is monitored by Whatmakes upa feedback system? 25. Nega+veFeedbackSystems Decrease s+mulusif toohigh Increase s+mulusif toolow 25 26. STIMULUS RECEPTORS Disrupts homeostasis by increasing CONTROLLED CONDITION Blood pressure Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels CONTROL CENTER Brain EFFECTORS Heart Blood vessels Nerve impulses Nerve impulses Input Output RESPONSE A decrease in heart rate and the dilation (widening) of blood vessels cause blood pressure to decrease Return to homeostasis when the response brings blood pressure back to normal Nega+ve Feedback System Example: bloodpressure homeostasis 27. 27 Posi+veFeedbackSystems 28. Contractions of the wall of the uterus force the baby's head or body into the cervix Increasing Stretching of cervix Stretch- sensitive nerve cells in the cervix Brain Muscles in the wall of the uterus Babys body stretches the cervix more RECEPTORS Nerve impulses Brain interprets input and releases oxytocin Input Output CONTROL CENTER EFFECTORS Contract more forcefully RESPONSE Increased stretching of the cervix causes the release of more oxytocin, which results in more stretching of the cervix CONTROLLED CONDITION Interruption of the cycle: The birth of the baby decreases stretching of the cervix, thus breaking the positive feedback cycle Posi+ve Feedback System Example: childbirth 29. 29 Anatomical Terminology Anatomical posi+on Body regions Planes& sec+ons Direc+onal terms 30. Anatomical Posi+on 30 31. RecliningPosi+ons 31 Prone Supine 32. Body Regions, anterior view1 32 33. 33 Body Regions, anterior view2 34. 34 Body Regions, posterior view1 35. 35 Body Regions, posterior view2 36. Esophagus (food tube) Trachea (windpipe) Rib Left lung Heart Diaphragm Stomach Transverse colon Small intestine Descending colon Urinary bladder Right lung Sternum (breastbone) Humerus Radius Ulna Liver Gallbladder Ascending colon Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Anterior view of trunk and right upper limb SUPERIOR INFERIOR PROXIMAL DISTAL MEDIAL Midline LATERALLATERAL Spleen Direc+onal Terms 37. 37 Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior 38. 38 Medial Lateral Proximal Distal 39. 39 Midsagial Parasagial Frontal Transverse Oblique Planes&Sec+ons Frontal plane ParasagiXal plane Anteriorview Transverse plane MidsagiXal plane (through midline) Oblique plane 40. 41 Planes& Sec+onsofthe Brain Transverse Frontal Midsagial 41. Noninvasive Techniques42 Aor5c Abdominal TMJ Dorsalis pedis Palpa+on Thorax Abdominal Percussion 42. Cranial cavity Vertebral canal (b)Anteriorview(a)Rightlateralview 43 Cranial cavity Formedby cranium Contains brain Vertebral canal Formedby vertebrae Contains spinalcord DorsalBody Cavity 43. Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (b)Anteriorview Abdominal cavity (a)Rightlateralview 44 Ventral BodyCavity Thoracic cavity Abdomino- pelviccavity 44. 45 ThoracicCavity Pleural cavity Medias+num Pericardial cavity MEDIASTINUM Parietal pericardium Pericardial cavity Visceral pericardium Left pleural cavity Right pleural cavity Parietal pleura Visceral pleura Diaphragm (a) Anterior view of thoracic cavity PLEURA PERICARDIUM 45. ThoracicCavity 46 46. Sternum (breastbone) (b) Inferior view of transverse section of thoracic cavity POSTERIOR ANTERIOR Thymus Left lung Esophagus (food tube) Vertebral column (backbone) LEFT PLEURAL CAVITY Muscle Heart PERICARDIAL CAVITY Aorta RIGHT PLEURAL CAVITY Rib Right lung Transverse plane View Medias+num 47. Anterior view Liver Gallbladder Large intestine Diaphragm Stomach Urinary bladder Small intestine Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Abdominopelvic Cavity 48. CAVITY COMMENTS Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity* Pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Formed by cranial bones and contains brain. Formed by vertebral column and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves. Chest cavity; contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum. A potential space between the layers of the pleura that surrounds a lung. A potential space between the layers of the pericardium that surrounds the heart. Central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs; extends from sternum to vertebral column and from first rib to diaphragm; contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels. Subdivided into abdominal and pelvic cavities. Contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of large intestine; the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum. Contains urinary bladder, portions of large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction * See Figure 1.10 for details of the thoracic cavity. 49. 50 Serous Membranes ofthe VentralBody Cavity Pleura PericardiumPeritoneum 50. 51 Parietal layer Serous uid Visceral layer HowareSerousMembranesOrganized? 51. 52 Serousmembrane visualanalogy 52. LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION LEFT LUMBAR REGION LEFT INGUINAL REGION RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION RIGHT LUMBAR REGION RIGHT INGUINAL REGION Clavicles Midclavicular lines Right Left EPI- GASTRIC REGION UMBILICAL REGION HYPO- GASTRIC REGION (a) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic regions Abdominopelvic Regions 53. Median line LEFT UPPER QUADRANT (LUQ) Transumbilical line LEFT LOWER QUADRANT (LLQ) RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT (RUQ) RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT (RLQ) (b) Anterior view showing location of abdominopelvic quadrants Abdominopelvic Quadrants 54. MedicalImaging 55 55. TheAnatomyTheater 56 56. 57 57. 58 Vesalius DeHumani Corporis Fabrica (1543) 58. AnatomyLessonbyProfessorDeyman Rembrandt(1606-1669) 59 59. TheAnatomyLessonofDr.Tulp Rembrandt(1632) 60 60. TheAnatomyLessonofDr. Tulp(withLegos) 61 61. WilhelmRontgen Thersteverx-rayphotograph(1895) 62 ? 62. Left clavicle Radiograph of the thorax in anterior view Left rib Left lung Heart Diaphragm Vertebral column 63. 64 Conven+onal Radiography 2-D radiograph Cheap, quick,simple White,gray, black 64. ContrastX-rays 65 Stenosisoflelsubclavianartery Angiography Intravenousurography Bariumcontrastx-ray 65. 66 Computed Tomography CATscan Movingx-raybeam Transversesec5on 3-Dviews Moresoa5ssue details 66. 67 67. 68 Ultrasound High-freqsound waves sonogram Safe, noninvasive, painless,nodyes Doppler ultrasound 68. 69 69. 70 Endoscopy Colonoscopy Laparoscopy Arthroscopy 70. 71 Magne+cResonance Imaging(MRI) High-energy magne5celd alignsprotons 2-Dor3-D blueprintof cellularchemistry Finesoa5ssue details Tumors,plaques, brainimaging, bloodow,liver& kidneydisorders 71. 72 Radionuclide Scanning Colorintensity= ac5vitylevel Single- photoemission computerized tomography(SPECT) Brain,heart,lungs, liver,tumors 72. 73 73. 74 PositronEmission Tomography(PET) +/-charges collide Color intensity= ac5vitylevel Brain&heart physiology 74. 75