I CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS

NAME ____________________________________ CLASS ______________ DATE ____________

Biography Charles Dickens (1812-1870) Charles Dickens is one of the greatest English novelists

of all time. He was born into a very poor family. His

father was a clerk in the navy pay ofEce. As a child,

Dickens and his family were put into debtors' prison.

It was the law in England (and

in the United States) in the

nineteenth century that

people who could not pay

their debts were

imprisoned. The whole

1 How were Dickens's novels published?

2 What was Dickens's goal in writing his novels?

3 How do you think Dickens's own life affected his writing?

family was jailed, not just the father.

As a child, Dickens also worked in a warehouse for a time.

As a very young man, he found work as a clerk for a lawyer.

At twenty-two, he took a job as a reporter at a London

newspaper. His Erst book was published two years later. It was a

collection of stories about London, titled Sketches by Boz. Boz was a

name Dickens used for his writing.

Also in 1836, Dickens began a series of humorous stories called The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick CLub. Posthumous means "published after a person's death." In

this case, Dickens used the word to mean that the club had disbanded. The Pickwick Papers

were not published as a single book. They ran in monthly installments in a newspaper

between 1836 and 1837. Many of Dickens's novels were published in installments. Having to

wait to fmd out what happened next generated great excitement among readers~much as

weekly television shows do for viewers today.

Dickens became famous for his novels. His word portraits of characters captured the

imagination of his readers. However, Dickens was interested in more than entertaining his

audience. He also wanted to reform the social evils of the day, including imprisonment for

debt, child labor, and poor schools. Among his most famous works are OLiver Twist, David CopperfieL~ Bleak House, and Great Expectations.

(

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CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS I

NAME __________________ CLASS _______ DATE ______

Read for Understanding

Understanding Cause and Effect Fill in the graphic organizer below showing the causes and effects of the Industrial Revolution.

Causes Effects

1 Many farm laborers were forced off the

land to find work in the cities.

2 Great Britain had many very

wealthy people.

3 Factory owners had markets for their

products.

4 The steam engine was invented.

.

5 The cottage industry system ended and the

factory system began.

6 Unskilled workers could run the

new machines.

7 Much of Asia, Africa, and Latin America

did not industrialize.

8 Cities did not have sewer systems

or garbage collection.

9 Wealthy business owners did not have to

improve workers' conditions.

10 Working conditions in factories

were terrible.

1141 © 2006 Wright Group/McGraw·Hill. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL REVOLlITIONS

NAME ____________________________________ CLASS _____________ DATE ______

Vocabulary Use the correct vocabulary term from the box to complete the sentences below. You will not use all of the terms.

Industrial labor unions strikes Revolution natural resources capital

textile cottage industry entrepreneurs urbanization slums tenements proletariat Social Darwinism realism

1 Workers often lived in five- or six-story wooden _____________________ without

running water.

2 Iron and coal are examples of -----___________

3 The idea of survival of the fittest was part of the philosophy of

4 The cotton for Britain's _______________ industry came from India and other

colonies.

5 The increase in the number and size of cities in Europe and the United States is called

_____________________ were organized to protest the terrible working conditions in6 factories.

7 In New England, _________________ invested in the 6.rst cloth-making factories.

8 Work stoppages, known as _____________________, were used to put pressure on

employers.

9 England's economic stability meant that the wealthy had _____________________ to

invest in manufacturing.

10 Karl Marx predicted that the __________ would overthrow the

capitalists.

© 2006 Wright Group/McGraw·Hill. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use. 1115

CHAPTER 17: SOCw., REVOLUTIONS I

NAME ______________________________________ CLASS _______________ DATE _______

Map Activity -European Industrial Centers, c. 1870, page 269

On page 269, on the map titled "European Industrial Centers, c. 1870," you can explore the

spread of industrialization in Europe. This map includes information on coal mines, iron ore

deposits, and centers of industry in Europe.

Directions: Using the map and its key, answer the following questions using complete sentences.

1 In addition to Hungary and Russia, which countries seem to lack centers of industry?

2 Which centers of industry are located on the Mediterranean Sea?

3 What type of mining would have been done around Dresden?

4 Which country has a major industrial center but does not appear to have any iron ore

deposits?

5 What kind of mining was done along the border of France and Spain?

6 How many industrial centers existed in Europe at this time?

© 2006 Wright Group/McGraw-HlIl. Permission granted to reproduce for classroom use.

CHAPTER 17: SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS

NAME _____________________________________ CLASS _______________ DATE _______

Chapter Review

Before you take the Chapter Quiz, review what you learned in this chapter.

In Chapter 17, you learned about the Industrial Revolution and how it affected society. The

Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the 1780s. Great Britain had valuable

natural resources. It also had the capital to invest in new businesses and had colonies where

it could sell manufactured goods. Inventions such as the flying shuttle, the spinning jenny,

the cotton gin, and the water-powered spinning frame led to the development of textile

factories. The factory system replaced the old cottage industry system of making cloth.

Industrialization Erst spread to Belgium, Germany, and France in Europe. Entrepreneurs in

the United States invested in the Erst textile factories in New England. European nations

did not want industrialization to spread to their colonies in Asia and Africa. They wanted to

keep the colonies as sources of resources and as markets for goods.

Urbanization increased between 1800 and 1850. People moved to cities in search of factory_

work. Living conditions among the poor working class in cities were terrible. They lived in

tenements in slums. Working conditions in factories were dangerous. Women and children,

as well as men, worked in factories. However, new middle-class families emerged in cities.

Many were the families of men who invested in or managed factories. They lived in large

houses and often had servants. In the 1800s, labor unions rose in response to horrible

factory working conditions. Unions used strikes to get employers to meet their demands.

You also learned about new philosophies that developed during the Industrial Revolution.

People who believed in socialism believed that society, not private ownership, should control

production. Karl Marx, a socialist, wrote The Communist Manifesto. He believed the

proletariat would overthrow the capitalists. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution was used

by some to assert that only the strongest and smartest people grew wealthy. This was called

Social Darwinism.

© 2006 Wright Group/McGraw·HilLPermission granted to reproduce lor classroom use. 1117