Biogeography: Class I: Biogeographic regions Similarity.
-
Upload
conrad-simon -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Biogeography: Class I: Biogeographic regions Similarity.
Biogeography:Class I: Biogeographic regions
Similarity
The pattern:different parts of the world have similar types of species
The challenge:How do we set the boundaries of those places?
Biogeographic regions
First: differentiate climate and evolution
New Guinea Costa Rica
SIMILAR in their vegetation type and structure, climate, soils, etc
DIFFERENTIATED by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories
BIOMES
BIOGEOGRAPHIC REGIONS
Presence Absence
The process → Speciation Dispersal Extinction
Species is:
The raw data
LatitudeTemperate Tropics Temperate
Spec
ies s
imila
rities
Spec
ies r
ichn
ess
Raw data and patterns
Count Similarity
Endemic
CosmopolitanSpecies
distributions
LatitudeTemperate Tropics Temperate
Building the pattern
40+0+4=1
Jaccard:
𝑆11𝑆01+𝑆10+𝑆11
Simpson:
𝑆11𝑆1
44=1
McKnight et al, PlosBiology 2007
GLOBAL PATTERN OF BETTA DIVERSITY
Amphibians
Birds
Mammals
Very dissimilar Very similar
Problems: choice of scale and need for a hierarchy
Realms
Regions
Provinces
Sub-divisions
How did you get to be here? The problem of scale: here → my deskhere → Honoluluhere → Hawaiihere → USAhere → Earth
Problems: choice of taxonomic level
Country Genus Species
Canada Larix laricina
Picea glauca
Picea mariana
Pinus banksiana
Russia Larix sibirica
Picea obovata
Pinus sylvestris
Simpson coefficient
1.0 0.0
Problems: choice of taxa
SpeciationDispersalExtinction
Wallace’s Line
Simpson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1977
Potential impacts of climatic change upon geographical
distributions of birds
Problems: temporal changes (Climate change)
HUNTLEY et al. IBIS 2006
NOW 2070
Problems: temporal changes (Climate change)
North Sea fishes are shifting north with climatic warming
snake blenny
Num
ber o
f spe
cies
Average north shifting: 172 km between 1977 and 2001
Perry et al, Science 2009
Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas
Problems: temporal changes (Climate change)
Dulvy et al, journal of Applied Ecology 2008
Fishes are not going extinct now but are
moving deeper
Problems: temporal changes (Climate Change)
Cheung et al. Fish and Fisheries 2009
Invasion and local extinctions can change the structure of local assemblages by up to
60% by 2050
Problems: temporal changes (Anthropogenic)
LALIBERTE & RIPPLE, Bioscience 2004
Human Influence index
Low
High
Problems: range shifts (Invasive species)
SPECIES ARE MOVING AROUND
GLOBAL SHIPPING LINES
Schofield, Aquatic Invasions 2009
There is no clear cut way to define biogeographical regions
Udvardy, IUCN 1975
Biogeographical regions of the world: Udvardy's system
Biogeographical regions of the world: WWF
Olson et al, Bioscience 2001
Robertson and Cramer, MEPS 2009
Biogeographical regions of the world: problems at small scales
Biogeographical regions
Difficult to define
ScaleTaxonomic rank
Taxonomic group
Change over time
Very variable
Summary