1. Biogeochemical Cycles Bio means life Geo means Of earth: parts of earth are Land, air, water Chemical means Molecules and/or compounds Cycle means RepeatedlyPlants obtain nitrogen Cycling of materials between the environment and from nitrogen-fixingorganisms bacteria and pass it to other organisms through Chemical and biological processes the food chain Examples Water cycle Nitrogen cycle Phosphorus cycle Carbon cycle

2. Cycles of Matter No definite beginning or end like food chain(remember, energy flow isunidirectional)matter is recycled Does not use up mattertransforms it Biogeochemical process Pass same molecule/compound/element throughbiosphere over and over Organism to organism First Part of biosphere (air, land, water) Second Part of biosphere (air, land, water) 3. Biogeomchemical cycles Carbon-oxygen Phosphorus Water Nitrogen 4. Water Cycle 5. Water cycle- 6. Water Cycle Evaporation: water (in oceans, rivers, lakes) turns to water vapor andrises Transpiration: water evaporates through the stomata of a plants leavesand becomes water vapor Adhesion and cohesion enable water molecules to move from roots toleaves Stomata: tiny openings in the leaves of plants Condensation: water vapor cools down and condenses in atmosphere tomake CLOUDS Precipitation: water returns to surface as rain, snow, ice Run-off: water that moves from mountains and hills to rivers and streamand then eventually to ocean Seepage: water that seeps into the soil and is either taken up by plantroots or becomes part of ground water Ground water: Water that exists beneath the earths surface inunderground streams and aquifers that eventually becomes part of theocean 7. Water Cycle Impact Deforestation Freshwater returns to atmosphere byTRANSPIRATION from tropical forests Cut down tropical forest=reduce water vapor inair=changes in precipitation patterns and effectsecosystems Irrigation and household water use Draws water up from aquifers and rivers If rate at which H2O is used is FASTER than thewater cycle can replace it, rivers nad aquifers mayrun dry (effects ecosystems) 8. Carbon-oxygen cycle Carbon is the main component of all livingthings Carbon is found in glucose, which is thefuel for LIFE! What other things do we fnd carbon in? 9. Carbon cycleCarbon released asCarbon is taken in by Carbon dioxide Plants Animals and humans When light is present, release CO2 by cellularplants use photosynthesis respirationto make CO2 and H2O Volcanic eruptionsinto glucose and oxygen Burning of fossil fuels (oils) Methane (CH4) Grasses and animals release Bicarbonate ions Found in rock and released during erosion 10. Carbon Cycle 11. Carbon cycle impacts Atmospheric CO2 levels have steadily risen (moreindustrialized) Burning of wood and fossil fuels release CO2 into atm Deforestation affects carbon cycle Def: clearing of forests for lumber, agriculture, etc. Eliminates plants that absorb excess CO2 from the air Slash and burn removes plants and adds CO2 to air Greenhouse effect When atmospheric gases trap heat close to Earths surface Makes Earth liveablenot a bad thing as long as it is controlled Global warming (theory) Theory that there is an overall rise in global temperatures b/c ofincrease in greenhouse gasses (CO2) NOT proven 12. Nitrogen cycle Where is nitrogen found in living things? Proteins, nucleic acids, and more! Do you think nitrogen is important? 13. Nitrogen cycle-Atmospheric nitrogen (N2) makes up nearly78%-80% of air.Organisms can not use it in that form.Lightning and bacteria convert nitrogen intousable forms. 14. Nitrogen cycle Nitrogen gas N2 Nitrogen-fixation by bacteria on roots oflegumes to change it into Ammonia NH4+ Nitrification by bacteria in soil to change itinto nitrates and nitrites Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria are essential to maintaining the fertility of semi-aquatic environments like rice paddies. Nitrates NO3- and Nitrites NO4- Denitrification by denitrifying bacteria in soilinto Nitrogen gas N 15. Nitrogen Cycle 16. Atmospheric Nitrogen Cycle Lightningnitrogen Denitrification by bacteriaAnimals Nitrogen fixingbacteria Plants Decomposers Nitrification by Nitrites NitratesAmmoniumbacteria 17. Terms to know Fixation When N2 gas is made into a useable form (NH4) ammonia Nitrification Conversion of ammonia (NH4) into nitrates (NO3-) andnitrites (NO2-) Assimilation when plants take up nitrates and nitrites and incorporateinto their tissue as amino acids which become proteins Ammonification/Mineralization When plants and animals die and decomposers convertamino acids back into ammonia (NH4) and return to soil 18. Nitrogen Cycle Impacts Humans move large amounts of nitrogen into air orwater Sewage treatments, fertilizers Lots of Nitrogen in water (and phosphorus) enablesalgae to grow rapidly on the surfaceeutrophication As algae dies, bacteria that consumes them use up so much available oxygen in the water that there isnt enough for the other marine organisms Lots of Nitrogen (and sulfur) in Air Smokestacks and car exhaust pipes release nitrogen dioxide NO2 reacts with oxygen to make O3 (ozone) in low levels of the atmosphere.this is very bad for living organisms These nitrogen and sulfur containing compounds mix with water in the air to make NITRIC ACID and SULFURIC ACID These acids evaporate, condense and come down as ACID PRECIAPTATION (acid rain) Acid Rain causes damage to soils and aquatic ecosystems 19. Do NOT copy word-for-word!!! -Fertilizers used in farming-cause run-off into nearbywater=increase in nutrientlevels=phytoplankton to grow andreproduce rapidly=algal blooms -This bloom of algae disrupts normal ecosystem & increases bacteria-bacteria uses up all the oxygen in thewater-none left for other marine life-causes death of many aquaticorganisms that need the oxygen -Blooms also block sunlight penetrating the surface-photosynthetic marine plants cantget sunlight -Blooms also produce toxins that are harmful to higher forms of life -Cause problems along the food chain and affect any animal that feeds on them. 20. Phosphorus cycle Where do we find phosphorus? Part of DNA, cell membranes, ATP andADP, activates and inactivates enzymes Do you think phosphorus is important? 21. Phosphorus Cycle NO phosphorus in the atmosphere Only cycles in soil and land Found as Phosphorus (P) or Phosphate(PO4-) Primarily found in the form of mineralapatite found in rocks and phosphorus minerals 22. Four Phase of Phosphorus Cycle(Terrestrial) Weathering Weathering away of phosphate rocks leached phosphate intosoil Plant Uptake Plants take up P from soil and incorporate into tissues andthe animals eat the plants and ASSIMILATE phosphorusinto their tissue Decomposer release Plants and animals die, decomposer break down tissue andrelease phosphorus back into soil Animal excrements Contain phosphorus and return to soil 23. Four Phase of Phosphorus Cycle (Aquatic) Weathering Weathering away of phosphate rocks and soils leach phosphate into rivers and streams Aquatic plant and Phytoplankton Uptake Take up P in water and incorporate into tissues and the marine vertebrates and invertebrates eat the plants/plankton and ASSIMILATE phosphorus into their tissue Decomposer release Aquatic plants and animals die, decomposer break down organic phosphate in tissue and release inorganic phosphate back into water Animal excrement Contain phosphorus and return to water Phosphate Loss Phosphate lost to marine sediment which is eventually converted into phosphate containing rock by geological processes 24. Sulfur Cycle Sulfur import in proteins Amino acids cysteine and cystine Sulfur MAINLY found in rock and soil (coal, oil, peat) as sulfateminerals Weathering exposes sulfates from rocks into the soil andaquatic ecosystems Plants and animals ASSIMILATE sulfates into tissues Death and decomposition convert organic sulfates intoinorganic sulfates Animal excrements add sulfates to water or soil Sulfates then recycle 25. Sulfur Cycle in the Atmosphere Natural: During decomposition in both soil andwater, decomposers convert SULFATES intoHYDROGEN SULFIDE gas that can escape intoair, water, soil and marine sediments Natural: Volcanic eruptions also contributeHYDROGEN SULFIDE gas (HS) into atmosphere Unnatural: Power plant emissions emitHYDROGEN SULFIDE gas (HS) 26. Fates of Hydrogen Sulfide In Soil Chemosynthetic bacteria convert HS back into inorganic sulfates, sulfuricacid, and/or elemental sulfur If IRON is present, elemental sulfur is changed into iron sulfide,which gets into soil and sediments by geological processes In Water Photosynthetic bacteria and other bacteria convert hydrogen sulfide intoinorganic and organic sulfates In Atmosphere HS gas breaks down into sulfuric dioxide (SO2) SO2 combines with water and becomes sulfuric acid in the atmosphere Precipitates as acid rain, returning sulfur to soil and water Acid rain kills vegetation and erodes rocks 27. Negative Effects Coal burning power plantsdump enormous amounts ofSO2 and sulfur particles intoatmosphere Prevailing winds and stormsystems carry particles overlarge distances Precipitate acid rain falls inplaces far from source Acid rain=global problem 28. Pollution and the Environment Pollution: addition of substances to theenvironment that result in a NEGATIVE effect Biological Magnification Animals take in water and nutrients and sometimes pollutants w/them While energy decreases as it moves up the food chain, toxins increase in potency. PCBs Disposed in industrial wastes and Soluble in lipids ofanimals Concentration of PCBs increases in organisms tissuesdichlor-diphenyl- increase as you move up trophic levelstrichlorethylene DDTsC14H9Cl5 Chemical used to control mosquitoes and crop pests Soluble in fatty tissue Birds had high levels of DDT in their tissue and in eggshells, which causes shells to be brittle and young birdscannot survive 29. Damage to Ozone Ozone: gas in atmosphere (O3) Ozone absorbs UV radiation from the sun (protects organisms onearth from harmful rays) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) is a chemical released from aerosolcans, refrigerator units and certain manufacturing processes Chlorine from CFCs pull off an oxygen from a molecule of O3, making chlorine monoxide, ClO and ozone into regular O2 ClO binds with another ClO making chlorine peroxide (Cl2 O2) Theres one less molecule of O3 in the atmosphere to protect organisms from harmful UV radiation Sun also breaks the chlorine peroxide (Cl2 O2) into chlorine atoms and another O2 molecule and the cycle continues with more carbons interacting with ozone molecules Holes in the Ozone 30. Biodiversity Definition: # of species in an ecosystem;the variety of ecosystems; the variety ofindividuals in a species Why is biodiversity important? Species in ecosystem are interconnected anddepend on each other If one species disappears, many othersaffected Humans depend on biodiversity as well (food,shelter, clothing, medicine) 31. Threats to Biodiversity Habitat destruction Introduced Species Over Exploitation of resources 32. Conservation Biology Def: application of biology to counteract the threats to biodiversity Focus on hot spots Small geographic areas with high conc. of species Cover less than 1.5% of earths surface Hotspots of extinction Contain 1/3 of all plants and vertebrates Understand Organisms habitats Helps maintain org. habitat or create new habitats Biologists can protect key habitat factors of species Balance demand for resources Save species or meet economic and social needs of people Save a forest to protect and owl but put many loggers out of work? Planning for a Sustainable future Ways nations protect environment for future: Zoned reserves-areas of land that are relatively undisturbed by humans Encourage long term ecosystem conservations Buffer zones-areas that surround zoned reserve; these buffers are minimallyimpacted by people...no major envir. disturbances Ex. Costa Rica- 8 zoned reserves Sustainable development- developing natural resources so that the can renewthemselves and be available to the future Ex. Forest corridor between farmlands 33. Carbon Cycle 34. Nitrogen Cycle 35. Biogeochemical activity Each member in group needs to have their ownpaper Fold paper in 4 Title each box (carbon cycle, water cycle,phosphorus cycle, nitrogen cycle) Diagram each of the cycles in a box, make sureeach arrow is labeled and each animal/plant islabeled On the back of each square, name the differentforms the matter takes, key players (bacteria,plants, animals, activities) Processes that change/transform the matter