Biogas General Info

7/27/2019 Biogas General Info

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Pipes carrying biogas (foreground), natura

gas and condensate

BiogasFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown oforganic matter in the absence ofoxygen. It is a renewable energysource, like solar and wind energy. Furthermore, biogas canbe

produced from regionally available raw materials such as recycledwaste and is environmentally friendly.

Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion with anaerobic bacteriaor fermentation ofbiodegradable materials such as manure, sewage,

municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops.[1] Biogas

comprises primarily ofmethane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)

and may have small amounts ofhydrogen sulphide (H2S), moistureand siloxanes.

The gases methane, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide (CO) can be combusted or oxidized with oxygen. This energrelease allows biogas to be used as a fuel. Biogas canbe used as a fuel in any country for any heating purpose, su

as cooking. It can also be used in a gas engine to convert the energy in the gas into electricity and heat.[2]

Biogas canbe compressed, the same way natural gas is compressed to CNG, and used to power motor vehicles.

In the UK, for example, biogas is estimated to have the potential to replace around 17% ofvehicle fuel.[3] Biogas a renewable fuel so it qualifies for renewable energy subsidies in some parts ofthe world. Biogas can also becleaned and upgraded to natural gas standards when it becomes bio methane.

Contents

1 Production2 Composition

3 Benefits4 Applications

4.1 Biogas upgrading4.2 Biogas gas-grid injection

4.3 Biogas in transport

5 Legislation6 Development around the world

6.1 United States6.2 Europe

6.3 UK6.4 Germany

6.5 Indian subcontinent6.6 China6.7 In developing nations

7 In popular culture


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Biogas production in rural Germany

8 See also9 References

10 Further reading11 External links

Production

Main article: Anaerobic digestion

Bio gas is practicallyproduced as landfill gas (LFG) or digested gas. Abio gas plantis the name often given to an anaerobic digester that treatsfarmwastes or energy crops. Bio gas canbe produced using anaerobicdigesters. These plants canbe fed with energy crops such as maize silageor biodegradable wastes including sewage sludge and food waste. Duringthe process, an air-tight tank transforms biomass waste into methane

producing renewable energy that canbe used for heating, electricity, and

many other operations that use any variation ofan internal combustionengine, such as GE Jenbacher gas engines.[4]

There are two keyprocesses: Mesophilic and Thermophilic digestion.[5]

In experimental work at University ofAlaska Fairbanks, a 1000-litre digester using psychrophiles harvested from"mud from a frozen lake in Alaska" has produced 200300 liters ofmethane per day, about 2030% ofthe outpu

from digesters in warmer climates.[6] Landfill gas is produced by wet organic waste decomposingunder anaerobic

conditions in a landfill.[7][8]

The waste is covered and mechanically compressed by the weight ofthe material that is deposited from above. Thmaterial prevents oxygen exposure thus allowing anaerobic microbes to thrive. This gas builds up and is slowlyreleased into the atmosphere ifthe landfill site has not been engineered to capture the gas. Landfill gas is hazardoufor three key reasons. Landfill gas becomes explosive when it escapes from the landfill and mixes with oxygen. Th

lower explosive limit is 5% methane and the upper explosive limit is 15% methane.[9]

The methane contained within biogas is 20 times more potent a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. Therefore,uncontained landfill gas, which escapes into the atmosphere may significantly contribute to the effects ofglobalwarming. In addition, landfill gas impact in global warming, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) contained withinlandfill gas contribute to the formation ofphotochemical smog.

Composition

The composition ofbiogas varies depending upon the origin ofthe anaerobic digestion process. Landfill gastypically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas

with 5575% methane,[11] which for reactors with free liquids can be increased to 80-90% methane using in-situ

gas purification techniques[12] As-produced, biogas also contains water vapor. The fractional volume ofwatervapor is a function ofbiogas temperature; correction ofmeasured gas volume for both water vapor content and

thermal expansion is easily done via simple mathematics[13] which yields the standardized volume ofdry biogas.


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Typical composition of biogas[10]

Compound Molecular formula %

Methane CH4 507

Carbon dioxide CO2 255

NitrogenN2 010

Hydrogen H2 01

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 03

Oxygen O2 00

Abiogas bus in Linkping, Sw eden

In some cases, biogas contains siloxanes. These siloxanes areformed from the anaerobic decomposition ofmaterialscommonly found in soaps and detergents. During combustionofbiogas containing siloxanes, silicon is released and cancombine with free oxygen or various other elements in thecombustion gas. Deposits are formed containingmostly silica

(SiO2) or silicates (SixOy) and can also contain calcium,

sulfur, zinc, phosphorus. Such white mineral depositsaccumulate to a surface thickness ofseveral millimeters andmust be removed by chemical or mechanical means.

Practical and cost-effective technologies to remove siloxanes

and other biogas contaminants are currently available.[14]

Benefits

When biogas is used, many advantages arise. In North America, utilization ofbiogas would generate enoughelectricity to meet up to three percent ofthe continent's electricity expenditure. In addition, biogas could potentiallyhelp reduce global climate change. Normally, manure that is left to decompose releases two main gases that cause

global climate change: nitrogen dioxide and methane. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) warms the atmosphere 310 times

more than carbon dioxide and methane 21 times more than carbon dioxide.[citation needed]

By converting cow manure into methane biogas via anaerobic digestion, the millions ofcows in the United Stateswould be able to produce one hundred billion kilowatt hours ofelectricity, enough to power millions ofhomes

across the United States. In fact, one cow canproduce enough manure in one day to generate three kilowatt hourofelectricity; only 2.4 kilowatt hours ofelectricity are needed to power a single one hundred watt light bulb for on

day.[15] Furthermore, by converting cow manure into methane biogas instead ofletting it decompose, global

warming gases could be reduced by ninety-nine million metric tons or four percent.[16] InNepal biogas is beingused as a reliable source ofrural energy, says Bikash Haddi ofBiogas promotion center.

Applications

Biogas canbe utilized for electricity production on sewage

works,[17] in a CHP gas engine, where the waste heat fromtheengine is conveniently used for heating the digester; cooking; spaceheating; water heating; and process heating. Ifcompressed, it canreplace compressed natural gas for use in vehicles, where it can fuelan internal combustion engine or fuel cells and is a much moreeffective displacer ofcarbon dioxide than the normal use in on-site

CHP plants.[18]


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"Biogastget Amanda" train near Linkping

station, Sweden

Methane within biogas canbe concentrated via a biogas upgrader to the same standards as fossil natural gas, whicitselfhas had to go through a cleaning process, and becomes biomethane. Ifthe local gas network allows for this,the producer ofthe biogas may utilize the local gas distribution networks. Gas must be very clean to reach pipelinequality, and must be ofthe correct composition for the local distribution network to accept. Carbon dioxide, watehydrogen sulfide, and particulates must be removed ifpresent.

Biogas upgrading

Rawbiogas produced fromdigestion is roughly 60% methane and 29% CO2 with trace elements ofH2S, and is n

high quality enough to be used as fuel gas for machinery. The corrosive nature ofH2S alone is enough to destroythe internals ofa plant. The solution is the use ofbiogas upgrading or purification processes whereby contaminantsin the rawbiogas stream are absorbed or scrubbed, leaving more methane per unit volume ofgas. There are fourmain methods ofbiogas upgrading, these include water washing, pressure swing absorption, selexol absorption, an

amine gas treating.[19]

The most prevalent method is water washing where high pressure gas flows into a column where the carbon dioxidand other trace elements are scrubbed by cascading water running counter-flow to the gas. This arrangement coul

deliver 98% methane with manufacturers guaranteeing maximum2% methane loss in the system. It takes roughlybetween 3-6% ofthe total energy output in gas to run a biogas upgrading system....

Biogas gas-grid injection

Gas-grid injection is the injection ofbiogas into the methane grid (natural gas grid). Injections includes biogas:[20]

until the breakthrough ofmicro combined heat and power two-thirds ofall the energyproduced by biogas powerplants was lost (the heat), using the grid to transport the gas to customers, the electricity and the heat canbe used

for on-site generation[21] resulting in a reduction oflosses in the transportation ofenergy. Typical energy losses innatural gas transmission systems range from12%. The current energy losses on a large electrical system range

from 58%.[22]

Biogas in transport

Ifconcentrated and compressed, it can also be used in vehicletransportation. Compressed biogas is becoming widely used inSweden, Switzerland, and Germany. A biogas-powered train,namedBiogastget Amanda, has been in service in Sweden since

2005.[23][24] Biogas also powers automobiles and in 1974, a British

documentary film entitledSweet as a Nutdetailed the biogasproductionprocess frompig manure, and how the biogas fueled a

custom-adapted combustion engine.[25][26] In 2007, an estimated12,000 vehicles were being fueled with upgraded biogas worldwide,

mostly in Europe.[27]

Legislation


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The European Union presently has some ofthe strictest legislation regarding waste management and landfill sites

called the Landfill Directive.[citation needed] The United States legislates against landfill gas as it contains VOCs.The United States Clean Air Act and Title 40 ofthe Code ofFederal Regulations (CFR) requires landfill owners testimate the quantity ofnon-methane organic compounds (NMOCs) emitted. Ifthe estimated NMOC emissionsexceeds 50 tonnes per year, the landfill owner is required to collect the landfill gas and treat it to remove theentrained NMOCs. Treatment ofthe landfill gas is usually by combustion. Because ofthe remoteness oflandfillsites, it is sometimes not economically feasible to produce electricity fromthe gas. However, countries such as the

United Kingdom and Germany now have legislation in force that provides farmers with long-term revenue andenergy security.[28]

Development around the world

United States

With the many benefits ofbiogas, it is starting to become a popular source ofenergy and is starting to be utilized inthe United States more. In 2003, the United States consumed 147 trillion BTU ofenergy from"landfill gas", about

0.6% ofthe total U.S. natural gas consumption.

[27]

Methane biogas derived fromcow manure is also being testedin the U.S. According to a 2008 study, collected by the Science and Children magazine, methane biogas fromcow manure would be sufficient to produce 100 billion kilowatt hours enough to power millions ofhomes acrossAmerica. Furthermore, methane biogas has been tested to prove that it can reduce 99 million metric tons of

greenhouse gas emissions or about 4% ofthe greenhouse gases produced by the United States.[29]

In Vermont, for example, biogas generated on dairy farms around the state is included in the CVPS Cow Powerprogram. The Cow Power program is offered by Central Vermont Public Service Corporation as a voluntary tarifCustomers can elect to pay a premium on their electric bill, and that premium is passed directly to the farms in the

program. In Sheldon, Vermont, Green Mountain Dairy has provided renewable energy as part ofthe Cow Powerprogram. It all started when the brothers who own the farm, Bill and Brian Rowell, wanted to address some ofthemanure management challenges faced by dairy farms, including manure odor, and nutrient availability for the cropsthey need to grow to feed the animals. They installed an anaerobic digester to process the cow and milking centerwaste fromtheir nine hundred and fifty cows to produce renewable energy, a bedding to replace sawdust, and a

plant friendly fertilizer. The energy and environmental attributes are sold. On average, the system run by the Rowebrothers produces enough electricity to power three hundred to three hundred fifty other homes. The generator

capacity is about 300 kilowatts.[30]

In Hereford, Texas, cow manure is being used to power an ethanol power plant. By switching to methane biogas,the ethanol power plant has saved one thousand barrels ofoil a day. Overall, the power plant has reduced

transportationcosts and will be opening many more jobs for future power plants that will be relying on biogas.[31]

Europe

The level ofdevelopment varies greatly in Europe. While countries such as Germany, Austria and Sweden are fairadvanced in their usage ofbiogas, there is still a vast potential for this renewable energy source in the rest ofthecontinent, especially in Eastern Europe. Different legal frameworks, education schemes and the availability of

technology are among the prime reasons behind this untapped potential.[32] Another challenge for the further

progression ofbiogas has been negative public perception. [33]


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Initiated by the events ofthe gas crisis within Europe during December 2008, it was decided to launch the EUproject "SEBE" (Sustainable and Innovative European Biogas Environment) which is financed under theCENTRAL (http://www.central2013.eu/about-central/central-europe-programme/) programme. The goal is toaddress the energy dependence ofEurope by establishing an online platform(http://tkm.sebe2013.eu/index.php/SEBE_Pedia) to combine available knowledge and launch pilot projects aimed

at raising awareness among the public and developing new biogas technologies.[32]

In February 2009, the European Biogas Association (EBA) was founded in Brussels as a non-profit organisation tpromote the deployment ofsustainable biogas production and use in Europe. EBA's strategy defines three prioritieestablish biogas as an important part ofEuropes energy mix, promote source separation ofhousehold waste toincrease the gas potential and support the production ofbiomethane as vehicle fuel. In July 2013, it had 60

members from 24 countries across Europe.[34]

UK

There are currently around 60 non-sewage biogas plants in the UK, most are on-farm, but some larger facilities

exist off-farm, which are taking food and consumer wastes.[35]

On 5 October 2010, biogas was injected into the UK gas grid for the first time. Sewage fromover 30,000Oxfordshire homes is sent to Didcot sewage treatment works, where it is treated in an anaerobic digestor to

produce biogas, which is then cleaned to provide gas for approximately 200 homes.[36]

Germany

Germany is Europe's biggest biogas producer[37] as it is the market leader in biogas technology.[38] In 2010 therewere 5,905 biogas plants operating throughout the whole country, in which Lower Saxony, Bavaria and the easter

federal states are the main regions.[39] Most ofthese plants are employed as power plants. Usually the biogas

plants are directly connected with a CHP which produces electric power byburning the bio methane. The electricpower is then fed into the public power grid.[40] In 2010, the total installed electrical capacity ofthese power plan

was 2,291 MW.[39] The electricity supply was approximately 12.8 TWh, which is 12.6 per cent ofthe total

generated renewable electricity.[41]

Biogas in Germany is primarily extracted by the co-fermentation ofenergy crops (called NawaRo, anabbreviation ofnachwachsende Rohstoffe, which is German for renewable resources) mixed with manure, themain crop utilized is corn. Organic waste and industrial and agricultural residues such as waste from the food

industry are also used for biogas generation.[42] In this respect, Biogas production in Germany differs significantly

from the UK, where biogas generated fromlandfill sites is most common.[37]

Biogas production in Germany has developed rapidly over the last 20 years. The main reason for this developmenis the legally created frameworks. Governmental support ofrenewable energies started at the beginning ofthe1990s with the Law on Electricity Feed (StrEG). This law guaranteed the producers ofenergy fromrenewablesources the feed into the public power grid, thus the power companies were forced to take all produced energy

from independent private producers ofgreen energy.[43] In 2002 the Law on Electricity Feed was replaced by theRenewable Energy Source Act (EEG). This law even guaranteed a fixed compensation for the produced electric

power over 20 years. The amount ofca. 0.08 Euro gave particular farmers the opportunity to become an energy

supplier and gaining a further source ofincome in the same place.[42]


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The German agricultural biogas production was given a further push in 2004 by implementing the so-called

NawaRo-Bonus. This is a special bonus payment given for the usage ofrenewable resources i.e. energy crops.[44

In 2007 the German government stressed its intention to invest further effort and support in improving therenewable energy supply to provide an answer on growing climate challenges and increasing oil prices by theIntegrated Climate and Energy Programme.

This continual trend ofrenewable energypromotion induces a number ofchallenges facing the management and

organisation ofrenewable energy supply that has also several impacts on the biogas production.

[45]

The firstchallenge to be noticed is the high area-consuming ofthe biogas electric power supply. In 2011 energy crops for

biogas production consumed an area ofcirca 800,000 ha in Germany.[46] This high demand ofagricultural areasgenerates new competitions with the food industries that did not exist yet. Moreover new industries and marketswere created in predominately rural regions entailing different new players with an economic, political and civil

background. Their influence and acting has to be governed to gain all advantages this new source ofenergy isoffering. Finally biogas will furthermore play an important role in the German renewable energy supply ifgood

governance is focused.[45]

Indian subcontinent

In India, Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladeshbiogas produced fromthe anaerobic digestion ofmanure in small-scaledigestion facilities is called gobar gas; it is estimated that such facilities exist in over two million households in Indiafifty thousands in Bangladesh and thousands in Pakistan, particularly North Punjab, due to the thriving population olivestock. The digester is an airtight circular pit made ofconcrete with a pipe connection. The manure is directed tothe pit, usually directly fromthe cattle shed. The pit is then filled with a required quantity ofwastewater. The gas

pipe is connected to the kitchen fireplace through control valves. The combustion ofthis biogas has very little odouor smoke. Owing to simplicity in implementation and use ofcheap raw materials in villages, it is one ofthe mostenvironmentally sound energy sources for rural needs. One type ofthese system is the Sintex Digester. Some

designs use vermiculture to further enhance the slurry produced by the biogas plant for use as compost.[47]

In order to create awareness and associate the people interested in biogas, an association "Indian Biogas

Association" (www.biogas-India.com)[48] was formed. The Indian Biogas Association aspires to be a uniqueblend of; nationwide operators, manufacturers and planners ofbiogas plants, and representatives from science andresearch. The association was founded in 2010 and is now ready to start mushrooming. The sole motto oftheassociation is propagating Biogas in a sustainable way.

The Deenabandhu Model is a new biogas-production model popular in India. (Deenabandhu means "friend ofthehelpless.") The unit usually has a capacity of2 to 3 cubic metres. It is constructed usingbricks or by a ferrocemenmixture. In India, the brick model costs slightly more than the ferrocement model; however, India's Ministry ofNe

and Renewable Energy offers some subsidy per model constructed.

In Pakistan, the Rural Support Programmes Network is running the Pakistan Domestic Biogas Programme[49]

which has installed over 1500 biogas plants and has trained in excess of200 masons on the technology and aims tdevelop the Biogas Sector in Pakistan.

Also PAK-Energy Solution[49] has taken the most innovative and responsible initiatives in biogas technology. In thregard, the company is also awarded by 1st prize in "Young Entrepreneur Business Plan Challenge" jointly

organized by Punjab Govt. & LCCI.[49][50][51][52] They have designed and developed Uetians Hybrid Model, inwhich they have combined fixed dome and floating drums and Uetians Triplex Model. Moreover, Pakistan Dairy


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Simple sketch of household biogas plant

Development Company has also taken an initiative to develop this kind ofalternative source ofenergy for Pakistanfarmers. Biogas is now running diesel engines, gas generators, kitchen ovens, geysers, and other utilities in PakistanIn Nepal, the government provides subsidies to build biogas plant.

China

The Chinese had experimented the applications ofbiogas since 1958. Around 1970, China had installed 6,000,00

digesters in an effort to make agriculture more efficient. During the last years the technology has met high growthrates. This seems to be the earliest developments in generatingbiogas fromagricultural waste.

In developing nations

Domestic biogas plants convert livestock manure and night soil into biogas and slurry, the fermented manure. Thistechnology is feasible for small holders with livestock producing 50 kg manure per day, an equivalent ofabout 6

pigs or 3 cows. This manure has to be collectable to mix it with water and feed it into the plant. Toilets can beconnected. Another precondition is the temperature that affects the fermentation process. With an optimum at 36 the technology especially applies for those living in a (sub) tropical climate. This makes the technology for small

holders in developing countries often suitable.

Depending on size and location, a typical brick made fixed domebiogas plant can be installed at the yard ofa rural household withthe investment between 300 to 500 US $ in Asian countries andup to 1400 US $ in the African context. A high quality biogas

plant needs minimum maintenance costs and canproduce gas forat least 1520 years without major problems and re-investments.For the user, biogas provides clean cooking energy, reducesindoor air pollution, and reduces the time needed for traditional

biomass collection, especially for women and children. The slurryis a clean organic fertilizer that potentially increases agriculturalproductivity.

Domestic biogas technology is a proven and established technology in manyparts ofthe world, especially Asia.[53

Several countries in this region have embarked on large-scale programmes on domestic biogas, such as China[54]

and India.

The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV,[55] supports national programmes on domestic biogas that aimto establish commercial-viable domestic biogas sectors in which local companies market, install and service biogas

plants for households. In Asia, SNV is working in Nepal,[56]

Vietnam,[57]

Bangladesh,[58]

Bhutan, Cambodia,[58]

Lao PDR,[59] Pakistan[60] and Indonesia,[61] and in Africa; Rwanda,[62] Senegal, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia,[63]

Tanzania,[64] Uganda, Kenya,[65] Benin and Cameroon.

In popular culture

In the 1985 Australian film Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome the post-apocalyptic settlement Barter town ispowered by a central biogas systembased upon a piggery. As well as providing electricity, methane is used topower Barter town's vehicles.


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See also

Anaerobic digestion

BiodegradabilityBioenergyBiofuel

Biohydrogen

Landfill gas monitoringMSW/LFG (municipal solid waste and landfill gas)

Natural gas

Renewable energyRenewable natural gas

Relative cost ofelectricity generated by different sourcesTables ofEuropean biogas utilisationThermal hydrolysis

Waste management

References

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41. ^ en.de/files/english/pdf/application/pdf/ee_in_zahlen_2010_en_bf.pdf "Renewable Energy Sources 2010"(http://www.erneuerbare-energi). BMU. Retrieved 5 November 2011.

42. ^ ab Wieland, P. "Production and Energetic Use of Biogas from Energy Crops and Wastes in Germany"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/p01720g04122n251/fulltext.pdf). Applied Biochemistry and BiotechnologyRetrieved 5 November 2011.

43. ^ "Erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland. Rckblick und Stand des Innovationsgeschehens"(http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/allgemein/application/pdf/ibee_gesamt_bf.pdf). IfnE et al. Retrieved 5 November2011.

44. ^ Wieland, P. 20128/pdf "Biomass Digestion in Agriculture: A Successful Pathway for the Energy Production andWaste Treatment in Germany" (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/elsc.2006). Engineering in Life ScienceRetrieved 5 November 2011.

45. ^ ab Kanning, H. et al. "Erneuerbare Energien - Rumliche Dimensionen, neue Akteurslandschaften und planerisch(Mit)Gestaltungspotenziale am Beispiel des Biogaspfades"(http://www.springerlink.com/content/907371418487t402/fulltext.pdf). Raumforschung und Raumordnung.Retrieved 5 November 2011.

46. ^ /FNR510_Grafik_Anbau_2011_engl__300_rgb.jpg "Cultivation of renewable Resources in Germany"(http://www.nachwachsenderohstoffe.de/fileadmin/fnr/images/aktuelles/grafiken). FNR. Retrieved 5 November2011.

47. ^ Using vermiculture to improve quality of biogas slurry as a compost

(http://www.ashdenawards.org/winners/skgsangha)48. ^ Indian Biogas Association (http://www.biogas-india.com)

49. ^ abc Pak-Energy Solution (http://www.pakenergysolution.com/)

50. ^ University of Engineering & Technology,Lahore, Pakistan(http://www.uet.edu.pk/newsannouncement/newssection/window.html?RID=newsannouncement/newssection/biogasaward)

51. ^ Young entrepreneurs: Bio gas plant, remote home device win The Express Tribune(http://tribune.com.pk/story/144678/young-entrepreneurs-bio-gas-plant-remote-home-device-win/)

52. ^ http://freeelectricityin2010.com/fm-98-6-uet-lahore-won-the-business-plan-competition.html

53. ^ "Asia Hits the Gas"(http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/20060209%20Article%20on%20Biogas%20Asia%20in%20Renewable%

20Energy.pdf)54. ^ "China Biogas" (http://ecotippingpoints.org/our-stories/indepth/china-biogas.html)

55. ^ SNVNetherlands Development Organisation(http://www.snvworld.org/en/ourwork/Pages/Renewable%20Energy.aspx)

56. ^ "[Biogas Sec tor Partnership-Nepal]" (http://www.bspnepal.org.np). Bspnepal.org.np. Retrieved 21 February2010.

57. ^ "D n chng trnh kh sinh hc cho ngnh chn nui Vit Nam" (http://www.biogas.org.vn). Biogas.org.vn.Retrieved 21 February 2010.

58. ^ ab http://www.idcol.org (click Projects )

59. ^ "Home" (http://www.biogaslao.org). Biogaslao.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

60. ^ Renewable energy solution for the poor SNV domestic biogas dissemination in Pakistan

(http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/Biogas%20Pakistan%20Leaflet%202009.pdf)61. ^ Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme

(http://www.snvworld.org/en/ourwork/Documents/Indonesia%20Domestic%20Biogas%20Programme%20Brochre.pdf)

62. ^ "Renewable Energy " (http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/rwanda/ourwork/Pages/energy.aspx).Snvworld.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

63. ^ "Renewable energy " (http://www.snvworld.org/en/countries/ethiopia/ourwork/Pages/energy.aspx).Snvworld.org. Retrieved 21 February 2010.

64. ^ SNV Tanzania Domestic Biogas Programme (http://www.snvworld.org/en/Documents/SNV%20-%20Domestic%20Biogas%20Brochure%20Tanzania.pdf)

65. ^ [Biogas First in Kenya for Clarke Energy and Tropical Power http://www.clarke-energy.com/2013/biogas-first-


12/12

n- enya- or-c ar e-energy-trop ca -power Accesse t eptem er

AEBIG; Asociacin Espaola de Biogas (http://www.aebig.org/)

Further reading

Updated Guidebook on Biogas Development. United Nations, New York, (1984) Energy Resources

Development Series No. 27. p. 178, 30 cm.Book: Biogas fromWaste and Renewable Resources. WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, (2008

Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser (http://www.zorg-biogas.com/library/biogas-from-waste-and-renewable-resources)

External links

European Biogas Association (http://www.european-biogas.eu/index.php)

American Biogas Council (http://www.americanbiogascouncil.org)

Spanish Biogas Association / Asociacin Espaola de Biogas (http://www.aebig.org)Biogas Video Book (http://www.zorg-biogas.com/library/video-book-about-energy-crop-biogas-plant)Biogas Videos on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/gobiogas)

An Introduction to Biogas, University ofAdelaide (http://www.adelaide.edu.au/biogas/)Biogas frommanure and waste products - Swedish case studies(http://www.gasforeningen.se/upload/files/publikationer/rapporter/biogasinfo%20eng%202008%20samman

att.pdf)The largest danishplant Lemvig Biogas renewable energy and a sound economy(http://lemvigbiogas.com/GB.htm)An overview ofbiogas purification technologies (http://methane-digester.net/?p=62)

Biogas Bonanza for Third World Development (http://www.i-sis.org.uk/BiogasBonanza.php)Biogas China (http://www.i-sis.org.uk/BiogasChina.php)Small Scale Biogas Plants (http://www.supergas.dk)

Biogas Wiki with a lot ofuseful information about basic principles and documentation fromprojects ofvarious sizes (http://biogas.wikispaces.com)

Micro Biogas Production in Kenya (http://www.rvesol.com/blog/biogas-reduce-carbon-emissions-sidongekenya/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biogas&oldid=576724768"Categories: Alternative energy Anaerobic digestion Biofuels Biodegradation Biotechnology products

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