Biofuel industry byproducts alternative, pp 504 520

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Transcript of Biofuel industry byproducts alternative, pp 504 520

Page 1: Biofuel industry byproducts   alternative, pp 504 520
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Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium

Modern Trends in Livestock Production, October 2-4, 2013

BIOFUEL INDUSTRY BYPRODUCTS � ALTERNATIVE OF TRADITIONAL PLANT PROTEIN SOURCES IN RUMINANT� DIETS L. K. Kozelov, M. R. Yossifov 1 Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, Bulgaria Corresponding author: [email protected] Original scientific paper

Abstract: The biodiesel and bioethanol� production constantly increasing

worldwide. In this regard, increased its byproducts. The aim was to evaluate and compare the main byproducts from biofuel-industry (rapeseed meal (RSM) and dried distillers� grains with solubles (DDGS)) as a protein source with vegetable origin. The paper is based on both, literature overview and our own data. The target was ruminant species from different categories. It�s conducted a series of trails (laboratory, balance and feeding) with following indexes: chemical composition, feeding value, animal performance, etc. As a whole, results were affected positively and tested forages could be used as an alternative to conventional (sunflower meal, soybean meal, etc.) protein concenttrates. Based on these data we made the following more important conclusions:

Rapeseed meal (RSM) and DDGS, produced in Bulgarian, aquality were no significant differences from other ones worldwide;

Rapeseed meal containing minimal concentration anti-nutritive factors (glucosinolates � up to 30 mol.g-1) and erucic acid � up to 2 %) and could be recommended as protein and / or energy source in the rations of ruminants without restriction;

Recommended 10 % RSM inclusion in diets of lactating dairy ewes is optimal, and for fattening lambs could be overstated;

DDGS inclusion in ruminant� diets could be up to 40 percent.

Keywords: biofuel, feed, sheep, DDGS, rapeseed meal (RSM), ruminant, Bulgaria Introduction

Actuality of the problem. An intensified search for alternatives to traditional petroleum fuels is on hand worldwide. Leaders in this category now are so called biofuels yielded by �energy crops� as cereals and oilseeds. In this regard,

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there is an enormous expansion of areas planted with these crops. Main raw material in Bulgarian biodiesel industry is rapeseed and in bioethanol � corn and wheat. According to European Union (EO) Directives and adopted Bulgarian national strategy in 2008 the usage of biofuels in the EU countries should gain minimum up to 2 % of the total fuel consumption, in 2010 � 6 %, in 2020 � 10 % and in 2030 � 25 %. According to long-term plans biofuels comsumption in 2050 is estimated (Matthes et al., 2011) up to 80%.

Rapeseed and processing by-products. The term "biodiesel industry by-product" covered all kind of residues (by-products, subproducts and co-products) resulted in parallel with the main product (biooil). They�re secondary or concomitant product in technological scheme and often are considered as a tool to gain additional profits for manufacturers or reduce the cost of the main product (Fabiosa et al., 2009).

Worldwide. EU is a leader in the oilseed rape production worldwide (table

1). It�s producing about one third of the total yield (33 � 35 %). Second place was shared by Canada and China, followed by India. During the previous 2012 has been registered the greatest increment in USA� yields (14 %) followed by India (10 %) and EU (4 %). Negative trends in Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria are due to adverse weather conditions during the previous year (winterkill and dryness). On an annual basis, the recorded global yields are up to 4 %. Simultaneously, it�s expected global rapeseed production 2013/14 to reach a weight of 65.3 MT (www.informaecon.com). An expected 7 % augmentation included raises in EU - 27 with 20.8 MT, Canada - 16.5 MT, China - 12.8 MT, India - 6.9 MT. These growth rates are due to 12 % increasement in Canada and near 5 % in EU27 and India�s rape production.

Table 1. Trends in rape production (million tons) *

Country 2009 2010 2010/09,

% 2011 2011/10, % 2012 2012/11,

% U - 27 21.7 20.6 -5.1 19.1 -7.3 19.9 +4.2

Bulgaria 0.2 0.6 +129.2 0.6 +1.8 0.27 -51.8 Russia 0.7 0.7 0.0 1.0 +42.9 1.0 0.0 Ukraine 1.9 1.5 -21.1 1.4 -6.7 1.1 -21.4 Canada 12.9 13.1 +1.6 14.2 +8.4 14.7 +3.5 USA 0.7 1.1 +57.1 0.7 -36.4 0.8 +14.3 China 13.3 12.2 -8.3 11.6 -4.9 12.0 +3.4 India 6.0 7.1 +18.3 6.3 -11.3 6.9 +9.5 Australia 1.9 2.4 +26.3 3.0 +25.0 2.8 -6.7 Other 2.1 1.8 -14.3 1.9 +5.6 1.9 0.0 Total 61.3 60.7 -1.0 59.5 -2.0 61.5 +3.4 *

ww

w.a

ocs.o

rg

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U 27. The main producers in the countries of EU27 are Germany, France and Poland. Results in recent years are hesitant in this area due to adverse weather conditions (drought, frost). Planted and harvested areas (www.thebioenergysite.com) varied about 7.0 M ha and production is counted about 20 MT (table 2). Observed decline in the amount of planted areas (4 %) at the expense of increased yield (2 %). At the same time, imported quantities rape decreased (7 %) at the expense of an increased percentage of crushed rape in the countries of EU27 (2 %). The rape is the main crushing oilseed in EU27 (near 22 MT), followed by soybean (near 11 MT) and sunflower (near 7 MT). Ukraine (from Europe), Canada, Australia (from world) are the main partners for EU import (www.thebioenergysite.com). The presented quantities of rapeseed meal (table 2) correlate with the equation bellow [1]. The data of produced rapeseed meal 2012/13 showed a clear increase (2 %) after 3 percent decline in 2011/12. The popularity of this by-product as a part of the livestock� diet varies among different EU countries. The main factors are traditions in the rape crush and rate of development of high-productive dairy farming (Germany, France and United Kingdom). Imports increased in 2010 (67 %), but in recent years declined in this item (5 %).

Table 2. Trends in production of rape and rapeseed meal (RSM) in the countries of U27*

2009 2010 2010/09, % 2011 2011/10, % 2012 2012/11, % Rapeseed

Area Planted 6.5 6.9 +6.2 7.0 +1.4 6.7 -4.3 Production 21.4 20.7 -3.3 19.1 -7.7 19.5 +2.1 Imports 2.1 2.6 +23.8 3.0 +15.4 2.8 -6.7 Crush 23.0 22.7 -1.3 21.7 -4.4 22.1 +1.8

Rapeseed meal Production 12.5 12.6 +0.8 12.1 -4.0 12.3 +1.7 Imports 134.0 224.0 +67.2 220.0 -1.8 210.0 -4.5 1000 , 1000 * ww.thebioenergysite.com

Bulgaria. Bulgaria occupies a middle position among the ranks of

producing rape in EU27 (table 3). The production of this crop since the country's admission to the EU marks a sustained annual growth rate (at times). This growth till 2010 was accompanied by EU subsidies, but in the last few years and the constant demand for rape from West European countries (Germany, France) as biodiesel feedstock. Till now, has been putted into operation six large factories for biodiesel production. In a condition of competitive market, over the years only one of them managed to escape. Nowadays it disposes of a modern factory with a capacity of 60.000 T/year. There are also a number of small oil-factories without significant market share. Sector problems stem from lack of raw material cause of produced quantities rape are exported (Germany, France).

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Table 3. Trends in production of rape in Bulgaria* 2009 2010 2010/09,

% 2011 2011/10, % 2012 2012/11,

% Rapeseed

Area Planted 1.1 2.2 +100.0 1.9 -13.6 1.6 -15.8 Production 0.2 0.5 +125.0 NA - NA - 1000 dka, 1000 *www.mzh.government.bg

Available data on the produced quantities of rapeseed by-products from

biodiesel industry are lacking, but in keeping with World and European trends this market shows relevance and gaining ever greater outlooks. The technological process (Fig. 1) in biodiesel production can be summarized in the following scheme (figure 1):

Cooker

Expeller

Solvent Extractor

Filter

Crushing Rolls

Seed Cleaner

Centrifuge

Solvent Strippers

Degummed Crude Oil

Storage

Desolventizer

Meal Cooler

Meal Storage

Pellet and Meal Storage

Seed Storage ttooCC

//

extraction

biooil

meal / expeller

Figure 1. Technology of rapeseed meal (RSM)� production

The lack of statistic data in the country about the quantities of rape products (meal, expeller) can be compensated by using as a guide the following equation (Schermerhorn et al., 1986):

11 rraappeesseeeedd ��>> 336600..00 LL bbiioo--ooiill ++ 664400..00 kkgg rraappeesseeeedd mmeeaall, [1]

According to technology of oil-extraction (Scheithauer et al., 1988) in the country are available following rapeseed by-products:

Expeller � by-product with up to 16 � 18.0 % residual oil as a result from mechanical extraction (pressing);

Meal � by-product with residual oil < 3.0 % obtained by solvent extraction (hexane);

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Extruded meal - after a two-stage processing (pressing + chemical solvent) with < 1.0 % residual oil.

Insufficient scientific knowledge and farmers disinformation about the qualities of the rapeseed by-products as a source of protein and/or energy in high-productive farming. Also, the lack of adequate available amounts of this product led to low interest and undervalued. In the available scientific and popular literature lacks sufficient information both as regards of its characteristics (chemical composition and nutritional value) and its productive effects on different species and categories. Overviewed data about chemical, mineral and amino acid (AA) composition of RSM is presented in table 4. CP content varied in range 34 - 40 %. It�s with high biological value and high level of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) or �bypass�. Our own data (Yossifov et al., 2011a) showed good parity (36.4 %). AA concentration varied 1.6 - 4.7 and 1.5 -2.7 %, for Lys and Met + Cys respectively. Fat content was in close range (2.0 - 3.8 %) and our data was in lower range (3.1 %). Crude fiber content (9.9 - 13.7 %) varied among the origin and processing (dehulling, etc.).

Table 4. Chemical, mineral and amino acid composition of rapeseed meal with different origin1,2,3,4,5

Items

Can

ada

Aus

tralia

1

Chi

na 2

Euro

pe 3

Paki

stan

4

NR

C´0

7

Feed

stuf

fs´0

8

Bul

garia

�12

5

Chemical composition:

Crude Protein 36.0 37.30 37.0 34.0 40.10 33.90 38.0 36.35 Ether Extract 3.50 3.40 2.30 2.50 2.03 3.10 3.80 3.07

Crude 11.7 9.90 12.1 12.4 12.80 9.70 11.1 13.7 Acid Detergent 16.8 16.40 21.9 18.2 N 16.80 N N

Fibr

e

Neutral Detergent 20.7 24.10 35.1 28.1 N 32.10 N N Ash 6.10 7.30 8.60 7.00 10.10 6.20 7.80 7.29

Macroelements:

Calcium 0.62 0.56 0.71 0.76 N 0.79 0.68 0.7 Phosphorus 1.06 0.96 1.04 1.13 N 1.06 1.17 1.02

Amino acids:

Lysine 2.00 2.02 1.64 1.86 1.86 1.85 2.02 4.73 t + Cys 1.60 1.60 1.62 1.49 1.77 1.56 1.74 2.68

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1 Spragg et al., 2007, 2,3 Feedbase, 2001, 4 Nadeem et al., 2005, 5 Yossifov et al., 2011a

Simultaneously, that reflected on diet digestibility, resp. animal

performance. An important indicator for determining protein feeding value in ruminants diet is ruminal degradability (table 5). Degradability varied widely for DM (53.5 � 67.2 %) and CP (51.5 � 72.2 %) with highest values for our analyses.

Table 5. Comparative analysis of rapeseed meal (RSM) degradation in the rumen

Degradability (%): Dry matter Protein Ha and Kennelly (1984) 57.40 67.00 Kirkpatrick and Kennelly (1987) 63.60 67.60 Kendall et al. (1991) 53.50 51.50 Cheng et al. (1993) - 68.70 Piepenbrink and Schingoethe (1998) 65.10 53.10 Woods et al. (2003) 60.50 66.70 Yossifov (2013)* 67.15 72.19 Average: 61.21 63.83 * Unpublished data

Distillers� grains (DG-s). Distillers� grains are a co-product from the production of ethanol by dry (chemical) milling or wet method. Cereal starch from raw material is biotransformed into sugars, which are subsequently fermented into ethanol (Katzen International Inc., 2011). As a result of these processes is receiving main product (bioethanol) and co-product (in various forms). The litter is rich in nutrients (protein, fat, fiber, minerals and vitamins) that are triple higher versus raw material. The main bioethanol production is concentrated in the countries of North America and the main feedstock is corn. Qualities of the dried distillers� grains with solubles (DDGS) as a feedstuff in livestock diets are so high-valued that the import of this by-product is increased annually (Shurson, 2006). Importing leaders within the EU are Ireland, Spain, Britain, Portugal, Netherland and Germany (Shurson, 2006). Generated amounts of DDGS included by-products from the fermentation of corn, wheat and barley in dried form plus qualities fed in fresh (not dried) form (Kyriazakis, 1992). Main producer of corn bioethanol worldwide is USA with produced DG co-products estimated up to 34.0 million tons. Short-term prognoses (2020) are augmentation with near 13 % (38.6 million tons) (Hoffman et al., 2010). Soybean products annually loses new areas in USA as main oilseed crops replaced by area planted with corn intended for ethanol production (Anon., 2011a). The situation is different in Canada and the EU countries, where the main cereal energy crops used in bioetanol production are wheat followed by corn, rye, sorghum and cereal mix (Piron et al., 2009; Paul et

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al., 2012). In some countries, such as Brazil and Australia as a raw material is used sugarcane (Paul et al., 2012).

Statistic data on the produced, imported or fed quantities DDGS and RSM for the purposes of animal nutrition in our country lacking and it�s difficult to be measured the problem. Simultaneously, lack the both data about amounts of co-products used in the feedproduction industry as a part of compound feed and fed alone in recent years. Till now, has been putted into operation seven large factories for bioethanol production. They�re equipped with effective technological systems and realized the main product (bioethanol) and supporting co-products (DDG and DDGS). In a competitive market conditions over the years only two distillery manufactures has managed to escape. Their capacity is 10,000 tons/year. There are

Grain

Grinding Liquefaction Saccharification

+Yeast + Medium

Fermentation Destilation Rectification

Ethanol

Separation Evaporisation

Thin Stillage

Solid Fraction

Blender

Dryer

Water

Condensed Distillers Solub

Granulation

-- 2 2

CHCH33CHCH22OHOHYeast

amylase

DDGS

Figure 2. Technology of DDGS production also a number of small distillery without significant market share. The sector problems are variable chemical composition of the final co-product, the lack of sufficient activity and enlightening knowledge. The technological processes could be summarized in the following scheme (figure 2). The lack of statistic l data in the country about the produced and available quantities of DG co-products can be compensated by using the following equation (CRFA, 2010):

11 DDMM ffrroomm ccoorrnn//wwhheeaatt �> 338877..00 LL eetthhaannooll ++ 337722..00 kkgg DDDDGGSS ((333300 kkgg DDMM)) ++ 336655..00 kkgg 22 ++ QQ,, [[22]]

Differences in technology processes (dry / wet milling) at this industry determined the variety of by-products. They could be summarized in the following classification (figure 3).

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Crude OilCO

Cereal gluten mealCGM

High-Protein DDGSHP-DDGS

Modified Wet Distillers Grains MWDG

Condensed Distillers SolublesCDS

Wet Distillers Grains with SolublesWDGS

Dried Distillers Grains DDG

Dried Distillers Grains with SolublesDDGS

Full nameAbbreviation

Crude OilCO

Gluten mealGM

Distillery waterDW

Gluten forageGF

Full nameAbbreviation

Production process

Dry milling Wet milling

Figure 3. Classification of the by-products from bioethanol industry

Such heterogeneous group of products with relatively variable chemical composition applied their analysis to be compared difficult (table 6). Overviewed

ble 6. Comparative analysis of chemical and mineral composition of different bioethanol by-products1,2

Items CDS WDG MWDG DDG DDGS DDGSc DDGSw

Chemical composition:

DM 30-50 25-35 50 88-90 88-90 87.42 92.72 P 15-25 30-35 30-35 25-35 25-32 26.40 36.85

EE 15-20 8-12 8-12 8-10 8-10 11.46 5.70 NDF 10-23 30-50 30-50 40-44 39-45 - -

Nutritive value: DP 50 45-53 45-53 40-50 43-53 - - PDI 110-130 140-165 140-165 145-170 140-165 68.82 183.84 FUM/ g 1.7-2.0 1.6-1.9 1.6-1.9 1.5-1.8 1.55-1.8 1.07 1.13

acroelements:

Calcium 0.03-0.17 0.02-0.03 0.02-0.03 0.11-0.2 0.17-0.26 0.10 0.12 Phosphorus 1.3-1.45 0.5-0.8 0.5-0.8 0.41-0.8 0.78-1.08 0.93 0.97 1 Tjardes and Wright, 2002; 2 Yossifov and Kozelov., 2011 and 2012; 3 Yossifov et al., 2012; 4 Yossifov and Kozelov 2012a .

data about chemical, mineral composition and nutritive value of DG characterized these products as useful feed. CP content varied in wide range according to DM content (15 - 37 %). Our own data (Yossifov and Kozelov, 2012) showed highest CP level (36.9 %). Fat content also varied (5.7 - 20.0 %) and our data was in lower range (5.7 %). Protein feeding value of DDGS depends on its ruminal degradability (table 7). It varied widely (43.7 � 79.1 %) with highest values for our analyses.

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Table 7. DDGS�s protein degradability in rumen Degradability (%): Protein

Firkins et al. (1984) 46.0 Carvalho et al. (2005) 63.3 Kononoff et al. (2007) 57.0 Schingoethe et al. (2009) 47 - 64.0 Oba et al.(2010) 66.9 Kelzer et al. (2010) 43.7 - 66.9 Yossifov (2013)* 79.1 Average: 59.32

* Unpublished data

Characterization of biofuel by-products. Based on upper results, we form following advantages and disadvantages for analyzed biofuel by-products (table 8). Table 8. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuel by-products Advantages Disadvantages

High levels of sulfur High-quality protein feed with high biological value (AA) Anti-nutritive factors (ANF-s) Constant chemical composition Glycosinolates (tioglycosides); High palatability Eruc acid Source of rumen undegradable protein (RUP)

Phenols � suppressing feed consumption and digestibility;

Rich in PUFA Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Phytates � suppressing phosphorus utilization

Low cost Applicability in our animal husbandry

Tannins � reducing the absorption of energy and protein, worsen meat color and flavor R

apes

eed

mea

l (R

SM)

Sinapins - suppressing consumption and gives a taste of the fish

Low cost Maylard reaction Variable chemical composition

Source of rumen degradable protein High % Cu - sheep cuprotoxycosis

Easy transport and storage High % Ca - urinary calcules Nutrient concentration (x 3); High % P - inorganic pollution

High % K - "wet litter"; Low-starch forage (ruminal acidosis

Mycotoxins Energy and/or protein source D

istil

lers

Gra

ins

(DG

)

Applicability in our animal husbandry

Productive affects feeding by-products from biofuel industry in ruminant diets. The rate of biofuel by-products inclusion for optimal or maximal animal productivity is not unambiguous (table 9) among different species and

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categories. Nowadays, searching maximal inclusion rate occupied a lot of nutritionists and animal researchers. Table 9. Maximum inclusion levels of by-products from biofuel production, added to the diet of

ruminants (%) Species/Category RSM DG DDG WDG CDS

Calves 10 ***

Lactating dairy cows 20 *** Beef 10 - 15 *** 10 - 20 *** 10 - 40 *** 10 *** Heifer 10 � 40 *** Finishers

N o l i m

i t * 10 � 20 *** Fattening lambs 10 ** 10 *** Lactating dairy ewes 10 ** 10 *** *www.canolacouncil.org **www.countrywide.com ***www.ncga.com

DG-s are an excellent feedstuff for high-productive ruminant, ensured high

level of animal performance (DMI, Milk yield, milk composition, etc.). Inclusion different levels DG (table 10) lead to different DMI, resp. milk yield and milk composition. One of the main reasons is concentration of nutrients (protein and energy) from cereal grains to DG by-products, which requires careful monitoring. Table 10. Feeding DG in lactating dairy cows� diets*

DMI, g.d-1

Milk yield, g.d-1

Milk fat, %

Milk protein, %

Diet DG, % DM

DDG WDG Total DDG WDG Total DG DG

0 23.5 22.2 22.2 33.2 31.4 33.0 3.39 2.95 4 � 10 23.6 23.7 23.7 33.5 34.0 33.4 3.43 2.96 10 � 20 23.9 22.9 23.4 33.3 34.1 33.2 3.41 2.94 20 � 30 24.2 21.3 22.8 33.6 31.6 33.5 3.33 2.97 over 30 23.3 18.6 20.9 32.2 31.6 32.2 3.47 2.82

* Kalscheur, 2005

Similar trends showed and RSM (table 11). Inclusion RSM in lactating dairy cow�s diets significantly increased milk productivity (table 11). The main goal of RSM is its RUP concentration (table 5) affecting post-ruminal AA flow as a supplementation of microbial protein and AA.

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Table 11. Feeding RSM in lactating dairy cows� diets (milk yield, g.d-1)*

Study Control Experimental

Ingalls and Sharma (1975) 23.0 23.7 Fisher and Walsh (1976) 24.4 23.0 Vincent et al. (1990) 25.1 26.7 Dewhurst et al. (1999) 23.7 25.5 White et al. (2004) 21.7 22.7 Maesoomi et al. (2006) 27.0 28.0 Johansson and Nadeau (2006) 35.4 38.4 Brito and Broderick (2007) 40.0 41.1 Mulrooney et al. (2008) 34.3 35.2 Average: 28.29 29.37

Data about feeding trials conducted with lactating dairy ewes are poor. DG and RSM are still unacceptable from farmers producing sheep milk. Their apprehensions are prompted by uncertain about profits (economical, etc.) of these forages (Yossifov, 2012), especially at high-productive animals (table 12). Table 12. Feeding RSM and DDGSw in lactating dairy ewes� diets*

GROUP ITEMS

I /SFM/

II /RSM/

I I I /DDGSw/

Consumption (DMI), (kg) (%)

2.05 ± 0.10 (100 %)

2.05 ± 0.09 (100 %)

2.14 ± 0.10 (104 %)

Milk Yield (L) (%) 6.5 % 1.43 ± 0.21 b

(100 %) 1.47 ± 0.23ac (103 %)

1.33 ± 0.18bc (93 %)

Milk Protein, (%) 5.65±0.279 5.68±0.344 5.67±0.199 Milk Fats, (%) 7.10±0.801 7.26±1.169 7.02±0.540

aa - p<0.01 bb - p<0.001 cc - p<0.001 * Yossifov, 2012

Distillers� grains are often included in feedlot diets as protein and energy

source with benefits at DMI, diet conversion and beef performance (table 13).

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Table 13. Feeding DG in beef cattle� diets*: % DM

DDGS WDGS ITEMS

0 20 30 40 50 0 20 30 40

Consumption (DMI), ( g. -1)

10.12

10.20

10.20

9.90

9.44

10.17

10.53

10.56

10.49

Average Daily Gain (ADG), ( g)

1.57

1.74

1.76

1.73

1.66

1.56

1.69

1.70

1.66

DMI / ADG 6.45

5.95

5.81

5.74

5.71

6.58

6.29

6.45

6.58

DM feeding value

100

142

137

131

126

100

123

107

100

* Klopfenstein et al. (2008)

Impact of DG on beef performance aimed to minimized backgrounding costs with maximal deposition of muscle tissue and minimal � fats. At the same time meat quality from animals fed DG must be unaffected or with benefits.

As distinct from beef feedlot, lamb response to biofuel by-products supplementation is poor investigated. When evaluating (Yossifov et al., 2012, Yossifov and Kozelov 2012a) potential profits of DDGS and RSM for fattening lambs (table 14) was observed goal in all controlled parameters. Table 14. Feeding DDGSc and RSM in fattening lambs� diets*

GROUP ITEM SFM RSM DDGSc

Initial BW (IBW) (kg) (%)

16.78±2.39 (100%)

16.64±2.38 (99.17%)

16.59±2.74 (98.87%)

Ave

rage

liv

e w

eigh

t

Final BW (FBW) (kg) (%)

31.58±5.39bb (100%)

35.52±5.59b (105.46%)

35.81±4.88b (106.32%)

(g)180±0.6ab 231±0.5b 234±0.3a Average daily gain

(%) 100.00 120.42 123.04 TR (kg)/h/d 1.29 1.26 1.35

(%) (100%) (97.82%) (104.45%) P (kg)/h/d

(%) 0.20

(100%)0.20

(98.83%)0.17

(82.41%)

Ave

rage

da

ily

cons

umpt

ion

FUG/h/d (%)

1.35 (100%)

1.37 (101.48%)

1.14 (84.44%)

TR/kg gain (kg) (%)

6.76 (100%)

5.49 (81.23%)

5.74 (84.90%)

P/kg gain (kg) (%)

1.06 (100%)

0.87 (82.07%)

0.71 (66.98%) Fe

ed

effic

ienc

y

FUG/ kg gain (%)

7.07 (100%)

5.96 (84.30%)

4.85 (68.60%)

aa - P<0.001, bb - P<0.01. * Yossifov et al., 2012; Yossifov and Kozelov, 2012a

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It�s studied and effect of cereal origin of DDGS (table 15) with early (10 kg) weaned lambs (Yossifov and Kozelov, 2012a). Table 15. Feeding DDGSw in fattening lambs� diets*

GROUP ITEM SFM DDGSw

Initial BW (IBW) (kg) (%)

10.73±3.23 (100%)

10.57±2.99 (98.59%)

Ave

rage

liv

e w

eigh

t

Final BW (FBW) (kg) (%)

29.00±6.32c (100%)

32.33±6.10c (111.48%)

(g)160±0.4c 191±0.4a Average daily gain (%) 100.00 119.38

DM (kg)/h/d (%)

0.83 (100%)

0.84 (101.04%)

PDI (kg)/h/d (%)

0.09 (100%)

0.09 (98.62%)

Ave

rage

dai

ly

cons

umpt

ion

FUG/h/d (%)

0.918 (100%)

0.915 (99.67%)

PDI/kg gain (g) (%)

572.06 (100%)

472.57 (83.13%) Feed

efficiency FUG/ kg gain (%)

5.75 (100%)

4.82 (83.83%)

aa - P<0.001, bb - P<0.01, cc � P<0.05. * Yossifov and Kozelov, 2012a

Conclusions The continued growth of the biofuel industry result in an abundant supply of by-products that may be used as feedstuffs for ruminant. Increment of areas planted with energy crops promised enough qualities of rapeseed meal (RSM) and dried distiller�s grains with solubles (DDGS). Their composition (chemical, mineral, amino acid (AA), etc.) supplied nutrients that ensured high productivity (gain, milk yield). Simultaneously, available essential nutrients improved quality of animal production (composition of meat and milk, etc.). Acknowledgments

Research was financed by the Agricultural Academy, Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Republic of Bulgaria, project 82.

The author would like to thank to barn (Ganka Boycheva, marieta Kupandolska) and laboratory (Galabena Borisova and Maria Kolchova) stuff in

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the research (Depart. Animal nutrition & Feed technologies, Institute of Animal Science Kostinbrod, BG), for the assistance during the experiments. Sporedni proizvodi u industriji biogoriva - alternativa tradicionalnim izvorima biljnih proteina u ishrani pre�ivara Lazar K. Kozelov, Marin R. Yossifov Rezime

Proizvodnja biodizela i bioetanola je u stalnom porastu �irom sveta. U tom

smislu, pove ava se i koli ina sporednih proizvoda. Cilj je bio da se procene i uporede glavni nusproizvodi iz industrije biogoriva (sa ma uljane repice (rsm) i su�ena destilovana d�ibra sa rastvorljivom materijom (ddgs)) kao izvora proteina biljnog porekla. Rad se zasniva i na pregledu literature i sopstvenih podataka. Ciljna vrsta doma ih �ivtonja su bili pre�ivari razli itih kategorija. Sprovedeno je nekoliko ogleda (laboratorija, balans i ishrana) sa slede im pokazateljima: hemijski sastav, hraljiva vrednost, performanse �ivotinja, itd. U celini, rezultati su pozitivno uticala i testirana krmiva se mogu koristiti kao alternativa konvencionalnim (sunc.sa ma, sojina sa ma, itd) proteinskim koncenttratima. Na osnovu ovih podataka smo do�li do slede ih va�nijih zaklju aka:

u obroku sa uljanom repicom (rsm) i ddgs, proizvedenim u bugarskoj, nije bilo zna ajne razlike u odnosu na ostale proizvedene �irom sveta;

obrok sa uljanom repicom koji sadr�i minimalne koncentracije antinutritivnih faktora (glukozinolata - do 30 mol.g-1) i eruka kiselina - do 2%) i mo�e se preporu iti kao izvorproteina i / ili energije u obroku pre�ivara bez ograni enja;

preporu eno uklju ivanje 10% rsm u ishrani mle nih ovaca u laktaciji je optimalno, i za tov jagnjadi;

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