Biofuel and Biodiesel

download Biofuel and Biodiesel

of 41

Transcript of Biofuel and Biodiesel

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    1/41

    Sub: Environmental Biotechnology (3MBT

    04)

    SALMAN KHANM.Sc

    III Semester (bt)Reg no: 10204015

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    2/41

    FUEL

    Any material that stores energy that can laterbe extracted to perform mechanical work in a

    controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans

    undergo combustion, a redox reaction in whicha combustible substance releases energy afterit ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air.

    Other processes used to convert fuel intoenergy include various other exothermicchemical reactions and nuclear reactions, such

    as nuclear fission or nuclear fusion

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    3/41

    CONVENTIONAL FUELS

    PETROL (Gasoline) -2,2,4-Trimethylpentane(isooctane)

    34 megajoules/Lt The flash point of

    gasoline is about -72C

    Viscosity of around0.88-0.71 cSt at 40C

    Fractional distillation

    @ 40C

    DIESEL - C12H23

    38.6 megajoules/Lt

    Diesel at -45C

    1.3 to 4.1 cSt at 40C

    Fractional distillation @250C

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    4/41

    Standard Reference

    Date CO HC NOx PM

    India 2000 Euro 1 2000 17.3 to32.6

    2.7 to 3.7 ----------------

    ------------------

    BharatStage II

    Euro 2 2001-04 11.202.40

    14.4 ------------------

    BharatStage III

    Euro 3 2004-Present

    4.0 to 4.5 1.1 7.0 to 8.0 0.15

    BharatStage IV

    Euro 4 2010onwards

    2.1 0.66 5.0 0.10

    Emission Standards for all commuting vehicles,g/kWh

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    5/41

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    6/41

    WHAT ARE BIOFUELS?

    A combustible fuel produced from any sort ofvegetation or other organic derivative(biomass).

    3 MAIN TYPES:

    Bioethanol

    Biodiesel

    Purified biogas

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    7/41

    OVERVIEW OF BIO FUEL PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

    Biofuel type Specific name Feedstock Conversion Technologies

    Bioethanol Cellulosic bioethanol Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste

    Advanced hydrolysis &fermentaion

    Biogas SNG (Synthetic Natural Gas) Lignocellulosic biomass

    and residues

    Pyrolysis/Gasification

    Biodiesel Biomass to Liquid (BTL), Fischer-Tropsch (FT)diesel, synthetic (bio)diesel

    Lignocellulosic biomass andresidues

    Pyrolysis/Gasification &synthesis

    Other Biofuels Biomethanol, heavier (mixed) alcohols,biodimethylether (Bio-DME)

    Lignocellulosic biomassand residues

    Gasification & synthesis

    Biohydrogen Lignocellulosic biomass andbiowaste

    Gasification & synthesis orbiological process

    Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    8/41

    HOW AN ENGINE WORKS?

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    9/41

    WHAT ARE THE BIOFUEL OPTIONS? Starch conversion to ethanol (maize,

    wheat, rice, various tubers)

    Sucrose conversion to ethanol (sugar

    cane) Biodiesel: plant ( algae) oils converted

    to diesel

    Ligno-cellulose conversion to ethanol

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    10/41

    ETHANOL AS A FUEL Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, M.wt= 46.1, is an alcohol, a

    group of chemical compounds whose moleculescontain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to acarbon atom

    Ethanol melts at -114.1C, boils at 78.5C, andhas a density of 0.789 g/ml at 20C. Its lowfreezing point of temperatures below -40C, Auto

    ignition temperature being 423C. Specific gravity of Ethanol is 0.79

    Octane number of 106-111

    Calorific value of 11,500

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    11/41

    GASOHOL Ethanol fuel mixtures have "E" numbers which

    describe the percentage of ethanol fuel in themixture by volume, for example, E85 is85% anhydrous ethanol and 15% gasoline.

    Gasoline is the typical fuel mixed with ethanolbut there are other fuel additives that can bemixed, such as an ignition improver used in theE95 Swedish blend. Low ethanol blends, fromE5 to E25, are also known as gasohol, thoughinternationally the most common use of theterm gasohol refers to the E10 blend.

    India is under E5 norms.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    12/41

    INDIA

    By 1980 India became self sufficient forethanol production.

    Sources of ethanol:

    Maize (Zea mays)- 7th Place in world yield,11 million MT.Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)-

    Ranks 2nd in world total production, 348

    million MT.Agricultural waste

    Low average cost of Rs.18/liter projected

    Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion liters

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    13/41

    Volkswagen Jetta TDI 2010

    Mitsubishi Lancer EX 2011

    Chevorlet Tahoe S1.8 2010Honda Civic FLEX 2010

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanquinho_Celta_GM_FlexPower_02_SAO_10_2008.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Honda_Civic_Flex_car_09_2008_logo_&_secondary_gas_tank.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brazilian_Honda_Civic_Flex_car_09_2008_logo_&_secondary_gas_tank.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanquinho_Celta_GM_FlexPower_02_SAO_10_2008.jpg
  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    14/41

    STARCH TO ETHANOLAdvantages Maize:

    Agricultural infrastructure in place.

    Fermentation and distilling technology

    Will lower oil importsincrease energy security

    cause oil prices to decrease.

    Will increase income of farmersWill stimulate economy

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    15/41

    MICROBES EMPLOYEDFungi: (95%)

    Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Rosillo-Calle & Hall, 1987)Saccharomyces sakiSaccharomyces oviformisSaccharospora crassa

    Aspergillus oryzaeNeurospora crassaTrichosporium cutaneumCandida utilis

    Candida albicans (Pathogenic)Another problem overcome was the inability of S. cerevisiaeto process thecomplex sugar xylose, a common component of leaves and stems. To solve thishurdle three genes from the yeast species Picchia stipitis, a natural fermenter ofxylose, were introduced.

    ( Genetic engineering- By Grant Banks January 2,2011

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    16/41

    Bacteria: (5%)

    Clostridium sporogenes

    Clostridium thermocellum

    Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum

    Clostridium papyrosolvans

    Clostridium indolisZymomonas mobilis , Ssp. Pomaceas (anaerobe)

    Spirochaeta aurantia

    Spirochaeta litoralis

    Sarcina ventriculi

    Leuconostoc mesenteroides

    3/09/2011 Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    17/41

    CONVERSION OF SUGARS TO ETHANOL1. Starch (Maize) to Simpler Glucose (by hydrolysis)

    Starch (C6H10O5)n + Water Amylase Glucose C6H12O6

    2. Sucrose (Sugarcane) to Glucose (by hydrolysis)

    Sucrose C12H22O11 + water Sucrase Glucose C6H12O6 + FructoseC6H12OFructose isomer of glucose (Glucose-6-phosphate isomerase / phosphoglucoseisomerase )

    One mole of glucose is converted into two moles of ethanol and two molesof carbon dioxide:Glucose- C6H12O6Ethanol- C2H5OH

    Conversion-C12H22O11 +H2O + invertase 2 C6H12O6

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    18/41

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    19/41

    STARCH TO ETHANOL (MAIZE)Disadvantages Maize:

    large amounts of high quality land needed. displaces traditional commodity crops (Soy

    bean)Maize will be diverted from export markets

    raising prices on international market. (Japan,Mexico, Africa etc.)

    Maize will be diverted from feed market Engines must be modified; costly but feasible;

    fueling stations must be modified (feasible).

    Possible pressure to utilize virgin lands/ forestarea.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    20/41

    3/09/2011 Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    S C S

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    21/41

    WHAT IS BIODIESEL ? Alternative fuel for diesel engines

    Made from vegetable oil or animal fat

    Lower emissions, High flash point (>300F), Safer

    Biodegradable, Essentially non-toxic.

    Chemically, biodiesel molecules are produced usually from

    triglyceride esters (transesterification) Pure Biodiesel (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel

    (B20, BXX).

    Fatty Acid

    Alcohol

    Glycerin

    Vegetable Oil

    BiodieselFA

    FAFA

    FA

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    22/41

    CHEMISTRY OF TRIGLYCERIDES Biodiesel is made from the combination of a triglyceride

    with a monohydroxy alcohol (i.e. methanol, ethanol). What is a triglyceride? Made from a combination of

    glycerol and three fatty acids:

    3/09/2011 Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011S l Kh CMRIMS b l

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    23/41

    SOURCE!?

    Sources of biodiesel:Danti/ pratyanshrani (Jatropha curcas)Honge -Honge oil is extracted from the

    seeds of the Honge tree (Pongamiya

    pinnata).Canola(Brassica napus L.)High capital, broad scale production plan

    initiated

    Cost per liter projected at Rs. 27

    Canola inflorescence

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011S l Kh CMRIMS b l

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    24/41

    BIODIESEL, WHY? Burning fossil fuels increases

    atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide Fossil fuels are a

    finite resource

    Graph taken from USF Oceanography webpage

    Biodiesels Closed Carbon

    Cycle

    30% Increase

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    25/41

    JATROPHA Biodiesel from Jatropha

    Seeds of the Jatropha nut iscrushed and oil is extracted

    The oil is processed andrefined to form bio-diesel.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    26/41

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    27/41

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    28/41

    RELATIVE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS

    0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

    Gasoline

    CNG

    LPG

    Diesel

    Ethanol 85%

    B20

    Diesel Hybrid

    Electric

    B100

    Data from A Fresh Look at CNG: A Comparison of Alternative

    Fuels, Alternative Fuel Vehicle Program, 8/13/2001

    B100 = 100% BiodieselB20 = 20% BD + 80% PD

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    29/41

    BIODIESEL: PLANT OILS CONVERTED TO DIESELAdvantages

    fossil energy ratio between 2 to 3. Greenhouse gasreduction 40 to 70% over conventional diesel perkm.

    Soybean oil is cheap because it is a byproduct.Soybean meal is of higher market value.

    It is 11% oxygen by weight and contains no sulfur

    Biodiesel is safe to store, and has a high flashpoint

    Biodiesel Lowers toxic emissions and ParticulateMatter (PM)

    Biodiesel has greater Cetane (50-56) and Lubricity

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    Disadvantages 3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    30/41

    Disadvantages Jatropha produces 1/6 as much fuel per acre as corn

    ethanol.

    Land consumption. In India maize is more profitable It gives out more nitrogen oxide emissions (Nitrogen

    oxide emissions from biodiesel blends could possibly

    be reduced by blending with kerosene) Transportation & storage at lower temperature areas. Soybean oil will be more expensive if soybean meal is

    in surplus. For farmer total value is important.

    Engine life decreases (Biodiesel has excellent solventproperties).

    Large investments in infrastructure may be needed inthird world countries.

    Cold Weather Operation.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    31/41

    E-DIESEL Uses additives (n-butanol, Butylated hydroxytoluene,

    Tetranitromethane) in order to allow blending ofethanol with diesel.

    Ethanol blends of 7.7% to 15% and up to 5%

    Additives that prevent the ethanol and diesel from

    separating at very low temperatures or if watercontamination occurs.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    32/41

    THE ULTIMATE FUEL: LIGNOCELLULOSE TOETHANOL.

    Advantages: high yields per acre. The most abundant plant

    product on earth. Estimated greenhouse gas reduction about 80

    percent. Very large yield of biomass per acre. (example

    eshel tamarisk tree. 10-12 tons/acre/year vrscorn 3.5 tons/ acre)

    Different plant types for different soils, climates,can be developed and bred for higher yields.

    Can be grown on marginal land.Generally need little fertilizer.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    33/41

    Disadvantages

    Technology must be developed toeconomically convert cellulose into sugarsand sugars to ethanol.

    Technology must be developed to modify

    feedstock so it is easier to convert.

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    34/41

    REFERENCE

    Environmental biotechnology ,2002 -Geetha B, Ramamurthi, Sullia, Ajij S & Satish K

    Environmental Chemistry. 2nd edition, 2005 (pg. 153- Fossil Fuels) -G.S Sodhi

    Essential Environmental Studies. 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 159- Alternate

    Emerging Fuel)- S.P Misra Environmental Biotechnology 1st edition, 2008 (pg. 246- Developing

    Biofuels from Biomass Energy)-Rajiv K. Sinha & Rohit

    Sinha Environmental Management. 2nd edition, (pg. 111- Air Pollution and its

    Management) 2010H.M Saxena

    Biotechnological Approaches for Ethanol Production 1st edition 2008,(pg.258, 267)

    Vijaya t & Dev D.V

    From Books:

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    35/41

    REFERENCE

    Articles

    1. NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CHANNEL MAGAZINE-GreenDreams

    By Joel K. Bourne, Jr- 2009 edition

    2. SCIENCE published online 12 August 2008By Timothy Searchinger

    3. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences(IJAES)

    Biofuels: Clarifying Assumptions

    17 October 2008:

    g

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    36/41

    REFERENCE

    Internet URL

    http://www.reegle.info/?gclid=CIeEwZms26oCFcEa6wodTlZ28Q

    http://oneclick.indiatimes.com/article/0ea88Ka2kY4sD?q=Bangkok

    http://www.tatamotors.com/http://www.bkkautos.com/feature/Gasohol-95

    http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm

    http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.htmlhttp://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html

    http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.html

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentation

    g

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    37/41

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructose

    http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerase

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeast

    http://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/

    http://www.carsanook.com/read/events/15_sep_09/b84uq-p/mitsubishi_motors_thailand_launches_all_new_mitsu.htm

    http://www.ehow.com/facts_5794183_diesel-fuel-volatility_.html

    http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/kinematic-viscosity-d_397.html

    g

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    38/41

    http://www.iiasa.ac.at/~rains/PM/docs/documentation.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fermentationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucrose

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructosehttp://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/abstract/114/2/743http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucose-6-phosphate_isomerasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeasthttp://www.gizmag.com/yeast-ethanol-biofuel/17408/http://www.hpagriculture.com/maize_processing.htmhttp://www.bdpedia.com/biodiesel/alt/alt.htmlhttp://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    39/41

    Videos

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHDYR2f5BMI

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGAfHA44g3M

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X7uErZH1LC4

    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oNhgdGdzelIo

    Leisure reading

    Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of "EnergyIndependence (E-Book) By RobertBryce

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    40/41

    Image credit:www.tenaska.com/energy/biofuels.html

    http://bantrel.com/markets/renewableenergy.aspxhttp://www.mahalo.com/answers/write-a-your-vision-of-indian-by-2020-what-needs-to-change-to-move-india-into-super-power-economics-essayhttp://biofuel-tech.com/AboutBiofuels.aspx

    http://www.toonpool.com/cartoons/World%20Demand%20for%20BioFuels_17700http://www.biodieselprocessor.org/biodiesel%20process.jpg

    Tables Referredhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emission_standard#Indiahttp://www.crophouse.co.nz/energy/fuels/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_efficiency

    3/09/2011Salman Khan CMRIMS bangalore

  • 8/2/2019 Biofuel and Biodiesel

    41/41