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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENVIRONMENT
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organized microbial systems
consisting of layers of microbial cells
irreversibly associated with a surface
enclosed in a matrix of primarily polysaccharidematerial (EPS -extracellular polymericsubstances)
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mineral crystals, corrosion particles, clay or siltparticles, or blood may also be found in thebiofilm matrix
Develop in all kinds of surfaces where there ismoisture and nutrients
form on a wide variety of surfaces Inorganic
livingmaterials dead materials
organic remains.
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Inertsurfaces Community water system pipes
Sulfide tailings and acid minedrainage system
Industrial waste treatmentmachines
Contact Lenses
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Living cell surfaces Ruminant digestive tract
Biliary system
Urinary tract
Teeth
Root nodules of legumes
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Heterogeneous structure which includes: cell clusters
void spaces
water channels
end slime streamers
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Surface conditioning
Adhesion of pioneer bacteria
Slime formation
Secondary colonizer Fully functioning biofilm
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SURFACE CONDITIONING
adherence to the surface
neutralization ofsurfacecharge
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ADHESION OF PIONEERBACTERIA Attachment of Planktonic
(free-floating) by electrostatic
attraction and physical forces Some of these cells will
permanently adhere to thesurface with their extracellular
organic matrix.
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SLIME FORMATION Extracellular polymers consisting of
charged and neutral polysaccharidegroups cement the cell and act as anion exchange system for trapping
and concentrating tracenutrients
Accumulation of nutrients promotesreproduction of pioneer cells. The
daughter cells then produce theirown exopolymers, greatlyincreasing the volume of ionexchange surface.
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SECONDARYCOLONIZERS
The exopolymer web snaresother types of microbial cellsthrough physical restraint and
electrostatic interaction. Thesesecondary colonizersmetabolize wastes from theprimary colonizers as well as
produce their own waste whichother cells then use
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FULLY FUNCTIONING
BIOFILM A complex,
metabolically cooperativecommunity made up of
different species each livingin a customized microniche
The mixed species work
cooperatively to carry outcomplex tasks whichotherwise cannot beperformed by a single species
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Microbial Defense resist phagocytosis
Resist penetration of antibiotics
Allow cells to remain in favorable condition
Allow cells to live in close association with each other
Typical way bacterial cells grow in nature
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FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH ANDACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS
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Temperature
Aerobic/anaerobic conditions
pH
Dynamic conditions
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(Tortora et. al, 2010)
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ORGANISMS PRESENT
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Gram negative, rod-shaped
bacterium
Opportunistic human
pathogen Notorious biofilm former
Contact lenses (keratitis)
Endotracheal tube(pnuemonia)
Urinary catheters(bacteriuria)
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Gram positive coccus bacterium
Intravascular catheter (endocartitis)
Endotrachael tube (pneumonia)
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gram positive
Commonly found in oral cavity
Require a nondesquamating (nonepithelial)
surface in order to colonize
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Gram negative pathogen bacterium
Common in water pipes and air condition
Cause Legionellosis or Legionaires disease
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Can form biofilms onglass surface andhuman cells
Gram negative coccibacteria
pathogenic
FIG. 2. Panel A shows a hematoxylin- and eosin-stained section of gonococcal strain 1291 4-day biofilm embedded in OCT andsectioned on a cryomicrotome. This panel shows organisms (dark blue) surrounded by a staining pink matrix. Panels B, C, andD show C-FESEM images of a 3-day biofilm at different magnifications. Panel B, taken at a magnification of x1,000, shows abroad view of the surface. Arrows point to an overlying membrane covering the biofilm. Panel C (magnification, x10,000)shows evidence of organisms embedded within membranous structures that appear to contain a matrix. Panel D(magnification, x20,000) demonstrates typical membranous structures seen crossing the biofilm.
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Gram negative
Straight or curve rods
Pathogenic
water supply resistant to protozoan
grazing
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Gram negative rod-shaped bacteria
Pathogenic
Normal flora of the gut Urinary
catheters(bacteriuria)
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Yeast commonlyfound in human
intestine Catheters
contact lenses
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Common indoor and outdoor mold
lungs
http://www.pasteur.fr/icono/RAR/RAR2007/Aspergillus.jpg
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Soil fungi Can cause lung and brain infections
Can infect brain and lungs
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Chaetophora, Coloechaete scutata, Choleochaetesoluta, Aphanochaete, Gloeotaenium, Oedogonium,Oocystis, Oscillatoria, Phormidium, Chroococcus,Aphanothece, Fragillaria, Cocconeis, Navicula, and
Cymbella
surface of polyethylene (plastics)
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ADAPTATION
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Being ATTACHED rather than SUSPENDEDmakes a WORLD of difference
Microbial cells growing in a biofilmare physiologically distinct from planktonic cells ofthe same organism.
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Microbial cells in biofilm undergoa phenotypic shift in behavior in which large suitesof genes are differentially regulated (they turn on a
whole different set of genes).
Biofilm behavior is much more complex becausethey live in organized communities.
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some of the adaptations and changes observed in abiofilm:
Enhanced Survival Mechanisms Quorum Sensing
Biofilm Matrix Degrading Enzymes
Enhanced Lateral Gene Transfer
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microorganisms excrete a slimy material calledExtracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)
function: protects the cells within it against:
attack by host defenses e.g. phagocytic cells
much more resistant to biocides and antimicrobial agents
facilitates communication (chemical & physical signals)
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intercellular communication using chemicalsignals.
In biofilms, the matrix material that holds cells inclose proximity allows concentrations of signal
molecules to build up in sufficient quantity toeffect changes in cellular behavior.
Bacterial populations will activate some genes onlywhen they are able to sense, via cell signaling, that
their population is numerous enough to make itadvantageous and/or "safe" to initiate that geneticactivity.
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reasons for communication:
to respond to local cell density
regulates secretion of EPS
synchronize the expression of specialized gene systems
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common classes of signaling molecules: Oligopeptides- Gram-positive bacteria
N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones (AHL)- Gram-negativebacteria
Autoinducer-2 (AI-2)- Gram-negative and Gram-positivebacteria
examples of microorganisms exhibiting quorumsensing: E. coli, P. aeruginosa, V. fischeri and S. enterica
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production of enzymes that degrade biofilmextracellular matrix
e.g. dispersin B & deoxyribonuclease
play role in biofilm dispersal
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cells on the surface of the biofilm are differentfrom the cells within the biofilm matrix
Surface cells no matter how old the biofilm is, are likely to mimic surface
cells of young biofilms (metabolically active and large)
divide and increase the thickness of the biofilm
Embedded cells smaller and grow slower (little oxygen is available)
exist in a somewhat dormant state
becomes active when cells in the outer layers are killed
behavior can change as the thickness of the biofilm changes
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Mold biofilms can physically puncture blood vessels andintestinal walls and allow molds, bacteria and toxins to enter thebody.
Mold biofilms can produce large quantities of alcohol (beveragealcohol), toxic chemicals like acetaldehyde, and a wide range oftoxic chemicals called mycotoxins.
Mold biofilms can produce mold spores which then spread moldinfection to the rest of the body.
Mold biofilms can reduce growth of beneficial probioticbacteria like Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium.
Many mold biofilms are much more resistant to anti-fungal
drugs than are free living biofilms. It is estimated that 65 to 80%of all mold and bacterial infections involve spreading facilitatedby biofilms.