BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.
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Transcript of BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.
![Page 1: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOE 109Summer 2009
Lecture 9- Part IIKin selection
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Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
outcome of interaction measured in terms of fitness i.e. units of surviving offspring
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipientbenefits
Recipient harmed
![Page 3: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
outcome of interaction measured in terms of fitness i.e. units of surviving offspring
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperativebenefits
Recipientharmed
![Page 4: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperative Altruisticbenefits
Recipientharmed
![Page 5: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperative Altruisticbenefits
Recipient Selfish harmed
![Page 6: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperative Altruisticbenefits
Recipient Selfish Spitefulharmed
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Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperative Altruisticbenefits
Recipient Selfish Spitefulharmed
Rare -an allele that results in fitness losses for both R&A would be eliminated by Natural selection
![Page 8: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Types of social interactions
“Actor” “Recipient”
Actor benefits Actor harmed Recipient Cooperative Altruisticbenefits
Recipient Selfish Spitefulharmed
![Page 9: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Co-operation and altruism
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The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
![Page 11: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? how can altruistic behaviors evolve?
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Bill Hamilton (1936 – 2000)
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/video_gallery/WH_What_is_the_problem_of.asp
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The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? how can altruistic behaviors evolve?
Br – C > 0
![Page 14: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature?how can altruistic behaviors evolve? Br – C > 0
let B = benefit to recipient
![Page 15: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? how can altruistic behaviors evolve? Br – C > 0
let B = benefit to recipient
let C = cost to actor (Both B and C are measure in units of surviving offspring)
![Page 16: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? Br – C > 0 how can altruistic behaviors evolve?
let B = benefit to recipient
let C = cost to actor
let r = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
![Page 17: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? Br – C > 0 how can altruistic behaviors evolve?
let B = benefit to recipient
let C = cost to actor
let r = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
An allele for an altruistic behavior will be favored if:
Br – C > 0
![Page 18: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature?how can altruistic behaviors evolve? Br – C > 0
let B = benefit to recipient
let C = cost to actor
let r = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
An allele for an altruistic behavior will be favored if:
Br – C > 0 or Br > C
![Page 19: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
The evolution of altruism
• an altruistic act benefits a recipient at a cost to the actor
• Why does altruism exist in nature? how can altruistic behaviors evolve? Br – C > 0
let B = benefit to recipient
let C = cost to actor
let r = coefficient of relatedness between actor and recipient
An allele for an altruistic behavior will be favored if:
Br – C > 0 or Br > C
• this is called “Hamilton’s rule”
![Page 20: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
![Page 21: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
• “inclusive fitness” is equivalent to an individual’s total fitness
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Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
• “inclusive fitness” is equivalent to an individual’s total fitness
Inclusive fitness
![Page 23: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
• “inclusive fitness” is equivalent to an individual’s total fitness
Inclusive fitness
“Direct” component
(i.e., individual’s own reproduction)
![Page 24: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
• “inclusive fitness” is equivalent to an individual’s total fitness
Inclusive fitness
“Direct” component “Indirect” component
(i.e., individual’s own (i.e., act of individual that reproduction) increases fitness of its relatives)
![Page 25: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Hamilton’s rule and the concept of inclusive fitness
• “inclusive fitness” is equivalent to an individual’s total fitness
Inclusive fitness
“Direct” component “Indirect” component
(i.e., individual’s own (i.e., act of individual that reproduction) increases fitness of its relatives)
kin selection is a form of natural selection favoring the spread of alleles that increases the indirect component of fitness.
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A deeper look into Hamilton's rulewhich is ……..
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A deeper look into Hamilton's rulewhich is ……..
Br > C
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What is the coefficient of relatedness (r)?
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What is the coefficient of relatedness?
• r is the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are “identical by descent”.
![Page 30: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
What is the coefficient of relatedness?
• r is the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are “identical by descent”.
• the inbreeding coefficient, F, is the probability that two homologous alleles present in the same individual are identical by descent.
![Page 31: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
What is the coefficient of relatedness?
• r is the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are “identical by descent”.
• the inbreeding coefficient, F, is the probability that two homologous alleles present in the same individual are identical by descent.
• r can be estimated from:
![Page 32: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
What is the coefficient of relatedness?
• r is the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are “identical by descent”.
• the inbreeding coefficient, F, is the probability that two homologous alleles present in the same individual are identical by descent.
• r can be estimated from:
1. pedigrees
![Page 33: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
What is the coefficient of relatedness?
• r is the probability that homologous alleles present in different individuals are “identical by descent”.
• the inbreeding coefficient, F, is the probability that two homologous alleles present in the same individual are identical by descent.
• r can be estimated from:
1. pedigrees 2. genetic estimates of relatedness
![Page 34: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Estimating r from pedigrees
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Estimating r from pedigrees
(1/2 * 1/2 )= 1/4
Parents contribute ½ of their genes….The prob that genes are IBD in each step= 1/2
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Estimating r from pedigrees
(1/2 * 1/2 )+(1/2 * 1/2 )= 1/2
![Page 37: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Estimating r from pedigrees
(1/2 * 1/2 * 1/2)= 1/8
![Page 38: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Examples of Kin Selection
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3BgJ_BPm-M&feature=related
Selfish or Altruistic?
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Alarm calls are given to warn kin
Hoogland 1983
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Alarm calls are given to warn kin
Hoogland 1983
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Helping at the nest in bee-eaters
Examples of Kin Selection :
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Helping at the nest in bee-eaters
Examples of Kin Selection :
MotherDaughter Daughter/ Helper
Each helper is responsible for an additional 0.47 offspring being raised!
Each parent, unaided, is able to raise 0.51 offspring…………
![Page 43: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
Mother-Daughter
Actor
Recipient
1/2
r = 1/2Sister Sister
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Bee-eaters direct help to close relatives
*relatedness matters!
Emlen et al. 1995
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Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
• Hamilton’s rule
![Page 46: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
• Hamilton’s rule• Breeding Conditions
• nest sites difficult to obtain, create and maintain• finding a mate is difficult• scarcity of food • defense of nests
![Page 47: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
• Hamilton’s rule (Genetic predisposition)• Breeding Conditions (Ecological Constraint)
![Page 48: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
• Hamilton’s rule• Breeding Conditions• First time breeders pay a slight cost:
![Page 49: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Helping at the nest in bee-eaters, why?
• Hamilton’s rule• Breeding Conditions• First time breeders pay a slight cost
-Each helper is responsible for an additional 0.47 offspring being raised!
-Each parent, unaided, is able to raise 0.51 offspring
![Page 50: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
![Page 51: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others.
![Page 52: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others. • most common in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps)
![Page 53: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others. • most common in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) Three characteristics of eusociality:
![Page 54: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others. • most common in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) Three characteristics of eusociality: 1. overlapping generations of parents and their offspring
![Page 55: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others. • most common in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) Three characteristics of eusociality: 1. overlapping generations of parents and their offspring 2. cooperative brood care
![Page 56: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
The evolution of eusociality
• in eusocial species some individuals forego reproduction to aid in the rearing of others. • most common in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) Three characteristics of eusociality: 1. overlapping generations of parents and their offspring 2. cooperative brood care 3. specialized castes of non-reproductive workers.
![Page 57: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Why should eusociality be so common in the Hymenoptera?
Worker Drone Queen
Sterile Reproductive
![Page 58: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Why should eusociality be so common in the Hymenoptera?
• Hamilton suggested it is was due to haplodiploidy:
![Page 59: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Why should eusociality be so common in the Hymenoptera?
• Hamilton suggested it is was due to haplodiploidy: • females develop from fertilized eggs (diploid)
• males develop from unfertilized eggs (haploid)
![Page 60: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Haplodiploidy skews relatedness
![Page 61: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Degree of relatedness (r)
Comparison Diploid Haplodiploid
![Page 62: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Degree of relatedness (r)
Comparison Diploid Haplodiploid sister – sister ½ ¾
![Page 63: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Sister
1
/2
![Page 64: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sister
1
/2
Half of a female’s genes come from the father; the probability that a copy of one of these is shared by with the sister is 1.
r = (1/2*1/2) + (1/2*1) = 3/4
![Page 65: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Degree of relatedness (r)
Comparison Diploid Haplodiploid sister – sister ½ ¾ mother – daughter ½ ½
![Page 66: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Daughter
![Page 67: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Degree of relatedness (r)
Comparison Diploid Haplodiploid sister – sister ½ ¾ mother – daughter ½ ½ sister – brother ½ ¼
![Page 68: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
r = 1/4
![Page 69: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Degree of relatedness (r)
Comparison Diploid Haplodiploid sister – sister ½ ¾ mother – daughter ½ ½ sister – brother ½ ¼ • the inclusive fitness of female workers is highest if they help produce more sisters!
Create= Queen–Worker conflict, who wins?
![Page 70: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
![Page 71: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
![Page 72: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
1. Many colonies in eusocial species are founded by more than one queen.
![Page 73: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
1. Many colonies in eusocial species are founded by more than one queen.
• workers in these colonies have r = 0.
![Page 74: BIOE 109 Summer 2009 Lecture 9- Part II Kin selection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d625503460f94a44f29/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
1. Many colonies in eusocial species are founded by more than one queen.
• workers in these colonies can have r = 0.
2. Many eusocial colonies have more than one father.
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Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
1. Many colonies in eusocial species are founded by more than one queen.
• workers in these colonies can have r = 0.
2. Many eusocial colonies have more than one father.
• the average r among workers is far below ¾.
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Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
3. Many eusocial species are not haplodiploid and not all haplodiploids are eusocial.
Examples: termites (diploid) are eusocial
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Does haplodiploidy explain the evolution of eusociality?
NO!
1. Many eusocial species are not haplodiploid and not all haplodiploids are eusocial.
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A phylogeny of the hymenoptera
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A phylogeny of the hymenoptera
Eusociality evolved in groups that build complex nests and that care fortheir young ones for extended periods.
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A eusocial mammal – the naked mole-rat
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Naked mole-rat queens maintain control by bullying
Sherman 1991
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Factors contributing to evolution of eusociality
• Nesting behaviors: complex nests with prolonged care for young ones
• Inbreeding: leads to very high relatedness coefficient (r)• Group defense against predation• Severely constrained breeding opportunities
NOT haplodiploidy!
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
Bob Trivers 1943 -
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals.
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals. Trivers suggested that two conditions must be met:
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals. Trivers suggested that two conditions must be met: 1. Cost must be ≤ to the benefit received.
• Cost low, benefit high
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals. Trivers suggested that two conditions must be met: 1. Cost must be ≤ to the benefit received. • otherwise they will not be favored by selection
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals. Trivers suggested that two conditions must be met: 1. Cost must be ≤ to the benefit received. • otherwise they will not be favored by selection 2. Individuals that fail to reciprocate must be punished.
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The evolution of reciprocal altruism
• this form of altruism may occur among unrelated individuals. Trivers suggested that two conditions must be met: 1. Cost must be ≤ to the benefit received. • otherwise they will not be favored by selection 2. Individuals that fail to reciprocate must be punished. • otherwise cheaters can invade the population.
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Trivers proposed that three factors might facilitate reciprocal alturism:
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Trivers proposed that three factors might facilitate reciprocal alturism:
1. Groups are stable
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Trivers proposed that three factors might facilitate reciprocal alturism:
1. Groups are stable 2. Opportunities for altruism are numerous
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Trivers proposed that three factors might facilitate reciprocal alturism:
1. Groups are stable 2. Opportunities for altruism are numerous 3. Altruists interact in symmetrical situations
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Blood-sharing in vampire bats
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Blood-sharing in vampire bats
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Va9ull44yw
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Blood-sharing in vampire bats
Wilkinson 1984
Displaying both reciprocal altruism and kin selection