Biodiversity Project IUCN June 2015

Manda Wilderness Bio-Diversity Project

April 2015 – March 2017

Phase 2

Between 95 and99% of thesespecies areendemic to theLake / Naturallynot foundanywhere else.

Lake Niassa

Our Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) Home to an estimated 1000 freshwater fish species

≈ 15% of the world’s total. 104 of thesespecies areconsideredthreatened bythe InternationalUnion for theConservation ofNature (IUCN).

(See our species cards for information on some of the threatened species that the Manda Wilderness Biodiversity Project aims to protect)

…As well as agreat diversityof smallmammals,reptiles,amphibians,insects andflora.

The Lake´s Hinterland

Home toAfrica´s flagshipspecies such asthe buffalo,elephant,leopard andsable antelope,to name a few…

Recognized for its local bird populations…

And its role as a staging post for migratory birds flying between Africa and Europe.

The Lake´s PeopleLake Niassa has been vital to thesustenance of the surroundingpopulations' livelihoods through activitiessuch as fishing, agriculture, animal rearing,hunting, trade and handicrafts.

Despite national and international efforts,the lake continues to face severe threats,primarily due to overharvesting andsiltation.

On one hand, because fresh and dried fishfrom the lake provides the main source ofdietary protein for the human populations.

On the other, because although the civilwar in Mozambique did leave the alreadyremote region of the country sparselypopulated, human populations have beenreturning in the past 20 years increasingdeforestation and agricultural expansion.

Our Objective:

Partner with the Lake´s people

Understand and improve their livelihood activities

Protect the Lake´s Hinterland

Protect the Lake

The Villages that we partner with:

MWAP:CEPF Project

Headquarters

Our Approach… In a NUTShell

EcologicalFarmingTraining

Enhancementof Social Capital

SchoolGarden

Programme

EconomicAssessment

Input in Long-Term

ConservationPlan

International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN)Species Designation

All of the information for the species displayed for the Manda Wilderness Biodiversity Project was compiled from the IUCN Website:http://www.iucnredlist.org/. The IUCN Red List Terms and Conditions of Use (version 2.1) were thus accepted since the date on which thewebsite was first used to access the information. All of the information on the species is solely for educational purposes (non-commercial).

http://www.iucnredlist.org/

Aulonocara hansbaenschi Aulonocara Fort MaguireKingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA ACTINOPTERYGII PERCIFORMES CICHLIDAEVU

Species Authority: Meyer, Riehl & Zetzsche, 1987

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in the rockyhabitat at 4–6 m where it prefers to dwellnear holes and crevices formed in therocks. Spawning occurs in the caves. Feedson small invertebrates in the sand.

Major Threat(s): Restricted range. Potentiallocalized over-fishing

Conservation Actions: Partly enclosedwithin the Lake Malawi National Park.

Aulonocara korneliae Aulonocara ChizumuluKingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA ACTINOPTERYGII PERCIFORMES CICHLIDAE


Habitat and Ecology: Occurs over rocky habitatbut it forages over sand where it feeds oninvertebrates. It prefers water of 10 m depth.Females congregate in foraging schools thatusually number more than 20 individuals. Malesdefend territories at the edge of sand and rocks.Territories are central around a cave amongrocks or at a horizontal space between asuspended rock and the sand.

Major Threat(s): Fishing; aquarium trade.

Conservation Actions: No information available.

VU

Aulonocara steveni Pale Usisya AulonocaraVU

Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family



Habitat and Ecology: Occurs at about 10 mdepth. Males are territorial while females aresolitary, or occur in groups close to maleterritories. Feeds on small invertebrates fromthe substrate.

Major Threat(s): Fishing; aquarium trade.

Conservation Actions: No informationavailable.

Copadichromis geertsiVU



Species Authority: Konings, 1999

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in intermediate habitatsat depths ranging between 25–50 m. Rarely found inshallower waters. Females sometimes observedforaging in groups in the open water and singleindividuals can be found in between males'territories. Feeds on particulate matter taken fromthe water column. Males build cave crater nests inthe intermediate habitat at depths greater than 25m.

Mouthbrooding females swim to shallow waterwhere they release their offspring among the schoolsof juvenile utaka commonly found above nests ofkampango (Bagrus meridionalis).

Major Threat(s): Potentially over-fishing. Sedimentation.

Conservation Actions: None.

Copadichromis nkatae

cichlide38.free.fr

VUKingdom Phylum Class Order Family


Species Authority: (Iles, 1960)

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in both rockyand sandy areas. Feeds mainly onzooplankton, but also ingestsphytoplankton. Regularly caught on sandyshores by beach seines (July toSeptember).

Major Threat(s): Beach seines - use ofsmall meshes.


http://cichlide38.free.fr/version-anglaise/copadichromis-gb.htm

Copadichromis verduyniVU




Habitat and Ecology: Common in rockyand intermediate habitats at depthsbetween 7–40 m.

Females and breeding males are found inlarge schools feeding on plankton in themid-water. This species also feeds fromrocky and sandy substrates.

Males do not construct a nest but ratherdefend territories over rock and sand.Breeding occurs throughout the year.

Major Threat(s): Potentially over-fishing. Collection for the aquariumtrade.


Copadichromis trewavasae

malawicichlids.com




Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in theintermediate habitat at depths of 10–30 m.Frequently found in sediment rich areaswith muddy deposits covering the substrate.Feeds on particulate matter from the watercolumn.

This species constructs a cave crater nestunder and against a small rock. This speciesis very popular among aquarists.

Major Threat(s): Potential Over-fishing. Collection for the aquariumtrade.

Conservation Actions: None

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB0&url=http://malawicichlids.com/mw08021a.htm&ei=wAJ3VbL8L7OM7Aa9jIBQ&bvm=bv.95039771,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNEeJ_6MjaHtjMmQgMnDBYRo2QB-sQ&ust=1433949079580485

Pseudotropheus tursiopsKingdom Phylum Class Order Family


Species Authority: Burgess & Axelrod, 1975

VU

Habitat and Ecology: Observed in the upper partof the sediment free rocky shore habitat on themore exposed shores at a mean depth of 5 m.Feeds in a horizontal position biting off loosealgae from the rock surface. Its pointed snoutallows it to penetrate narrow spaces and cracksinaccessible to other fishes.

Territorial males are seen throughout the yeardefending their territories aggressively against allintruders. Some females are solitary while othersare territorial. Spawning occurs inside the male'snest, which consists of a shelter between somerocks. Its max. size: 11 cm.

Major Threat(s): Restricted range.Localised over-fishing.


Pseudotropheus saulosiVU




Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in thesurf zone of the sediment free rockyshore habitat. Females are often seenin large feeding groups consisting ofmore than 50 individuals.

Feeds on algae, which it nibbles fromthe rock surface.

Males are aggressive in defendingtheir territories against conspecificmales.

Major Threat(s): Restricted range.Localized over-fishing.


Melanochromis johannii

www.aquariumdomain.com

VU



Species Authority: (Eccles, 1973)

Habitat and Ecology: Found in theintermediate habitat mostly near rocksat about 5 m depth. Feeds from bothrocky and sand substrate as well as onsuspended matter in the water column.

Breeding may occur in the cold season(May–July). Males do not showterritoriality but chase conspecific malesin breeding colouration from theforaging ground.

Major Threat(s): Subsistencefishing. Collection for the aquariumtrade. Competition fromtranslocated species.


https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCNvp47PgjMYCFWhK2wodmXEAEg&url=http://www.aquariumdomain.com/viewFreshwaterAfricanCichlid.php?id%3D71&ei=DS18VZuvNeiU7QaZ44GQAQ&bvm=bv.95515949,d.ZGU&psig=AFQjCNEFeNKG2Kv70Qpwwvfh2JIVzHHsUQ&ust=1434287665987504

Melanochromis perileucos

africancichlidforum.com



Species Authority: Bowers & Stauffer, 1997

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in rockyhabitats as well as the intermediatehabitat. Feeds on algae growing onsubstrate as well as on plankton.

Major Threat(s): Subsistence fishing.Competition from translocatedspecies. Sedimentation.


https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB1qFQoTCM7G7vTljMYCFcMX2wod-HEAvQ&url=http://africancichlidforum.com/forums/lofiversion/index.php/t4719.html&ei=1DJ8Vc6MIcOv7Ab444HoCw&psig=AFQjCNGY_30_rIPBQ8OTFrHnepfTOA4LWA&ust=1434289099129795

Opsaridium microlepis Lake salmonen


ANIMALIA CHORDATA ACTINOPTERYGII CYPRINIFORMES CYPRINIDAE

Species Authority: (Günther, 1864)

Habitat and Ecology: A lacustrine species, living in the pelagic zone of the lake.Juveniles remain close inshore and near the river mouths. The adults arepiscivourous, feeding on small pelagic fishes. Young fish feed on plankton, insectsand other small organic matter. It migrates up rivers from the lake to spawn duringthe rainy season.

Spawning mainly takes place at night andrequires well-oxygenated flowing waters andsilt free gravel. Spawning takes place in veryshallow water and occurs over an extendedperiod during and after the rains.

Opsaridium microlepis Lake salmon (continued)

enKingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA ACTINOPTERYGII CYPRINIFORMES CYPRINIDAE

Species Authority: (Günther, 1864)

Major Threat(s): Over-fishing: extremely high mortalities of adults during spawning runs due tototal blocking of rivers with gill nets and weirs as well as drifting gillnets. This prevents upstreammigration in low rainfall years. Fish poisoning is widely practised although illegal. Deterioration ofspawning grounds due to siltation from soil erosion (bad land practice as well as deforestationalong rivers). Water abstraction for irrigation purposes during dry season hampers downstreammovement of young fish.

Conservation Actions: One major river where this species breeds is the Bua river, which runsthrough the Nkhota Kota game reserve (Central Malawi). This is the only river where the spawninggrounds are protected (as the surrounding woodlands are protected from deforestation). Theheadwaters of the North Rukuru river are also protected within the Nyika National Park — there ishowever increasing land clearance between the park and the spawning grounds. The Linthipe river,a major spawning river, is unprotected, receiving untreated effluent from Lilongwe. The status of'mpasa' rivers in Tanzania and Mozambique is Unknown.

Oreochromis karongae Chambo / Tilapiaen



Species Authority: (Trewavas, 1941)

Major Threat(s): Over-fishing: the chambo(tilapia) are the most valuable food fishes inMalawi. Populations collapsed in the 1990sas a result of over-fishing.


Oreochromis karongae (coninued)




Habitat and Ecology: This is one of the three 'Chambo' species endemic to Lake Malawi. Likeother species of the subgenus Nyasalapia, males of O. karongae develop long branchedgenital 'tassels' that serve as egg dummies. Territorial male O. karongae are jet black, with awhite dorsal fin margin.

O. karongae can be seen in loose shoals in many areas of the lake. They feed by rasping thesurfaces of rocks and weeds and by sifting sediment and also feeding in the water column.They eat mainly algae, detritus and zooplankton. Max. size: 37 cm TL (Total Length).

The breeding season runs from July to March, peaking around September and again inFebruary. In Lake Malombe there is just a single peak around July to October. Like otherOreochromis they are maternal mouthbrooders. Males dig large spawning platforms inwaters ranging from the shallows down to depths of at least 28 m. Like other chambo, theyconstruct a slightly raised bowl-shaped central spawning cone inside the larger pit.

Oreochromis lidole Chambo / Tilapiaen




Habitat and Ecology: O. lidole is believed to be the chambo species most adaptedto deep water and feeding in the water column. It feeds on algae, detritus andzooplankton.

The breeding season runs from September to March, peaking from October toFebruary. Like other Oreochromis, they are maternal mouthbrooders. Males diglarge spawning pits at depths of 17 m (50 feet) or more. These spawning pits canbe up to 3 m in diameter, with central platforms as much as 75 cm wide. Breedingstarts at about 28 cm TL at three years old.

The spawning areas are located in deeper water than for the other two species, offclean sandy or rocky shores. Max. size: 38 cm TL.

Oreochromis lidole (continued)




Major Threat(s): Over-fishing. As O.karongae its population has been decliningsince 1990.


Cynotilapia zebroides Mini-zebra

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in rockyhabitats in shallow water. It excavatestunnels in the substratum and carriespebbles to guard the entrance of thesetunnels.

Major Threat(s): Potential over-fishing.Collection for the aquarium trade.

Conservation Actions: None in place.



Species Authority: (Johnson, 1975)

VU

Labidochromis chisumluaeVU



Species Authority: Lewis, 1982

Habitat and Ecology: This species occurs inthe sediment rich intermediate habitats indepths ranging from 3–20 m.

Its diet consists of invertebrates.

Spawning occurs at any site in the habitat.Max. size: Males attain a maximum lengthof about 8 cm and females approximately6 cm.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation.Collection for the aquarium trade;and, potentially, over-fishing.


Labidochromis flavigulis Chisumulu pearlVU



Species Authority: Lewis,1982

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in theintermediate habitat in shallow water.Territorial males dig spawning nestsunderneath small rocks heaping sand infront of the entrance.

Females and juveniles move around insmall foraging groups or singly. Thisspecies feeds on algae from the rocksurface. Max. size: 8 cm.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation.Collection for the aquarium trade; and,potentially, over-fishing.


Labidochromis freibergiVU



Species Authority: Johnson, 1974

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in therocky habitat, in turbulent waters atdepths of between 2–10 m. Feeds onaufwuchs attached to rocks by usingits slender long teeth to graze algae.Territorial males occur all year rounddefending small caves in the rockyhabitat. Females and immature malesmove through the biotope feeding onthe aufwuchs from different localities.Max. size: 7 cm.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation.Collection for the aquarium trade; and,potentially, over-fishing.


Labidochromis gigasVU



Species Authority: Lewis,1982

Habitat and Ecology: Common in thesediment free rocky habitat preferringdepths of 5-20 m. It can, however, occur todepths of 30 m. Feeds from the biocover onalgae. Males are territorial, defending smallcaves among rocks and feeding within theirterritories.

Major Threat(s): No information available.


Labidochromis lividus




Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in the shallowwater in the intermediate habitat. Asecretive species that feeds on algae fromthe biocover. Territorial males have beenobserved throughout the year defendingcaves among the rocky habitat.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation. Fishing.

Conservation Actions: None known.

Labidochromis zebroidesVU




Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in sedimentfree habitat, especially the wave beatenupper part.

Occurs at a depth of 3 m. Feeds on algaeand insects. Males are territorial and defendsites inside caves or cracks. Females arerarely seen: they remain between rocks.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation; Fishing.


Maylandia auroraKingdom Phylum Class Order Family


Species Authority: (Burgess, 1976)

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in the intermediatezone in shallow water and is common along thesand interface.

Occasionally found in purely rocky habitat. Thisspecies is numerous between 2–5 m depth andhas not been recorded below 8 m depth.

Males are territorial throughout the year. Maleterritories consist of a site on the sand near a rockwhere they dig tunnel nests beneath the rockswhere spawning occurs. Females and non-breeding males occur singly or in foraging groups.Diet includes loose algae from the substrata aswell as plankton. Max recorded size: 11 cm (TL).

Major Threat(s): Collection for theaquarium trade, subsistence fishing, andsedimentation.


VU

Maylandia callainosKingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA ACTINOPTERYGII PERCIFORMES CICHLIDAE VU


Habitat and Ecology: Occurs along therocky shores and rock outcroppings. Feedson loose algae, which it scrapes from therocks. It is a polymorphic cichlid known as"Cobalt Zebra" in the aquarium trade. Max.size: 8.01 cm (SL – Standard length,excluding the caudal fin).

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation. Collectionfor the aquarium trade. Subsistence fishing.


Maylandia estherae Red Zebra

acuarioadictos.com



Species Authority: (Konings, 1995)

Habitat and Ecology: Occurs in sedimentfree rocky habitats, with the highestpopulation density in water less than 10 mdeep.

Males are territorial and defend areasabout 1 m in diameter. Feeds on algaefrom the rock surface at an angle of 90degrees with the substrate. It is apolymorphic cichlid. Max. size: Largestrecorded individual is 9.77 cm in totallength.

Major Threat(s): Sedimentation.Collection for the aquarium trade.Subsistence fishing.


VU

https://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAYQjB0&url=http://acuarioadictos.com/maylandia-estherae/&ei=cPmDVYPQFsWV7AbQ6qDwAg&psig=AFQjCNFMJxRbBHaZ1ww8DoI0neX-Y_zPAA&ust=1434798694329815

Melanochromis cyaneorhabdosKingdom Phylum Class Order Family


Species Authority: Bowers & Stauffer, 1997

Habitat and Ecology: Observed over small tomedium sized rocks at between 5–10 mdepth. Feeds on zooplankton and epibenthicinvertebrates.

Major Threat(s): Subsistence fishing.Competition from translocated species.


VU

Melanochromis joanjohnsonae Pearl of LikomaKingdom Phylum Class Order Family



Habitat and Ecology: Inhabitsrocky biotopes preferring theupper 4 m of the rocky habitat.

It feeds on invertebrates from thebiocover as well as algae.

Breeding males occur all yearround. The males possess aforaging territory of about 3 m indiameter.

Major Threat(s): Subsistence fishing.Collection for the aquarium trade.Competition from translocated species.

VU

Panthera pardus LeopardNT


ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA FELIDAE

Species Authority: (Linnaeus, 1758)

Habitat and Ecology: The leopard has the widest habitattolerance of any Old World felid, ranging from rainforest todesert.

In Africa, they are most successful in woodland, grasslandsavanna and forest but also occur widely in mountain habitats,coastal scrub, swampy areas, shrubland, semi-desert and desert.They range from sea level to as much as 4,600 m on Mt Kenya(Hunter et al.).

Leopards have extremely catholic diets including more than 90 species in sub-Saharan Africa,ranging from arthropods to large antelope. Densities vary with habitat, prey availability, and degreeof threat, from fewer than one per 100 km² to over 30 per 100 km², with highest densities obtainedin protected East and southern African mesic woodland savannas (Hunter et al.).

Panthera pardus Leopard (continued)NT


ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA FELIDAE

Species Authority: (Linnaeus, 1758)

Major Threat(s): Throughout Africa, the major threats to Leopard are habitatconversion and intense persecution, especially in retribution for real andperceived livestock loss (Ray et al.2005. Nonetheless, Leopard are somewhattolerant of habitat conversion, and may persist close to large humanpopulations provided they have suitable cover and prey (Hunter et al. in press).

Leopard come into conflict with people across their range. A rapidly increasingthreat to Leopards is the poisoning of carcasses targeting carnivores, either asa means of predator control or incidentally.

The impact of trophy hunting on populations is unclear, but may have impacts at the demographic and populationlevel, especially when females are shot. In Tanzania, which allows only males to be hunted, females comprised 28.6%of 77 trophies shot between 1995 and 1998 (Spong et al. 2000).

Skins and canines are still widely traded domestically in some central and West African countries where parts areused in traditional rituals and sold openly in villages and cities (Hunter et al.). Djibouti is an important conduit forLeopard skins from East Africa that are bought mainly by French military personnel and carried illegally to Europe.

Lycaon pictus African wild dogen


ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA CANIDAE

Species Authority: (Temminck, 1820)

Habitat and Ecology: African Wild Dogs are generalist predators, occupying a range ofhabitats including short-grass plains, semi-desert, bushy savannas and upland forest.While early studies in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania, led to a belief that AfricanWild Dogs were primarily an open plains species, more recent data indicate that theyreach their highest densities in thicker bush (e.g., Selous Game Reserve, Tanzania;Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe; and northern Botswana). Several relictpopulations occupy dense upland forest (e.g., Harenna Forest, Ethiopia; Malcolm andSillero-Zubiri 2001). African Wild Dogs have been recorded in desert (Lhotse 1946)(although most desert populations are now extirpated), but not in lowland forest. Itappears that their current distribution is limited primarily by human activities and theavailability of prey, rather than by the loss of a specific habitat type.

African Wild Dogs mostly hunt medium-sized antelope. Whereas they weigh 20–30 kg, their prey average around 50 kg, and may beas large as 200 kg. In most areas their principal prey are Impala (Aepyceros melampus), Greater Kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros),Thomson's Gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) and Common Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus). They will give chase of larger species,such as Common Eland (Tragelaphus oryx) and African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer), but rarely kill such prey. Small antelope, such as Dik-dik (Madoqua spp.), Steenbok (Raphicerus campestris) and Duiker (tribe Cephalophini) are important in some areas, and warthogs(Phacochoerus spp.) are also taken in some populations. African Wild Dogs also take very small prey such as hares, lizards and eveneggs, but these make a very small contribution to their diet.

Lycaon pictus African wild dog (continued)en


ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CARNIVORA CANIDAE

Species Authority: (Temminck, 1820)

Major Threat(s): The principal threat to African Wild Dogs is habitat fragmentation, which increases their contact with people and domesticanimals, resulting in human-wildlife conflict and transmission of infectious disease. The important role played by human-induced mortalityhas two long-term implications. First, it makes it likely that, outside protected areas, African Wild Dogs may be unable to coexist withincreasing human populations unless land use plans and other conservation actions are implemented. Second, African Wild Dog rangingbehaviour leads to a very substantial "edge effect", even in large reserves. Simple geometry dictates that a reserve of 5,000 km² contains nopoint more than 40 km from its borders – a distance well within the range of distances travelled by a pack of African Wild Dogs in their usualranging behaviour. Thus, from an African Wild Dog's perspective, a reserve of this size (fairly large by most standards) would be all edge. Ashuman populations rise around reserve borders, the risks to African Wild Dogs venturing outside are also likely to increase. Under theseconditions, only the very largest unfenced reserves will be able to provide any level of protection for African Wild Dogs. In South Africa,“predator proof” fencing around small reserves has proved reasonably effective at keeping dogs confined to the reserve, but such fencing isnot 100% effective (Davies-Mostert et al. 2009) and is unlikely to be long-term beneficial for wildlife communities.

Even in large, well-protected reserves, or in stable populations remaining largely independent of protected areas (as in northern Botswana),African Wild Dogs live at low population densities. Predation by Lions, and perhaps competition with Spotted Hyaenas, contribute to keepingAfrican Wild Dog numbers below the level that their prey base could support. Such low population density brings its own problems. Suchsmall populations are vulnerable to extinction. "Catastrophic" events such as outbreaks of epidemic disease may drive them to extinctionwhen larger populations have a greater probability of recovery – such an event seems to have led to the local extinction of the small AfricanWild Dog population in the Serengeti ecosystem on the Kenya-Tanzania border. Problems of small population size will be exacerbated if, asseems likely, small populations occur in small reserves or habitat patches. As discussed above, animals inhabiting such areas suffer a strong"edge effect". Thus, small populations might be expected to suffer disproportionately high mortality as a result of their contact with humansand human activity.

Nectarinia neergardiKingdom Phylum Class Order Family

ANIMALIA CHORDATA AVES PASSERIFORMES NECTARINIIDAE

Species Authority: (Grant, 1908)

NT

Habitat and Ecology: This species is a sometimes common, but nomadic,species of woodland, especially dry, dense forest on sandy soil. It alsoinhabits coastal scrubland and has been recorded in isolated trees inclearings and villages (Cheke and Mann 2001).

It is found only at low elevations and apparently avoids fragmented coastalforest (Clancey 1985). It consumes nectar, small insects and spiders (Chekeand Mann 2001). The nest, in which a clutch-size of two has beenrecorded, is suspended from a tree and made of cream-coloured fibrousmaterial, feathers and down, and camouflaged with insect larvae andother debris. Observations suggest that breeding activity occurs inSeptember-January and possibly July (Cheke and Mann 2001).

Major Threat(s): In southern Mozambique, the species's coastal forest habitat is highly threatened,particularly by commercial logging and afforestation with non-native tree species (Parker 1999).

Biodiversity Project IUCN June 2015

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Transcript of Biodiversity Project IUCN June 2015