Biodiversity. How do Biotic and Abiotic factors affect communities?
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Transcript of Biodiversity. How do Biotic and Abiotic factors affect communities?
Biodiversity
How do Biotic and Abiotic factors affect communities?
Variety is the Key…
Biodiversity is one of Earth’s greatest natural resources.
Provides food, industrial products, medicines The sum of the genetically based variety of
all organisms in the biosphere. 1.5 million species currently….millions more
yet to be discovered.
Habitat Alteration
Species vanish as a result Attributed to development
– Habitat fragmentation
Biomagnification
Conservation Biology
Preserving Earth’s biodiversity for future generations.
Maintaining ecological relationships– Preserving wildlife and habitats
What’s an invasive species?
Nonnative Causes environmental or economic harm or
harm to human health
Why are Invasive Species Such a Terrible Thing?
Ecological Harm– Displacement of Native Species
Competition for food, habitat– No Natural Predators = population explosion– Alter food webs
Monopolize food sources Prey on other animals
– Vector for nonnative diseases , parasites, etc.
Economic Harm– Destroy Crops– Urban pests
Human Health– New diseases, parasites…
How do they get here?
Some invade on their own Most are relocated by people either
intentionally or on accident
Why is Illinois Vulnerable?
Both natural rivers and channels connect us to the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River
O’Hare Airport is one of the busiest in the U.S.
“On a global basis…the two great destroyers of biodiversity are, first habitat destruction and, second, invasion by exotic species”
-E.O. Wilson
Zebra Mussels
Introduced to U.S. in 1988 by means of ballast water– Attach to hard surfaces (boat bottoms) and continue to spread
Produce millions of offspring annually Have caused declines in native clam and mussel populations
– Take over habitat Compete with small fish for plankton Clog pipes-industries spend millions annually removing them
– Power plants cooling pipes– Irrigation systems– Water treatment plants
Distribution of the Zebra Mussel by 2006
http://nas.er.usgs.gov/output/NAS_Interactive_US_SF_FLGVWDMZ014412033167862.png
The European Starling
1890 introduced by Eugene Schiffelin– New Yorker– Shakespeare fanatic– Imported 60 birds and released them in Central Park– Now we have 200 million
Negative Impacts– Outcompete natives such as the eastern bluebird and
purple marten– Natives fly south for the winter and starlings take their nests– Habitat generalists closely associated with humans– Agricultural pest-feed on grain
Distribution of the European Starling
Alliaria petiolataGarlic Mustard
European origin Introduced in the 1800s to the United States by
settlers. Uses:
A vegetable for its high Vitamin A and C content. A garlic-flavored herb in cooking. Planted to prevent erosion. For medicinal purposes, treating gangrene and ulcers.
Habitat
Frequently occurs in moist, shaded soil of – river floodplains– Forests– Roadsides– edges of woods and trails edges – forest openings
Disturbed areas are most susceptible to rapid invasion and dominance
Distribution
First year growth
Second year growth
Ecological Impact
A severe threat to native plants and animals in forest communities in much of the eastern and midwestern U.S.
Once introduced to an area, garlic mustard outcompetes native plants by aggressively monopolizing light, moisture, nutrients, soil and space.
Lythrum salicaria Purple Loosestrife
Eurasian origin Introduced in the 1800s to Canada by
settlers. Uses:
Ornamental For medicinal purposes, treating diarrhea,
dysentery, bleeding, wounds, ulcers and sores.
Distribution
Appearance
10 Years of Time
Ecological Impact
Adapts readily to natural and disturbed wetlands
Outcompetes and replaces native grasses Reduces habitat for waterfowl.
Invasive Insects
Asian Long-Horned Beetle - Damage
Destroys a wide varirty of trees including Norway, Boxelder, and Sugar Maples
Eggs deposited in lower area of trunks- female chews a little hole to lay eggs in.
Larvae feed under bark Mature larvae burrow
winding galleries through the heartwood until they emerge
Asian Long-Horned Beetle - Control
Only current control is to cut down trees in affected area
Can look for the oviposition scars to identify trees before the beetle emerges
Winding galleries
So…
What Characteristics make all these species invasive
Common Characteristics to all invasive species
Widespread High reproductive rate Generalist Rapid Dispersal
What you are going to do…
Create a business plan for an invasive species of your own
– Draw species and color it– Name it (be creative)– Why are you invasive (include 3 characteristics)? What’s
your plan of attack? Tell us where you came from and how you got to your biome.
– Why are you invading that biome? What abiotic factors are so appealing to you?
-Project what the biome will look like in the future with you present How is your presence influencing the species diversity and genetic diversity of your biome?
– Be prepared to share with the class