Biodiversity

BIODIVERSITY

04/22/23 Source: Confidential 2

WHEN IS BIODIVERSITY DAY ?

BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY

“The variability of all species of plants, animals & microorganisms together with the ecosystem in which they thrive”.

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About 1.75 million species have been identified till date, while many more species are believed to exist.

According to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) estimate, approximately 9.0 – 52 million of species exist on Earth

India’s position is 10th in the world & 4th in Asia in terms of Plant diversity.

Levels of Biodiversity

Levels of Biodiversity

• Genetic diversity

• Species diversity

• Ecosystem diversity

• Genetic diversity

• Species diversity

• Ecosystem diversity

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Genetic Diversity

• Genetic diversity refers to the variation of

genes within species. – This covers genetic variation between distinct

populations of the same species. – It also covers genetic variation within a

population.

• Genetic diversity can be measured using a variety of DNA-based and other techniques.

• Genetic diversity refers to the variation of

genes within species. – This covers genetic variation between distinct

populations of the same species. – It also covers genetic variation within a

population.

• Genetic diversity can be measured using a variety of DNA-based and other techniques.

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Species Diversity

• Species diversity is measured in relation to a given area. It can be assessed in terms of the number of species or the range of different types of species an area contains.

• So far, 1.7 million species have been described worldwide.

• Estimates of the total number of species on Earth range from 5 to 100 million.

• Species diversity is measured in relation to a given area. It can be assessed in terms of the number of species or the range of different types of species an area contains.

• So far, 1.7 million species have been described worldwide.

• Estimates of the total number of species on Earth range from 5 to 100 million.

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Ecosystem Diversity Ecosystem Diversity

• Ecosystem diversity encompasses the broad

differences between ecosystem types, and the

diversity of habitats and ecological processes

occurring within each ecosystem type.

• Different physical settings favor very different

communities of species.

• Ecosystem diversity encompasses the broad

differences between ecosystem types, and the

diversity of habitats and ecological processes

occurring within each ecosystem type.

• Different physical settings favor very different

communities of species.

Sand Dune

Forest

Mountain Meadow

Coastal ecosystem

Arid ecosystem

ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY

Generation of soils and maintenance of soil quality Maintenance of air quality Maintenance of water quality Pest control Detoxification and decomposition of wastes Pollination and crop production Climate stabilization Prevention and mitigation of natural disasters Provision of food security Provision of health care Income generation Spiritual/cultural value

Importance of Biodiversity

VALUES OF BIODIVERSITY Consumptive Use – food, clothing, shelter, medicines,

proteins, enzymes, papers, sports goods, musical instruments, beverages, and trade concern

Productive Use – domesticated agricultural crops, medicines, Oxygen, Rainfall, energy, climatic control etc.

Social Value – Religious and social activities Ethical Value – Designs, nests, and duty to preserve and

protecting biodiversity based on high moral principles. (Cloning, Bio Piracy, Smuggling etc.)

Aesthetic Value – bird watching, nature photography, national parks, eco tourism, appreciation of natural beauty

Optional value – Choice to take varieties of food, discovery of new species, wealth from waste, recharging of ground water etc.

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India as a mega diverse nation India as a mega diverse nation

• India is home to 33% of the life forms

• 12 mega-diverse countries of the world.

• 2% of the world’s landmass

• 8% of the biodiversity of the world.

• 10 biogeographic zones

• 26 biotic provinces

• 33 Botanical Gardens,

• 89 national parks,

• 275 zoos, 504 sanctuaries and 17 biosphere reserves

• 47,000 species of plants and 81,000 species of animals

• 60% of this wealth can be found in the Western Ghats

• India is home to 33% of the life forms

• 12 mega-diverse countries of the world.

• 2% of the world’s landmass

• 8% of the biodiversity of the world.

• 10 biogeographic zones

• 26 biotic provinces

• 33 Botanical Gardens,

• 89 national parks,

• 275 zoos, 504 sanctuaries and 17 biosphere reserves

• 47,000 species of plants and 81,000 species of animals

• 60% of this wealth can be found in the Western Ghats


The important features that contribute to India’s rich biodiversity

are

I. Physiography of India

II. Variety in elevation and local climate

III. Wetlands

IV.Forests

V. Marine Environment

Biogeographic regions of India

International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

Extinct (EX) -Extinct (EX) - A Species is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.

ExtinctExtinct in Wild (EW) -in Wild (EW) - A taxon is Extinct in the wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range.

Critically Endangered (CR) -Critically Endangered (CR) - A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the immediate future, as defined by any of the criteria.

Endangered (EN) Endangered (EN) - A taxon is endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future, as defined by any of the criteria.

IUCN Red List Categories:IUCN Red List Categories:

VulnerableVulnerable (VUVU) - A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the criteria.

LowerLower RiskRisk (LRLR) - A taxon is Lower Risk when it has been evaluated, does not qualify for any of the threatened categories Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable or Data Deficient (LR/nt- near threatened, Lr/lc- least concerned, LR/cd-conservation dependent).

NearNear ThreatenedThreatened (NTNT): A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for, or is likely to qualify for, a threatened category in the near future.

LeastLeast ConcernConcern (LCLC) A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.

Data Deficient (DD) A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its

distribution and/or population status.

Not Evaluated (NE) A taxon is Not Evaluated when it is has not yet been assessed against the criteria.

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Endemic Species of India Endemic Species of India

• Endemics (E) Species restricted to a particular geographical

area or ecosystem. Endemic species is a species native

species available in only one place.

• Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus)

• Nilgiri leaf monkey (Trachypithecus johni)

• Brown palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni)

• Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)

• Endemics (E) Species restricted to a particular geographical

area or ecosystem. Endemic species is a species native

species available in only one place.

• Lion-tailed macaque (Macaca silenus)

• Nilgiri leaf monkey (Trachypithecus johni)

• Brown palm civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni)

• Nilgiri tahr (Hemitragus hylocrius)

Endangered Species:

Endangered Species:

According to The International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the species that considered in imminent danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely, if factors causing their decline continue to operate.

Out of about 47,000 species of plants in our country, 7000 are endemic

India contains 172 species of animals considered globally threatened by IUCN, or 2.9% of the world’s total number of threatened species.

These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23 reptiles and 3 amphibians

As many as 3,000- 4,000 higher plants may be under high degree of threat in India

According to The International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), the species that considered in imminent danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely, if factors causing their decline continue to operate.

Out of about 47,000 species of plants in our country, 7000 are endemic

India contains 172 species of animals considered globally threatened by IUCN, or 2.9% of the world’s total number of threatened species.

These include 53 species of mammals, 69 birds, 23 reptiles and 3 amphibians

As many as 3,000- 4,000 higher plants may be under high degree of threat in India

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Exotic Species• The species which are non native and come to the

other countries by some artificial or natural mechanism (Dominate the native varieties)

• The species which are non native and come to the other countries by some artificial or natural mechanism (Dominate the native varieties)

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A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction.

An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at least 0.5% of plant species as endemic.

There are 25 such hot spots of biodiversity on a global level, out of which two are present in India.

These are: Indo- Burma (earlier The Eastern Himalayas) and The western Ghats & Sri Lanka..

These hot spots covering less than 2% of the world’s land area are found to have about 50% of the terrestrial biodiversity.

A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction.

An area is designated as a hot spot when it contains at least 0.5% of plant species as endemic.

There are 25 such hot spots of biodiversity on a global level, out of which two are present in India.

These are: Indo- Burma (earlier The Eastern Himalayas) and The western Ghats & Sri Lanka..

These hot spots covering less than 2% of the world’s land area are found to have about 50% of the terrestrial biodiversity.

Hot- spots of BiodiversityHot- spots of Biodiversity

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Loss of Biodiversity

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Habitat Fragmentation

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The two basic approaches to wildlife conservation in protected habitats are:

1) In- situ conservation and 2) Ex- situ conservation.

The two basic approaches to wildlife conservation in protected habitats are:

1) In- situ conservation and 2) Ex- situ conservation.

In- situ conservation: It simply means conservation of species in its natural ecosystem

or even in man made ecosystems. This strategy emphasizes protection of total ecosystem through a

network of “protected area”. Protected Areas: an area of land and/or sea specially dedicated

to the protection and maintenance of biological diversity and managed through legal effective means.

There are different categories of protected areas which are managed with different objectives. These include; Biosphere reserves, National parks, Wild Life Sanctuaries etc.

At present we have 11 major biosphere reserves, 80 National parks, 420 wildlife sanctuaries in our country covering 4% of the geographic area.

The JIM CORBETT National Park was 1st national park established in India.

Ex- situ conservation: It is defined as “the conservation of component of

biological diversity (Sample of genetic diversity, particularly of endangered species) outside their natural habitats”.

It involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plant and animal species under partially or wholly controlled conditions. E.g. Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Aquaria, Nurseries, DNA bank, Seed bank, Gene bank etc.

There are more than 1500 Botanical gardens in the world containing more than 80,000 species.

There are more than 800 zoos around the world with about 3,000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

Ex- situ conservation: It is defined as “the conservation of component of

biological diversity (Sample of genetic diversity, particularly of endangered species) outside their natural habitats”.

It involves maintenance and breeding of endangered plant and animal species under partially or wholly controlled conditions. E.g. Zoos, Botanical Gardens, Aquaria, Nurseries, DNA bank, Seed bank, Gene bank etc.

There are more than 1500 Botanical gardens in the world containing more than 80,000 species.

There are more than 800 zoos around the world with about 3,000 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians.

In India, we have many gene bank. The important ones are:

National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi:

Agricultural and horticultural crops and their wild varieties are preserved by cryo-preservation of seeds (at -196º C in Liquid Nitrogen), pollen etc.

National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository (NFPTCR) at NBPGR Campus New Delhi:

It has been set up for the development of a facility of conservation of varieties of crop plants/ trees by tissue culture.

In India, we have many gene bank. The important ones are:

National Bureau of Plant genetic Resources (NBPGR), New Delhi:

Agricultural and horticultural crops and their wild varieties are preserved by cryo-preservation of seeds (at -196º C in Liquid Nitrogen), pollen etc.

National Facility for Plant Tissue Culture Repository (NFPTCR) at NBPGR Campus New Delhi:

It has been set up for the development of a facility of conservation of varieties of crop plants/ trees by tissue culture.

Rapid Assessment Survey: A detailed survey has to be carried out in one season of the study area and a list of floral and faunal species by using the following methodology. Survey has to be carried out for core and buffer zones, habitat wise, forest block wise and species-wise with special emphasis on endemic, endangered and threatened species.Secondary data is also to be collected from the forest department and local villagers. Preparation of species-level exhaustive check list of flora and fauna.Preparation of conservation based action plan for onsite implementations and for proper management of the species and habitat.

Floral study Floral study Quadrate method will be followed for carrying out the

study of trees, shrubs, herbs and grasses. A detailed list of floral species will be prepared for

identifying the endangered, rare and endemic plants if any.

The specimens will be identified with the aid of standard books

Faunal study Faunal studya. Insects: i. For carryout the study of ground insects, quadrates (10m X 10m) are to be laid in various habitats. ii. The dragonflies, butterflies, other aquatic and terrestrial insects will be identified by line transect method (500m X 10m). The Specimens were identified by using various field guides and other available literature b. Herpeto fauna (Amphibians and Reptiles):Capture – re capture method will be used Reptile species were identified using “Fauna of British India” Amphibians were identified based on the keys and descriptions of available literature

Faunal study Faunal study

c. Aves: (Birds)Bird surveys will be carried out using Point count method In this method all the birds found near water bodies in every 50m will be listed out. Identification done by “A pictorial guide to the birds” by Dr. Salim Ali.d. Mammals:Mammalian surveys will be conducted through line transect method (each transect is 1km each for 5 transects in Core and 10 transects buffer regions covering all the habitats).Major mammals will be identified by direct and indirect evidences (Vocal, Scat & Pugmarks).

Biodiversity

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