Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012

7/22/2019 Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012

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An Eco-friendly Solution for Human

Waste Management

A DRDO Presentation

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Present World Scenario

According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:

About 1/7thof world population still openlydefecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine, of

which 60% live in India.

Global impact of poor sanitation on human

health and infant / child death is profound

Estimated 10 million children under 5 - die

globally every year - out of which 2.4 million are

in India.


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Worlds largest mobile toilet

The Ind ian Railways

Indian Railways

Worlds largest rail

network 115000 km

Runs 10000 trains

daily

20 million passengers

travel by train every

day

59713 passenger

coaches


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Priorities are Different

Telephone statistics - May 2012 ( Source: trai.gov.in )

Telephone Subscribers (Wireless and Landline): 960.0 million

Land Lines: 31.53 millionCell phones: 929.37 million

Monthly Cell phone Addition: 8.35 million

Tele density: 79.28%

Annual Cell phone Addition: 227.27 million

Projected Tele density: 1.159 billion, 97% of population by 2013

60% (626 million) in India do not

have toilet

This makes India the number onecountry in the world where open

defecation is practised

Indonesia with 63 million is a far

second!

Less than 10% of Gram

Panchayats in India are ODF


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Problems of Open Defecation

Pollution of fecal matter with drinking water leads to contamination of

food, fruits & vegetables, animals (direct contact, flies & rodents)

Water borne diseases

Viral gastroenteritis

Typhoid

Cholera epidemics

Diarrhoea (annually kills 5 Lakhs children)

Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)

Organic pollution

Aesthetic nuisance


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Open defecation

Individual houses toiletsdry, soak pit, twin pit & septic tank

Flush & Forget

Defecation

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Dry Pit Toilets

Most commonly used by NGOs in TSC

Ventilated Dry

pit toilet

Twin (Dry) pit

toilet

The pits needs periodical evacuationManual scavenging problem not solved


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Twin-Pit Pour-Flush Toilet (Leach Pit Toilets)

The pits are constructed in brick line

(much like a honeycomb to facilitatethe liquid to flow out) or with

perforated concrete tubes (e.g. pre-

fabricated)

A wooden or concrete slab to prevent

people falling into them The pit shape can be circular or

rectangular, but circular pits are more

stable

Pits should be placed symmetrically at

the back of the latrine pan and have aminimal distance of the pit depth to

prevent cross-contamination.

If the spacing between the two pits is to

be reduced, an impervious barrier

should be provided between themCourtesy: SSWM

Distance not

less than the

pit depth

Junction /

Inspection

chamber

Adapted fromhttp://www.k4rd.org

/ruraltech_pit.htm

[Accessed:

01.06.2010]
http://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htmhttp://www.k4rd.org/ruraltech_pit.htm


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Septic Tank

Sludge needs periodical evacuation (in case no drain more

frequent evacuation of septic tank required)

Outlet to

drain / leach

pit


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Percentage of Households Having No Latrine

India, 2001-2011

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10.5 % improvement in10 years


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Percentage of Households Having Water Closet

India, 2001-2011

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Percentage Of Households Having Pit Latrine

India, 2001-2011

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PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLDS HAVING OTHER LATRINE

INDIA, 2001-2011

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Wide variation in temperature:

-50oC to 50oC

Variety Of Terrain:

High Altitude, Hilly, Marshy, Plains, Desert,

Coastal Areas & Islands

Water Conditions:

Low / High Water Table

Dry / Flooded / Water Logged Areas

Sweet / Salty Water

Economic Constraints, Awareness, Casual

Approach And Lack Of Concern

Waste Treatment Challenges

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This comparison shows the respective fate of organic materials that are biodegraded under aerobic versusanaerobic conditions

Aerobic treatment requires energy input for aeration whereas a net energy surplus is generated during

anaerobic treatment, in the form of methane bearing biogas that can be used for various purposes

Aerobic Vs Anaerobic Biodegradation

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AEROBIC Vs. ANAEROBIC

Aerobic biodegradation Anaerobic biodegradation

Forced aeration/ agitation is essentialand is energy intensive

No aeration is required

Incomplete aeration (partial aerobic

condition) leads to foul smell

Complete anaerobic conditions

Not effective in pathogen inactivation More than 99% Pathogens inactivation

Can not tolerate detergents/ phenyl Anaerobes can even degrade detergents/

phenyl

Generates large amount of sludge Sludge generation is very less

Repeated addition of bacteria/ enzyme isrequired for the process

One time bacterial inoculation isenough

Maintenance & recurring cost is high Minimal maintenance & no recurring

cost

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STEPS IN ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

Hydrolysis

Acidogenesis

Acetogenesis

Methanogenesis

Large polymers are

converted into simpler monomers

Simple monomers are converted into

volatile fatty acids

Volatile fatty acids are converted into

acetic acid, CO2 & H2

Acetate & H2 are converted intoCH4 & CO2

Robust

Sensitive

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Anaerobic Biodegradation

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Biodegradation at Low Temperature

Traditional Systems Laddakhi Toilet

Dtl

Sub-zero Temperature (-50c) Ceases The Microbial Activity & NaturalDegradation

Challenges

Low Temperature Hilly Terrains

Limited Energy Sources

Low Oxygen

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Laboratory Findings

DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM

Screening & gradual adaptation

Isolation of psychrophilic bacteria fromAntarctica/ Siachen

BIOAUGMENTAION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM VFA degrading bacteria

Psychrophilic proteolytic bacteria CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIUM

HRT (25 days at 10C) Temp range (5-50C) Freeze-thaw resistance (two cycles)

PROCESS ENHANCEMENT Immobilization

CaCO3

Sulphate

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DRDO TECHNOLOGY - BIOTOILET

BACTERIA

(INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium

developed by acclimatization /enrichment of microbes at low

temperature and bio-augmentation

with critical group of bacteria

BIO-DIGESTER Fermentation container made of mild

steel / SS / FRP / bricks.

The dimensions and internal design

varies with no. Of users, water

availability and geo-climatic

conditions

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Types of Biodigesters

High Altitude: Metal - 1 m3 & 2 m3

FRP (Heating) - 1 M3

Rail: Stainless Steel (Ss)400 L

Plain:

FRP (Lakshadweep)700 L FRP700 L

Biotank - 1 m3, 2 m3 & 5 m3

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Biodigester Development

Metal50-60 men

FRP 50-60 men

Temp controlled: 20-25 men

: 7-10 men (Modular)

Soil Glacier

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Biodigesters

Metal Biodigesters Biodigesters at Army Transit Camp

Pang (Altitude: 15200 Ft)

Spot test for inflammability of biogas Biodigester at Siachen24


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Low Temperature Biodigesters for Soil Bound

High Altitude Areas

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M d l Bi di t f Gl i


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Modular Biodigesters for Glaciers

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T C ll d H b id


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Temperature Controlled Hybrid

Biodigester

Working at North Pullu (16400ft) since July 2006

Digester Solar Panel Grinder & Toilet Grinder

Kitchen waste and human waste degradation

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Biodigesters Installed in Plains

DRDE, Gwalior Vivekananda Needam, Gwalior

Games Village, New Delhi Model Town, New Delhi28


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No energy dependence

Affordability

Long lasting (at least 15 years)

Require minimum water for cleaning

Space constraints

All weather system

Allow use of toilet cleaning agents for better hygiene

Free of manual scavenging / evacuation and Maintenance

DRDO Bio-Digester addresses all above challenges adequately

allenges In Rural Sector - Plains

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Bi di t I I l d L k h d


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Biodigesters In Islands - Lakshadweep

12000 biotoilets are being installed

FRP: 5-6 users

Size: 700 L

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O b d T t t f H W t i


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Onboard Treatment of Human Waste in

Indian Railways

Lifeline to the nation .

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Genesis of the ork


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Trials of Microphor biotoilets (1993-

95) by Indian Railway in AC coaches

Failure due to Foul smell from tank

Cockroaches & flies infestation

Clogging of tanks

Regular dosing with Bacteria and

enzymes

Manual removal of residual solid waste

Genesis of the work

Trials with Integral Coach

factory modified biotoilets

(1995-96)

Failure due to

Visible fecal matter from the

tank

tanks getting filled non-

biodegradable waste

Foul smell

Director RDSO approached

DRDO in 2004 for the solution

in view of the expertise in the

field of bioremediation of

human waste at low

temperature areas

DRDOs Approach

Laboratory investigation

Design and fabrication

of digester

Laboratory trials

Onboard trial in

Barauni Mail

DRDO Di


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Challenges

Reactor volume constraints

Washout

Vfa accumulation

Souring

Physico-chemical changes

Laboratory findings

Immobilization

Extended reaction time

Digester designing

Single toilet

Double toilet

DRDO Digester

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Double Toilet Digester

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Single Toilet Digester

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Installed Digesters

Installed Digesters

Gwalior-Barauni Express

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Railway Biodigester

9 trains fitted with 436 biotoilets

10000 biotoilets planned for 2012-13

Retro fitment in Old Coaches (50,000)

DRDO + Indian Railways Collaborative Endeavors

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Bio digester Developed by R&DE (E) Pune


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Bio-digester Developed by R&DE (E), Pune

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iotank: A Low Cost Ecofriendly


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iotank: A Low Cost Ecofriendly

lternative to Septic Tank Size: 1/4th to 1/10th

Less space requirement

Low material/ construction

cost

Can treat bathroom/kitchen

wastewater also No foul smell

Maintenance free

BioTank

BioTank cum Reed Bed39

S i l F t f DRDO Bi t il t


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Special Features of DRDO Biotoilet

LOW SPACE REQUIREMENT

Affordable

Organic pollution reduction by

99%

Pathogen inactivation by 99%

Viability in all geoclimatic

conditions prevalent in the

country

Effluent is free from off odour

and safe for environmetal

discharge

Maintenance free, no need to

clean the tank

Permits toilet cleaning agents

Easy to transport and install

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Low space requirement

Choice of material for

fabrication / construction

BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER


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Septic Tank Biodigester/

Biotank

Biotank + Reed

bed treatment

pH 6.7-7.5 7.0-7.2 7.0-7.5

Turbidity (NTU) 500-800 70-90 2-5

Total Suspended Solids(mg/L)

150-300 90-120 50-80

TDS(mg/L) 500-850 350-450 100-300

VS (mg/100ml) 50-60 20-30 5-12

COD (mg/L) 1200-2000 250-300 15-25

BOD 5 (mg/L) 350-500 70-120 2-4

Coliforms (MPN/ml) >3000 300-350 0-12

BIODIGESTER/BIOTANK : WATER

QUALITY

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LANDMARKS

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR


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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - IR

Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) has

been signed between DRDO

and Ministry of Railways,

Government of India

MARCH 09, 2010

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO MDWS


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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO- MDWS

Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU) has

been signed between DRDO

and Ministry of Drinking

Water and Sanitation,Government of India for

successful implementation of

this technology on national

level.

JULY 26, 2012

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO - MDWS


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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO MDWS

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Inauguration at Orissa


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Inauguration at Orissa

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PMs Address at DRDO Award Function


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I was very happy to learn that DRDO in collaboration with FICCI hascommercialised bio-toilet that promises to solve the problem of open

defecation in rural India. If this green, cost effective flush and forget

technology is successfully implanted, it will give a big boost to our Total

Sanitation Campaign. Application of technology to social benefit

programmes should be expanded further.

PM s Address at DRDO Award Function

(July 2012)

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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO -GAP


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Memorandum of Understanding DRDO GAP

Memorandum of

Understanding (MoU) hasbeen signed between DRDO,

FICCI and Ganga Action

Parivar, Parmarth Niketan

for Clean Ganga Action Plan

NOVEMBER 03, 2012

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For any enquiry contact


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Mr S Radhakrishnan, Director, Directorate of Industry Interface &

Technology Management (DIITM), DRDO HQ, Rajaji Marg, New Delhi

110011

Ph No - 011-23013209

Fax 011-23793008

Email- [email protected]

Col Atul Kumar Bhat, Jt Dir, DIITM

Ph No - 011-23007443, 9582705986


Mr Nirankar Saxena, Senior Director, FICCI Federation House, Tansen

Marg, New Delhi

Ph No - 09811839174


List of the TOT holders for Bio-digester


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g

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Kohinoor Metal Industries,

Industrial Estate, Leh

Hindustan Metal Industries, Gwalior-474001

Flotech Engineering and Trading Services,Bangalore

Aikon Technologies Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi. 110 003.

Alfa Therm LimitedNew Delhi 110 064.

S.B. EquipmentsNew Delhi 110 005.

Stone India Limited (SIL)Kolkata 700 088

Mohan Rail Components (P) Ltd.,Kapurthala 144 602

Thakar Equipment CompanyNew Delhi20

Kemrock Industries & Exports Ltd.

Vadodara 391 510.

Flexo Foam Pvt. Ltd.New Delhi 110 005.

Omax Autos LimitedGurgaon 122 001 (HR).

Escorts LimitedNew Delhi -110 001.

CBS Technologies Pvt. Ltd.Delhi 110 096.

Daulat Ram IndustriesBhopal 462 023.

Darshan EnterprisesNew Delhi - 110 020.

Rail TechNew Delhi -110 055.

Rail Coach Engrs.,Kapurthala

CTS Management Services P. Ltd.,

Noida (UP) 201 301.Faiveley Transport India LimitedHosur 635 109 (T.N.)

Dass Hitachi Ltd.Ghaziabad 201 007

Saranya Electronics Ltd.Hyderabad 500 062.

Sidwal Refrigeration Ind. Ltd.

New Delhi - 62.Pushpa Enterprises,New Delhi 110 063.

Samudra Shipyard (P) Ltd.,

Aroor688 534 .(Kerala)

Alfa System & Services,

Noida- 201301

Shree Ram Raja Wood Packers,

Gwalior-474 009,

Go Green Solution Pvt., Ltd.,Nagpur 15.

Anjana Steel Industries Pvt., Ltd.,

Hoogly (WB)

A.D. Electro-Steel Co. Pvt. Ltd.,Howrah 711 113.

E-Pack Polymers,

Delhi,110 006

Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117

List of ToT Holders for Bio-digester


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Airflow Equipments (India) P. Ltd., Chennai-600117

Super Flow Engg. Corp.,

Gwalior

Maan Enviro Technologies,

Indore

Banka Enterprises

Hyderabad 500 004.

Besco Limited (Foundry Division)

Kolkata 700 071

Arkin Creations Pvt Ltd

Gurgaon-122001

LATOT TO BE FINALISED SHORTLY

1. BSA Corporation Ltd.

2. Srikar Biotech Pvt. Ltd.

3. Real India Lifetech Pvt. Ltd.4. Eram Scientific Solutions Pvt. Ltd

5. Century Pharmaceuticals

6. Mooreliving India Building Solutions LLP


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. for better Health & Hygiene

ThanksAcknowledgments:

Dr Lokendra Singh Director Life Science & Patent Holder

Dr Vijay Veer, Director, Defence Lab Tezpur

Dr Soumya Chatterjee, Defence Lab, Tezpur & Patent HolderCol Atul Bhat, DI2TM

Biodigester Drdo Dec 2012

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