Biodiesel 101 &

Technical Overview

National Biodiesel Board Technician Outreach Program

September 2009

After today’s session, you will be able to do the following:

Understand why your customers want biodiesel

Answer general questions about biodiesel that your customers may ask you

Understand the importance of quality and the BQ-9000 program

Be able to discern issues between normal diesel problems and poor quality biodiesel imposters or out-of-spec biodiesel when they hit your shop

Biodiesel Driving Forces Reduce dependence on imported crude oil and

petrodiesel from unstable parts of the world Reduce global warming by using a renewable fuel Reduce harmful emissions from diesel engines Can be used in any diesel engine without

modifications, existing fueling stations can be used Easy to use--drop in substitute for petroleum diesel fuel Produces over 3 times more energy than it takes to

grow and process the fuel Engine and vehicle companies approve the fuel for use Over 100 million miles of on-road trouble-free use both

here and abroad

National Biodiesel Board 4

Why People Want Biodiesel Energy Security

amount imported from Iraq U.S. Industry Goal:

5% on-road displacement by 2015 ≈ 1.85 BGY (met in various blend levels)

5% ≈ ¼ of diesel equivalent refined from Persian Gulf Crude or about the

Environmental benefits Biodegradable and Non-Toxic -

safer than diesel and biodegrades as fast as dextrose, a test sugar.

Greenhouse Gases – A 78% life cycle decrease in CO2 according to a USDA and DOE study.

Green Jobs 2007: 21,803 jobs 2007: $4.1 billion to GDP $26 billion to U.S. economy

by 2012 Create 38,856 new jobs in

all sectors of the economy

Renewable Fuel Standard: Requires 1 billion gallons

B100 by 2012 B5 in 2/3 of all on road

diesel! Low cost option to meet RFS

Why make biodiesel?

Diesel fuel injectors are not designed for viscous fuels like vegetable oil

Glycerin (thick)

Biodiesel

Biodiesel Defined Biodiesel, n. -- a fuel comprised of

mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, meeting ASTM D 6751, designated B100.

Biodiesel Blend, n. -- a blend of biodiesel fuel with petroleum-based diesel fuel designated BXX, where XX is the volume percent of biodiesel.• This tight definition was needed in order to secure

vehicle, engine and fuel injection equipment company support for biodiesel, as well as to secure ASTM specs

Beware of Biodiesel Imposters!

ASTM D6751 Definition Eliminates: Coal Slurries Raw Vegetable Oils and Fats Non-Esterified Oils Hydro-treated Oils and Fats Proprietary Veg Oil / Ethanol blends Blends With Diesel

Auto, engine, and fuel injection equipment makers only support D6751 biodiesel

What is Biodiesel??

Ethanol—NO!

Raw Veg Oil—NO!

“Bio-Willie”

Yes, but not from marijuana oil!

Ethanol is not Biodiesel!!!Ethanol is made from fermenting the

whole corn kernel to ethanolEthanol is intended only for spark

ignited (i.e. gasoline) applications since it has good octane but poor cetane, zero lubricity “Drink the best and burn the rest”!

Raw ethanol in diesel fuel can severely damage diesel engines!

Biodiesel Raw MaterialsOil or Fat Alcohol

Soybean MethanolCorn EthanolCanolaCottonseed CatalystSunflower Sodium hydroxideBeef tallow Potassium hydroxidePork lardUsed cooking oils

Transesterification (the biodiesel reaction)

Fatty Acid Chain

Glycerol

Methanol (or Ethanol)

One triglyceride molecule is converted into three mono alkyl ester (biodiesel) molecules

Biodiesel

Triglyceride

Biodiesel Reaction

Vegetable Oil or

Animal Fat (100 lbs.)

+Methanol or

Ethanol(10 lbs.)

Biodiesel(100 lbs.)

+Glycerin(10 lbs.)

In the presence of a catalyst

Combining

Yields

B100--Properties ASTM D 6751 No Sulfur (1-2 ppm) No Aromatics High Cetane (over 50) Superior Lubricity in Low Blends Biodegradable, Non-Toxic 3.2 to 1 Positive Energy Balance BTU same or higher than No. 1 78% Life Cycle CO2 Reduction

All Proven: $70MM Scientific Study over 18 years

Important Biodiesel Parameters Complete Reaction/Removal of Glycerin

Insured through total/free glycerin spec Removal of Catalyst

Insured through sulfated ash spec Removal of Alcohol

Insured through flash point spec Absence of Free Fatty Acids

Insured through acid value specAll these insured through ASTM D 6751– Represents over $50 million and 15 years of testing

B100 Blending Component Specification

Recent changes: Cold Soak

Filtration or Control of Minor Components added

Major steps forward for passage of biodiesel blend specifications

Critical for obtaining OEM approval

Critical for ensuring that biodiesel performs as advertised so market can grow

D6751-08 Requirements

McCormick, R.L, Westbrook, S.R. “Biodiesel and Biodiesel Blends” Standardization News, page 28, April 2007

Property Test Method Limits Units

Calcium & Magnesium EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Alcohol control

either Flash Point D 93 130 min. Degrees C or GC methanol EN 14110 0.2 % Volume

Flash Point D 93 93min. Degrees CKin. Viscosity, 40C D 445 1.9 - 6.0 mm?/sec.Sulfated Ash D 874 0.02 max. % massSulfur S500 D 5453 0.05 max (500) % mass (ppm)

S15 D 5453 0.0015 max (15) % mass (ppm)Copper Corrosion D 130 No. 3 max.Cetane number D 613 47 min.Cloud Point D 2500 Report degrees CCarbon Residue D 4530 0.05 max. % massAcid Number D 664 0.50 max. mg KOH/gFree Glycerin D 6854 0.020 % massTotal Glycerin D 6854 0.240 % massPhosphorous content D 4951 0.001 max % massDistillation, T90 AET D 1160 360 max degrees CNa/K, combined EN 14538 5 max ppm(ug/g)Oxidation Stability EN 14112 3 min hours

(Visual Appearance)D 4176 Free of un-dissolved water, sediment and suspended matter

BOLD = BQ-9000 Critical Specification TestingOnce Production Process Under Control

ASTM Biodiesel Specs Now Approved

Started ASTM process in 1993 After 15 years, biodiesel blends were

approved by ASTM in 2008

D6751: Pure biodiesel blend stock D975: On/off road diesel with up to 5%

Biodiesel D7467: On/off road diesel with

biodiesel between 6% and 20%

BQ 9000 Quality Program

•Biodiesel Industry’s “Good Housekeeping” TM seal of approval for biodiesel production & distribution companies

•Quality Control System covers biodiesel manufacturing, sampling, testing, blending, storage, shipping, distribution

•ASTM Grade Fuel, BQ-9000 Companies

ASTM D 6751 is CRITICALBQ 9000 is becoming a given

B6-B20 Blend Specification

Oxidation Stability is 6 hours

Cold Soak Filtration Test included

Acid Number Reduction

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Spec Grade B20 and Lower Made with ASTM grade B100 Drop in replacement for petrodiesel

Millions of miles of trouble free use B20 holds similar levels of water as petrodiesel Take cold weather precautions like diesel Good detergent—may clean out systems upon first

use (filter change in 2% cases) Use within 6 months See NBB Toolkit document “Use of Biodiesel Blends Up to B20” for

more information

Biodiesel Performance Properties

B20 Similar Performance to Petrodiesel: Torque Horsepower Mileage Range 1-2% fewer BTUs per

gallon than #2 diesel Fuel Should be used

within 6-8 months

Enhanced Lubricity

Ultra-low Sulfur Diesel

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

Biodiesel Blend (%)

HFRR WSD (micron)

Equipment benefits Superior lubricity B2 has up to 66%

more lubricity than #2 Diesel

EPA required sulfur reduction in 2006

No overdosing concerns vs. other lubricity additives

Cleaner emissions

Emission Type B100 B20 B2

Total Unburned Hydrocarbons -67% -20% -2.2%

Carbon Monoxide -48% -12% -1.3%

Particulate Matter -47% -12% -1.3%

Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) +10% +/-2%* +.2%

* http://www.nrel.gov/vehiclesandfuels/npbf/pdfs/38296.pdf

Going over B20 requires caution

But it can be done with proper pre-cautions NBB recommends average user stay at B20

Cold flow issues are greater Materials compatibility (hoses, gaskets) Cleaning effect is more immediate Engine oil may become diluted with fuel

In specification B100

Out of spec B100: High raw oil

Additional biodiesel properties

Lower Energy Content 8% fewer BTU’s per gallon, but also higher cetane #,

lubricity, etc. Poor cold weather performance

This can be mitigated by blending with diesel fuel or with additives, or using low gel point biodiesel blend

Stability Concerns Biodiesel is less oxidatively stable than petroleum diesel

fuel. Old fuel can become acidic and form sediments and varnish. Additives can prevent this.

Solvency Mild cleaning effect Storage tanks may need to be cleaned, or keep extra filters on hand at start up

Cold Flow Properties Biodiesel (B100) freezes faster than most petrodiesel Untreated B20 freezes about 3-10º F faster than petrodiesel, depending on:

the cold flow properties of the biodiesel the cold flow properties of the petrodiesel

B2 properties are similar to diesel fuel B20 has been used successfully in climates below -20ºF Traditional cold weather options for diesel work well with biodiesel and blends

Blend with kerosene, use of additives Block and filter heaters Indoor vehicle storage

Biodiesel Handling and Storage Some older fuel lines

(Buna, natural rubbers) are not compatible with biodiesel and will degrade.

Viton and Teflon hoses and seals are widely used today and are compatible with biodiesel.

No copper, brass, bronze, zinc, or other galvanized surfaces

Engine to Fuel System Biodiesel only contacts the fuel system so

use should not affect bearings, turbo, oil/water pumps, and other wear-related parts.

Biodiesel improves fuel lubricity and thus can be used as a lubricity additive for poor quality diesel fuels.

In Europe, there have been some claims of crankcase oil dilution and oil thickening. This has not been observed in the U.S.

Operational issues Low energy content

Not harmful, but may cause power loss and increased fuel consumption

Cold flow – fuel filter plugging Microbial growth – fuel filter plugging Incomplete reaction – fuel filter plugging Fuel oxidation – fuel filter plugging

Fuel filter plugging is the most common

operational issue

Biodiesel and New Technology

Biodiesel Enhances Diesel Particulate Filter and NOx After treatment performance compared to petrodiesel (or hydrocarbons) alone

Some models (mostly light duty) may experience high fuel in the engine oil if in-cylinder post-injection used for PM trap light off, especially with blends over B20 No reported issues with B20 with medium/heavy

duty VW 2009 light duty: No more than B5 due to this

New Diesel Technology

-2010

DPF: Balance Point Temp - Regeneration Rate Results

BPTULSD

360ºCB20

320ºCB100

250ºC

• BPT is 40ºC lower for B20• Soot is more easily burned off of filter• B20: lower temperature duty cycle OK

• Regeneration rate increases with increasing biodiesel content

• Even at 5%, biodiesel PM measurably oxidizes more quickly

B20 vs. Diesel: In the shop With in spec B20 and lower, the issues you

can expect to see in your shop are the same as you will see with petrodiesel

Except: Expect to see less lubricity related issues Expect to see less problems with after-treatment Filter related issues likely normal diesel issues or

out of spec or imposter biodiesel Less black smoke from exhaust!

What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?

Diesel Oxidation or Aphaltenes Diesel Fuel Paraffin wax

What could I see in a Diesel Fuel Filter?

Water saturated filter paper

Other contaminants like water and sediment or microbial contamination

What could I see that’s different than normal Diesel Fuel Filters?

Partial reaction products from off specification biodiesel or imposter biodiesel

Filter

Biodiesel plant

Filter

Filter

Oil

Filter Filter

Filtration

OEM Support for Biodiesel Blends

OEM’s and Biodiesel Support Fuel Quality and ASTM specs are KEY B5 across the board, especially now its in D975 Experience/familiarity of each OEM yields differing opinions

for blends over B5 B20 vs. B100 is primarily gasket/hose issue For a complete listing of OEM position statements on

biodiesel, visit: http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/fuelfactsheets/

standards_and_warranties.shtm Customer base makes a big difference

When customers say they won’t buy 100 new engines unless B20 is fully warranted, all of a sudden its OK!

NBB is actively working with most major OEM’s to achieve B20 support by all OEM’s Fuel quality enforcement programs ASTM Blend Standards passed last year

OEM Biodiesel Blends Approve B5 :

Detroit Diesel, Ford, Isuzu, Kubota, Mack, Mercedes, Volkswagen, Volvo

Approve B20 or higher on at least some models: Arctic Cat, Buhler, Case Construction Equip., Case IH,

Caterpillar, Cummins, Chrysler (Dodge Ram & Sprinter - Fleets), General Motors (SEO for fleets), Hayes Diversified Technologies, John Deere, Navistar, Perkins, Toro

Approve B100: Case IH, Fairbanks Morse, New Holland, Tomcar

National Biodiesel Board 43

US Biodiesel Production

0

100,000,000

200,000,000

300,000,000

400,000,000

500,000,000

600,000,000

700,000,000

Gallons

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

Changes toEPACT

Bioenergy Program

Biodiesel TaxIncentive

700 Million Gallons

Availability Over 1,800 petroleum distributors

now offer biodiesel.

Availability up at terminals-approx.37 biodiesel.org/buyingbiodiesel/guide/

Distribution Locations

2007

Type of Seller

Both Retail & Bulk (343)Bulk Distribution (1515)Retail Outlets (760)

Biodiesel Production Locations

Represent ~ 80% of biodiesel production volume in U.S.

Biodiesel in America One key difference to U.S. biodiesel

and European biodiesel market is diesel passenger vehicles – only about 3% in U.S. are diesel…but that is changing.

J.D. Power and Associates estimates diesels will reach 11% market share by 10 years out.

Truck Market American Trucking Association Endorses B5

Use “ATA is proud to endorse the use of

biodiesel in blends of up to 5%.” -Rich Moskowitz, ATA Regulatory

Affairs Counsel BioTrucker.com

Availability Testimonials FAQ’s & News

NBB Resourceswww.biodiesel.org

News Releases & Information Resources

Educational Videos Available

Technical Library & Resources

On-line Database & Spec Sheets

OEM Warranty Positions on Biodiesel

U.S. Diesel Vehicle List

www.BQ-9000.org Listing of BQ-9000 Certified Companies

www.allthingsbiodiesel.com

Biodiesel merchandise, literature, signage, pump labels and more!