Biodatabases 101220022654-phpapp02

COT 6930HPC and Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics Resources and Databases

sree

DNA RNA

cDNAESTsUniGene

phenotype

GenomicDNADatabases

Protein sequence databases

protein

Protein structure databases

transcription translation

Gene expressiondatabase

Different transcripts can be related to the same gene!

EST

Expressed Sequence Tags

Partial copies of mRNA found within a particular cell

Can be used to identify genitc regions; splicing patterns of genes; etc

Outline Bioinformatics Databases

Primary databases Derived databases

Nucleotide databases GenBank (P), EMBL-Bank (P)

Protein databases Swiss-Prot (D), PIR-PSD (D) GenPept (D), TrEMBL (D) Protein Data Bank (P)

Other Examples RefSeq UniGene PubMed SNP OMIM

Bioinformatics Databases

Information DNA sequences Conserved DNA domains Genomes Gene expression (ESTs, microarrays) Protein sequences Protein 3D structure Protein families Mutations / polymorphisms / SNPs Metabolic pathways Chemical compounds (ligands) Biomedical literature (journal papers, online books…)

Primary public domain bioinformatics servers

Public DomainBioinformatics

Facilities

European BioinformaticsInstitute (EBI)

United Kingdom

National CenterFor Biotechnology

Information (NCBI)United States

GenomeNet

(KEGG & DDBJ)Japan

DatabasesAnalysis

ToolsDatabases

AnalysisTools

DatabasesAnalysis

Tools

Major Databases

DNA sequences GenBank, RefSeq, UniGene

Protein sequences Swiss-Prot, PIR-PSD, GenPept, TrEMBL, RefSeq

Protein structure Protein Data Bank (PDB)

Gene expression Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)

Biomedical publications PubMed / MedLine

Bioinformatics Data Sources

Primary databases Original submissions by researchers Staff organizes information only Generally sequence oriented Examples

GenBank, PDB (Protein Data Bank)

Bioinformatics Data Sources

Derived databases Compiled from data in primary databases Manually curated (human selection & correction)

Advantages – high quality Disadvantages – high expense, low volume Examples

Swiss-Prot, PIR-PSD, RefSeq

Computational derivation (automatically generated) Advantages – inexpensive, up-to-date Disadvantages – lower quality Examples

GenPept, TrEMBL, UniGene

Bioinformatic Databases – GenBank

“GenBank is the NIH genetic sequence database, an annotated collection of all publicly available DNA sequences”

Database type Nucleotide sequences Primary database

Current Size (As of Aug. 2006): 65,369,091,950 (bps) 61,132,599 (sequences)

Access to GenBank Available for searching at NCBI via several methods

Such as BLAST search

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/

Bioinformatic Databases – GenBank Types of submissions to database

Genomic DNA High quality complete DNA sequence

mRNA / cDNA Partial or complete mRNA (or cDNA)

Expressed sequence tag (EST) A short sub-sequence of a transcribed spliced nucleotide sequence (mRNA)

(500-800bps) May represent portions of expressed genes Either protein-coding or not About 43 million ESTs are now available

Sequence tagged sites (STS) Short DNA sequences unique in genome

Genomic survey sequence (GSS) Single-pass genomic DNA

Third-party annotations of GenBank sequences

Bioinformatic Databases – EMBL-Bank

Europe's primary nucleotide sequence resource Primary databases Database type

Nucleotide sequences Primary database

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/embl/

Bioinformatic Databases – Proteins

Protein sequence databases Once derived from laboratory experiments Now mostly based on predicted ORFs from DNA

Manual curation Swiss-Prot PIR-PSD

Computational derivation GenPept TrEMBL

Bioinformatic Databases – Swiss-Prot, PIR-PSD Database type

Protein sequences Derived database

Manually curated (non-redundant, annotated) Many annotations

Functions of the protein Domains and sites Secondary & quaternary structure Similarities to other proteins Variants

Swiss-Prothttp://ca.expasy.org/sprot/

PIR-PSDhttp://pir.georgetown.edu/pirwww/dbinfo/pir_psd.shtml

Bioinformatic Databases – GenPept, TrEMBL

Database type Protein sequences Computationally derived database Predicted (translating) coding sequences (CDS) from GenBank,

EMBL (i.e., gene product) GenPept

Download: ftp://ftp.ncifcrf.gov/pub/genpept/ Release 163 (as of 12/26/2007)

4,970,178 loci containing 1,517,599,916 residues TrEMBL

http://www.ebi.ac.uk/trembl/index.html

Structure Databases

3-dimensional structures of proteins, nucleic acids, molecular complexes etc 3-d data is available due to techniques such as NMR

and X-Ray crystallography Protein Data Bank

Protein 3D structures Primary database (http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do)

Protein Data Bank: PDB

Bioinformatic Databases – Connections

Bioinformatic Databases – RefSeq

The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) collection aims to provide a comprehensive, integrated, non-redundant set of sequences, including genomic DNA, transcript (RNA), and protein products. Information derived from GenBank records

Database type Nucleotide & protein sequences Derived database

Human curated (non-redundant, cross-linked) Data in RefSeq

Genomic DNA mRNAs & proteins for known genes, gene models Entire chromosomes Multiple organisms

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/RefSeq/ Example

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_015325

Bioinformatic Databases – UniGene

UniGene is an experimental system for automatically partitioning GenBank sequences into a non-redundant set of gene-oriented clusters

Each UniGene cluster contains sequences that represent a unique gene, as well as related information such as the tissue types in which the gene has been expressed and map location

Database type Nucleotide sequences Computationally derived database

Partitioned into non-redundant gene-oriented clusters Gene-oriented view

Data in UniGene Clusters of genomic DNA & ESTs Multiple organisms

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=unigene

Database type Biomedical papers Manually curated database

Service of the National Library of Medicine MEDLINE publication database

Over 17,000 journals 15 million citations since 1950

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/

Bioinformatic Databases – PubMed

Bioinformatic Databases – Others

Gene expression ArrayExpress, Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO)

Multi-organism genomes Entrez Genome, HomoloGene, COGs, TIGR

Genetic variation & genetic diseases dbSNP, OMIM, CGAP

Metabolic pathways WIT, KEGG

Many more… Listed in journal “Nucleic Acids Research” each January

Bioinformatic Databases: SNP Database

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Single base difference in a single position among two different individuals of the same species

Play an important role in differentiation and disease

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/

Sickle Cell Anemia

Due to 1 swapping an A for a T, causing inserted amino acid to be valine instead of glutamine in hemoglobin

Image source: http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/ccnews/nov99/

Healthy Individual

>gi|28302128|ref|NM_000518.4| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA

ACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGA

GGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCACCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCACTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>gi|4504349|ref|NP_000509.1| beta globin [Homo sapiens]

MVHLTPEEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPKVKAHGKKVLG

AFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVAN ALAHKYH

Diseased Individual

>gi|28302128|ref|NM_000518.4| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA

ACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGA

GGTGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGCAGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCACCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCACTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACTGGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>gi|4504349|ref|NP_000509.1| beta globin [Homo sapiens]

MVHLTPVEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPKVKAHGKKVLG

AFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVAN ALAHKYH

Disease Databases

Genes are involved in disease Many diseases are well studied Description of diseases and what is known about them is

stored A good place to start when you want to know about a certain

disease Linked to PubMed, the OMIM Morbid Map

OMIM - Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man “A catalog of human genes and genetic disorders maintained by

Johns Hopkins University” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim

Putting it All Together

Each Database contains specific information

Like other biological systems also these databases are interrelated

GENOMIC DATAGenBank

DDBJ

EMBL

ASSEMBLED GENOMES

GoldenPath

WormBase

TIGR

PROTEIN

PIR

SWISS-PROT

STRUCTUREPDB

MMDB

SCOP

LITERATURE

PubMed

PATHWAYKEGG

COG

DISEASE

LocusLink

OMIM

OMIA

GENESRefSeq

AllGenes

GDBSNPs

dbSNP

ESTs

dbEST

unigene

MOTIFS

BLOCKS

Pfam

Prosite

GENE EXPRESSION

Stanford MGDB

NetAffx

ArrayExpress

Where to get started? NCBI ENTREZ

A search engine that provides access and links between various databases

ENTREZ

PubMed GenBank Proteindatabases

Genomes SNP Taxonomy OMIM

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery

Biodatabases 101220022654-phpapp02

Education

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