Biocultural heritage innovations for adaptation to climate change: Mijikenda Community, Kenya
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Transcript of Biocultural heritage innovations for adaptation to climate change: Mijikenda Community, Kenya
BIOCULTURAL INNOVATIONS FOR ADAPTATION TO
CLIMATE CHANGE: MIJIKENDA COMMUNITY,
KENYA COAST
CGRFA-15 Side Event, Rome, Italy
22nd January 2015
C. Wekesa, Coordinator, SIFOR-Kenya
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
• 5 indigenous coastal
communities in Kwale &
Kilifi counties.
• Giriama, Digo, Rabai,
Duruma & Chonyi (control)
• 31 villages – low lying 12-
319 m.a.s.l.
• Impacts of climate change
heavy - due low altitude.
• Communities - small scale
farmers but climate
change is threat to
sustainable livelihoods.
IS THE CLIMATE CHANGING?
0 20 40 60 80
Rainfall
Temperature (Summer/winter)
Wind strengh
Sun shine
River water flow
Drought
Flood
Insects/Pests
Diseases (Animal & crop)
Extreme whether
Response (%)
Wea
ther
even
ts
% of HHs observing changes
TRENDS IN GROWING OF LANDRACES
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%C
assa
va
Mai
ze
Pea
nu
t
Po
tato
es
Pu
lses
Veg
etab
les
Wh
eat
Cas
sav
a
Mai
ze
Po
tato
es
Pu
lses
Ric
e
Sp
ices
Veg
etab
les
Cas
sav
a
Mai
ze
Po
tato
es
Pu
lses
Ric
e
Veg
etab
les
2003 2008 2012
Res
po
nse
Crop/year
Chonyi Digo Duruma Giriama Rabai
DRIVERS FOR CHANGE IN TRENDS, LANDRACES
Driver for change Frequency Response (%)
Risk reduction 22 7.7
Food security 192 66.9
Ease access 2 0.7
To avoid traditional variety 1 0.3
Diversification 32 11.1
To avoid purchasing food from the market 12 4.2
Culture 5 1.7
Depends on the others 2 0.7
Increase production 15 5.2
Little rainfall 2 0.7
Self-consumption 2 0.7
Total 287 100.0
ROLE OF TRADITIONAL CROP VARIETIES IN
ADAPTATION/RESILIENCESite Crop
Response (%)
Drought and
pests
resistant
Short time to
mature
Tolerates
low rainfall
Higher
production
Seeds easily
stored and
available
Rabai Cassava 25.0 20.0 - 64.8 -
Cowpeas 41.7 20.0 - 97.0 -
Maize 33.3 46.7 - 33.7 -
Sweet potatoes 0.0 0.0 - 2.2 -
Digo Maize 33.3 50.0 50.0 34.3 57.5
Cassava 48.1 50.0 0.0 5.7 12.5
Cowpeas 14.8 0.0 25.0 57.1 25.0
Green grams 0.0 0.0 25.0 0.0 0.0
Pumpkin 3.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5
Sweet potatoes 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.0
Chonyi Cassava 51.0 20.0 0.0 100.0 -
Cowpeas 16.3 10.0 100.0 2.7 -
Green grams 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -
Maize 28.6 70.0 0.0 81.1 -
Giriama Cassava 6.7 37.0 0.0 13.3 -
Cowpeas 13.3 37.0 100.0 13.4 -
Maize 80.0 14.8 0.0 53.3 -
Duruma Cassava 0.0 - - 18.2 -
Cowpeas 7.4 - - 0.0 -
Maize 51.9 - - 9.1 -
ROLE OF LIVESTOCK IN ADAPTATION &
RESILIENCE
• Increased reliance on livestock products for food – frequent crop failure.
• Communities keep indigenous/local breeds – tolerant to drought and diseases.
• Cattle most popular, provides multiple products and services.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Chonyi Digo Duruma Giriama Rabai
Sel
f co
nsu
mp
tio
n o
f li
ves
tock
(%
)
Site
2003 2008 2012
0
100
200
300
400
500
Chicken Cow Duck Goat Pig Sheep
Av
era
ge
an
nu
al
inco
me
(US
D)
Livestock
Chonyi Digo Duruma Giriama Rabai
ROLE OF FOREST GENETIC RESOURCES IN
ADAPTATION/RESILIENCE
• Seeds of only10% of the
world’s wild plants/trees are
conserved in seed banks.
• Some of these plants/trees are
used for NTFPs e.g. food and
herbal medicine.
• CC triggers increased
incidences of pests and
diseases for crops, livestock
and humans.
• Communities use combinations
of extracts of various plants to
control/treat these diseases.
• Food from plants/trees have
nutritive value to prevent
diseases/strengthen immunity.
Community
nursery, Rabai
Herbal grove,
Giriama
ROLE OF TK IN ADAPTATION/RESILIENCE
Adaptation strategy
Response (%)
Rabai Digo Chonyi Giriama Duruma
Traditional prayers and sacrifices 88.2 2.9 0.0 8.8 0.0
Treating animals with combination of
herbs and keeping less animals36.7 1.7 43.3 0.8 17.5
Use of traditional bio-pesticides to
control crop pests 23.7 8.8 29.4 4.6 33.5
Domestication of wild food plants 0.7 21.1 2.0 35.4 40.8
Proper timing of rains 4.9 0.0 19.5 0.0 75.6
Planting early maturing and drought
resistant crop varieties 0.0 0.0 92.6 0.0 7.4
Traditional huts thatched with Makuti 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Cultivating big portions of land to
reduce risk 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
Adoption of tree farming in farms 20.0 0.0 60.0 0.0 20.0
Engaging in business as alternative to
farming (value addition of TK based
products)
55.0 5.0 15.0 15.0 10.0
Water pan excavation 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
HOW ARE COMMUNITIES CONSERVING
AGROBIODIVERSITY?
Conservation strategy Site
Mean number of
farmers that have
adopted it
Free seed exchanges Digo 17.2
Giriama 3.0
Irrigation of crops Digo 16.0
Giriama 1.0
Protection of crops in seed banks or
preservation areasRabai 1.0
Domestication of wild food plantsDigo 10.0
Use of modified traditional farming toolsRabai 15.3
Digo 4.0
Re-introduction of traditional cropsDigo 15.6
Re-introduction of traditional farming methods Giriama 4.0
Digo 10.2
Improved/more resilient crop varieties Rabai 8.8
Duruma 10.0
RABAI CULTURAL VILLAGE
• Established February 2013 to conserve Rabai culture & Kaya forests.
• Traditional ceremonies.
• Traditional products/artifacts.
• Conservation of Kaya forest (Kaya elders’ regulate resource use through rules and regulations – weekly court to arbitrate environmental conflicts, taboos, beliefs, norms).
• Traditional farming practices (seed bank for local varieties).
• Ecotourism (Dr. Krapf Memorial Museum, fauna & flora)
Sweet
potatoes
Basketry
NETWORKING
• Information sharing.
• Exchange of planting
materials.
• Influence policy
makers (county and
national government
level).
Local
MP
THANK YOU!