BIOCOMPLEXITY Communication In InfectionAgainst C. albicans, C. lypolytica, P. aeruginosa and P....

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30/11/52 1 Communication In Infection Communication In Infection Communication In Infection Communication In Infection NUVEE PRAPASARAKUL NUVEE PRAPASARAKUL Department of Vet Microbiology, Department of Vet Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University BIOCOMPLEXITY Extracellular Signaling Extracellular Signaling molecule molecule Hippocampus Saccharomyces cerevisae Organisms Organisms Human Animal Plant Plant Multiple living cell Single living cell

Transcript of BIOCOMPLEXITY Communication In InfectionAgainst C. albicans, C. lypolytica, P. aeruginosa and P....

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Communication In InfectionCommunication In InfectionCommunication In InfectionCommunication In Infection

NUVEE PRAPASARAKULNUVEE PRAPASARAKULDepartment of Vet Microbiology, Department of Vet Microbiology,

Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn UniversityFaculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University

BIOCOMPLEXITY

Extracellular Signaling Extracellular Signaling molecule molecule

Hippocampuspp p

Saccharomyces cerevisae

OrganismsOrganismsHumanAnimalPlantPlantMultiple living cellSingle living cell

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Signal transductionSignal transduction

Signaling cells Signaling cells

Extracellular Extracellular signalsignal

Intracellular Intracellular signalsignal

Receptor protien Receptor protien

Target cellTarget cell

Protein Peptide Amino acid Nucleotide SteroidProtein Peptide Amino acid Nucleotide Steroid Fatty acid GasFatty acid Gas

สัญญาณโมเลกุล ที่มา ลักษณะทางเคมี หน้าที่

ฮอร์โมน

Adrenaline ต่อมหมวกไต อนุพันธ์ของ tyrosine เพิ่มแรงดันเลือด การเต้นของหวัใจ และเมตาบอลิ

ซมึ

Cortisol ต่อมหมวกไต สเตียรอยด์ มีผลต่อเมแทบอลิซมึของโปรตีน คาร์โบไฮเดรต

และไขมัน

Estradiol รังไข่ สเตียรอยด์ กระตุ้นการพัฒนาการของเพศหญิงในระยะที่สอง

Glucagon a-cell ของตับอ่อน เปปไทด์ กระตุ้นการสังเคราะห์กลูโคส การสลายไกลโคเจน

และไขมันในเซลล์ตับและเซลล์ไขมัน

Insulin b-cell ของตับอ่อน โปรตีน กระตุ้นการใช้กลูโคส การสังเคราะห์โปรตีนและ

ไขมันในเซลล์ตับ

Testosterone อัณฑะ สเตียรอยด์ กระตุ้นเมแทบอลิซมึของเซลล์หลายๆชนิด และ

กระตุ้นการพัฒนาทางเพศขัน้ที่สองในเพศ

ชาย

Local mediator

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) เซลล์หลายๆ ชนิด โปรตีน กระตุ้นเซลล์ epidermal และเซลล์อื่นๆให้มีการp g ( ) ๆ ุ p ๆ

แบ่งตัว

Platelet-derived growth factor

(PDGF)

เซลล์หลายๆชนิด รวมไปถึง

เซลล์เกล็ดเลือด

โปรตีน กระตุ้นเซลล์หลายๆชนิดให้มีการแบ่งตัว

Nerve growth factor (NGF) เซลล์ประสาทหลายๆชนิด โปรตีน ช่วยส่งเสริมการมีชีวิตรอดของเซลล์ประสาท ทาํ

ให้มีการเจริญของ axon

Histamin Mast cell ในม้าม อนุพันธ์ของกรดอะมิโน

histidine

ช่วยในการขยายของเส้นเลือด เกิดการแตกของ

เส้นเลือดทาํให้เกิดการอักเสบ

Nitric oxide (NO) เซลล์ประสาทและ endothelial

เซลล์ของเส้นเลือด

ก๊าซที่สามารถละลายได้ ทาํให้เซลล์กล้ามเนือ้ชนิดเรียบมีการพัก (relax)

และควบคุมกิจกรรมของเซลล์ประสาท

Neurotransmitter

Acetylcholine ส่วนปลายของเซลล์

ประสาท

อนพุนัธ์ของ choline กระตุ้น neurotransmitter ที่

synapses และการควบคมุ

ระบบประสาทส่วนกลาง ระบบประสาทสวนกลาง

g-Aminobutyric acid

(GABA)

ส่วนปลายของเซลล์

ประสาท

อนพุนัธ์ของกรดก

ลตูามิค

ยบัยัง้การหลัง่ของ neurotransmitter

ในการควบคมุระบบประสาท

ส่วนกลาง

Contact-dependent

signaling

molecules

Delta เซลล์ประสาทและ เป็น transmembrane ทําหน้าที่ยบัยัง้เซลล์ข้างเคียงไม่ให้Delta

เซลล์ตวัอ่อน

อื่นๆ

s e b e

โปรตีน กลายเซลล์พิเศษอย่างเซลล์ที่

ทําหน้าที่เป็นเซลล์ที่ให้

สญัญาณ

Cell responsiveCell responsive--signaling molecule.signaling molecule.

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Signaling cascadeSignaling cascade

Direct signalingDirect signaling

Amplify signalingAmplify signaling

Apparel signalingApparel signaling

Signaling complexSignaling complex

Activation of cytoplamic domain via Activation of cytoplamic domain via protein receptorsprotein receptors

Hydrophilic moleculeHydrophilic moleculeHydrophilic moleculeHydrophilic molecule

Hydrophobic moleculeHydrophobic molecule

Conformation molecule induces protein receptorprotein receptor.

Intracellular signaling molecule: Intracellular signaling molecule: switch on and offswitch on and off

Protein > Nucleotide > Ion

Classification of CellClassification of Cell--Surface Receptors.Surface Receptors.

1. Ion-Channel-Linked Receptors: Converting Chemical Signals to Electrical ones.

2. G-protein-Linked Receptors: Clicking On Internal Switches

3. Enzyme-Linked Receptors: Directly Activating Biochemical Activity

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Ligand-gated ion channels

G protein-coupled receptors

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EnzymeEnzyme--Linked ReceptorsLinked Receptors::

Caenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegansKi Ph h t G l l lKinase, Phosphatase, Guanylyl cyclase.

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

TGFβ

Ras : activated receptor tyrosine kinaseRas : activated receptor tyrosine kinase Intracellular signaling Intracellular signaling pathway pathway

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Signal integrationSignal integration

Listening In As Bacteria “Talk”

“I think that a multiple of

bacteria are stronger than a

f d h blfew and thus union are able

to overcome obstacles too

great for the few”

(Smith, 1905)

Steven D. Miller, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and Steven H. D. Haddock, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute; Christopher D. Elvidge, National Geophysical Data Center; and Thomas F. Lee, NRL.)

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Seminar Topic Tresor’

AiAims

Quorum Methods

Types

ImpactsImpacts

Protections and Controls

Question?

AIMS of Communication

Bi l iBioluminescence

Virulence

Antibiotic production

Biofilm formation

S bi iSymbiosis

Biofilms:

The good, the bad, and the slimy the slimy

??

http://www.whoi.edu.

1. Bacteria constantly produce molecules called acylated homoserine lactones (AHLs) and release them into the environment.

2. If other bacteria are not in the vicinity, the AHLs will soon degrade and bacterial “silence” will prevail.

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3. But if enough AHL-producing bacteria are nearby, the concentration of AHLs outside the bacteria will rise, signaling the increase in cell density around them around them.

4. When a quorum of bacterial cells is reached, AHLs are cells is reached, AHLs are able to bind to receptor proteins called LuxR. (2) That changes LuxR’s shape so that it can bind to DNA in the bacteria, like a key in a lock.

5. The LuxR “key” turns on a string of genes (1) that produce the components (2) to make an enzyme called luciferase (3), which generates light (bioluminescence).

By similar biochemical processes, bacteria can produce several other collective behaviors.

Chemical signaling in Bacteria

Oligopeptide: Gram positive bacteriaOligopeptide: Gram positive bacteria

Staphylococcus sp.

AHL (N Acyle Homoserine Lactone): Gram negative bacteria

Pseudomonas areuginosa

AI2 (LuxS/ Autoinducer 2): Gram positve

and gram negative.

Salmonella Typhimurium and V. harveyi

Metabolic costs of signal production

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Quorum sensing structure

Organism = livingOrganism = livingGene and regulatory protein = technology tools Autoinducer = media and signal

AHL, peptide, AI2 = Lan cable, phone line or wileless

Membrane bound= antenna or connecting box Membrane bound= antenna or connecting box Regulatory system= Censer department (ก.บ.ว.)

AI2: The other signals (eg AIS or DTAC)

Three canonical quorumThree canonical quorum--sensing circuits in bacteria sensing circuits in bacteria and and

Structures of different bacterial autoinducers.Structures of different bacterial autoinducers.

The concept of quorum sensing (QS) originated with studies in

Vibrio fischeri (formerly known as Photobacterium fischeri),

Peptidoglycan and Euprymna scolopes–Vibrio fischeri symbiosis. (Cloud-Hansen et al., 2006 in Nature review)

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Peptidoglycan and microbial interactions

PG: structurePG: structureGlycan

- N-acetylmuramic acid- N-acetylglucosamic acid

Peptide- l-alanine

d glutamic acid- d-glutamic acid- meso-diaminopimelic acid

PG-polymers causes damage to ciliated cells

N. gonorr hoeae H. pylori H. influenzae S. flexneri

PG acts as autoinducer

Virulence factors eg diphtheria toxinVirulence factors eg. diphtheria toxinAntibiotic resistant inducerSymbiosis

Two component signal transduction in

Gram positive bacteria

2 component type membrane bound sensor histidine kinase

Small numberattachment and colonizationLarge number Release toxins

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Quorum sensing control of competence and sporulation Quorum sensing control of competence and sporulation

in in Bacillus subtilis.Bacillus subtilis.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI/LasR-RhlI/RhlR

quorum sensing system.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa LasI/LasR-RhlI/RhlR

quorum sensing system.

NN--acyl homoserine lactonesacyl homoserine lactones Erwinia carotovora, Serratia species

Why is Chronic Sinusitis so Hard to Treat?

Chemical signaling induces biofilm that effects

Low metabolism of bacteria, protect them from immune and Low metabolism of bacteria, protect them from immune and antibiotic.antibiotic.

xylitol

Pseudomonas aeruginosa Displays Multiple Phenotypes

during Development as a Biofilm

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Do All strains have the gene transcription depend on Do All strains have the gene transcription depend on

cell densitycell density--dependent QS ?dependent QS ?

P. aeruginosaP. aeruginosa from canine otitis externafrom canine otitis externa

Non-mucoid canine strains exhibites elastase deficiency

phenotype

This phenotype is strain-specificThis phenotype is strain specific.

It is quite stable upon passage.

QUORUM SENSING IN QUORUM SENSING IN VVibrioibrio choleracholera: A HYBRID: A HYBRID

HOMOSERINE LACTONE/TWOHOMOSERINE LACTONE/TWO--COMPONENTCOMPONENT

SIGNALING CIRCUITSIGNALING CIRCUIT

Fungi: Candida and Saccharomyces talks

Media:Media: Tyrosol Biofilm, Germ tube Farnesol Yeast form, True hyphae

Targeted gene deletion in Candida parapsilosis demonstrates the

role of secreted lipase in virulence

(A and B) Uninfected control tissues, (C and D) WT (E and F) (C and D) WT, (E and F) heterozygous mutant CpLIP1-

2/Δcplip1-2, (G and H) homozygous mutant Δcplip1-2/ Δcplip1-2, and (I and J) reconstituted Δcplip1-2/CpLIP2.

C and E show apoptotic cells; middle insets in C and E show intercellular edema; bottom inset in C shows cleft formation and tissue separation; and bottom inset in E shows vacuolization.

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Dandruff-associated Malassezia genomes reveal

convergent and divergent virulence traits shared with plant

and human fungal pathogens. GenomeGenomesecretory proteomeexpression of selected genes Malassezia globosa - Ustilago maydis

Candida albicans extracellular hydrolasesCandida albicans - extracellular hydrolases

PNAS USA November 13, 2007 Quorum sensing beyond bacterial borders: autoinducer 3 (AI3)

Food poisoning caused by Salmonellosis and EHEC

Epinephrine/norepinephrine analogEpinephrine/norepinephrine analog characterized auto inducer 3 (AI-3) : misuse signal

Supplier ironQseC AI-3 sensorPlay a role in interkingdom signallingPlay a role in interkingdom signalling

eg. Sudden burst of Salmonella excretion by stressed pigs.

Role in conflicts between species

S aureus : thiolactone ring signaling peptideS. aureus : thiolactone ring signaling peptide

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Preventing of Biofilm

By incorporated phage..

Unsuccessful causes??

Then, what new strategy is..!

Donlan RM., 2009 Trends in Microbiology

Biofilm disrupted by Sugar Ester

Lauroyl glucose coated on polystyrene and glass surfaces : Lauroyl glucose coated on polystyrene and glass surfaces :

Against C. albicans, C. lypolytica, P. aeruginosa and P.

aureofaciens.The image cannot be displayed. Your computer may not have enough memory to open the image, or the image may have been corrupted. Restart your computer, and then open the file again. If the red x still appears, you may have to delete the image and then insert it again.

Immunotherapy using antibody against AHL quorum sensing

AI of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is blocked with squaric monoester

monoamide haptenmonoamide hapten

คนไทยลองตั้งใจทาํอะไร ไม่แพ้ชาติใดในโลกคนไทยลองตั้งใจทาํอะไร ไม่แพ้ชาติใดในโลก

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Thank you for your attention