BioChemistry Types of Substances Inorganic Substances that do not contain Carbon Examples 1. Acids HCl 2. Bases NaOH 3. Salts NaCl 4. Water H 2 O Organic Substances that contain both Carbon and Hydrogen Examples 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. ProteiNs 4. Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates 1.Contain the elements C,H,O 2.H:O ratio is Always 2:1 3.***Names end in ose (Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 Maltose - C 12 H 22 O 11 ) 4.Used as a primary energy source 5. Three Types of Carbohydrates 3 Types Of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides Disaccharides Polysaccharides 3 Types of Carbohydrates 1.Monosaccharides Examples: Glucose, Fructose and Galactose General formula C 6 H 12 O 6 (Go for Gold!) How do we Identify Monosaccharides? Glucose The carbon ring Mono = one (carbon ring) C 6 H 12 O 6 Remember this funny rule H O N C 1 2 3 - 4 Disaccharides 1.Disaccharides Examples: Lactose, Maltose and Sucrose (love my Sushi!) General formula C 12 H 22 O 11 C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Maltose - C 12 H 22 O 11 ( H 2 O) MALTOSE - Disaccharide What do you notice here? The carbon ring The carbon ring C 6 H 12 O 6 + C 6 H 12 O 6 Maltose - C 12 H 22 O 11 ( H 2 O) Remember this O Disaccharides Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of a Disaccharide Glucose + Glucose Yields Maltose ******* Polysaccharides 1.Poly = many! 3 or more monomers Examples: 2. Also known as Polymers a. ***Long chains of repeating units Starch, glycogen, Cellulose and Chitin ( ) OO Starch storage form in plants Glycogen (Animal Starch) Storage form in Animals Cellulose Found in Plant Cell Wall Chitin found in the of insects Dehydration synthesis 1. To build up 2. Removing water Hydrolysis 1. Break down 2. Adding water Types of Biochemical Reactions Reactions Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Monosac Disac Polysac Dehydration Synthesis Hydrolysis Lipids 1.Contain the elements C,H,O 2.H:O ration is greater than 2:1 3.Secondary energy source (reserves) a. More energy from a lipid than a Carb 4.Building blocks: Fatty Acids and Glycerol 5.Component of the Cell Membrane Recall: Fluid Mossaic model (2 layers of lipids with proteins embedded) Fatty AcidGlycerol Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis of a Lipid Hydrolysis Dehydration Synthesis ProteiNs 1.Contain C,H, O and N 2.Sometimes Sulfur as well 3.Component of the Cell Membrane! 4.Used for tissue growth and repair 5.Building Blocks are Monomers known as Amino Acids (Peptides) Amino GroupAcid Group The Amino Acid (Peptide) (Monomer) * Dehydration synthesis of a Dipeptide Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide Peptide + Peptide yields Dipeptide Note the gain of water Note the loss of water Hydrolysis HH The Amino Acid (Monomer) Dehydration Synthesis of a Polypeptide ****____How many water molecules were removed to join 4 monomers (Peptides) together? Nucleic Acids DNA 1. Called Deoxyribonucleic acid 2. Double Stranded molecule 3. Located in the Nucleus 4. Contains all the genetic material that makes us unique RNA 1. Called Ribonucleic Acid 2. Single Stranded 3. Located Outside the Nucleus 4. 3 Types 1.mRNA 2.tRNA 3.rRna DNA Contains four Nitrogenous Bases Adenine-Thymine Guanine-Cytosine RNA Contains four Nitrogenous Bases Adenine-Uracil Guanine-Cytosine Builiding Blocks of Nucleic Acids are called Nucleotides Comparison DNA RNA DNA Double Helix Model Note the spiral staircase Enzymes 1.Used in all reactions 2.Always placed above the Arrow (Yields) 3.Highly specific in their function and action 4.This is due to their specific shape a. Each enzyme works on a specific substance known as a SUBSTRATE b. Known as the Lock and Key Model 5.Their names end in ase 6.All Enzymes are Proteins but not all Proteins are Enzymes, Therefore they are made by Protein Synthesis at the Ribosomes Lock and Key Model: Used to represent enzyme specificity of action Enzymes are highly specific in their function working only on a specific substrate that fits with the enzyme****______ Naming Enzymes Large Insoluble Food EnzymeSmall Soluble Food CarbohydrateAmylaseGlucose Monosaccharide LipidsLipaseFatty Acids & Glycerol ProteinProteaseAmino Acids 3 Factors that effect the enzymes function (rates of Reactions) 1.Temperature 2.PH 3.Concentration Temperature and its effect on Enzyme activity Normal Body Temperature 37 o C The PH Scale Stomach Intestine PH and its effect on Enzyme Activity Concentration and its effect on Enzyme Activity