Biochemistry Section 1: Compounds Important to Life.

BiochemistryBiochemistry

Section 1: Compounds Important to LifeSection 1: Compounds Important to Life

Two Types of CompoundsTwo Types of Compounds

Inorganic

Organic

WaterWaterInorganicOne of the most

important compounds for living things

Polar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules

InorganicOne of the most

important compounds for living things

Polar covalent bonds

Hydrogen bonds form between water molecules

Water is PolarWater is Polar

H Bonds Form Between Water Molecules

H Bonds Form Between Water Molecules

H Bonds Form

Between Water

Molecules

H Bonds Form

Between Water

Molecules

6 Unique Properties of H2O6 Unique Properties of H2O

1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature

Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing

1. Universal Solvent2. High Surface Tension3. Capillary Action4. Resistance to Temperature

Change5. High Heat of Vaporization6. Freezing

Universal Solvent

Universal Solvent

Cl-

Water

Cl-

Na+

Water

Na+

High Surface Tension

High Surface Tension

Capillary Action

Capillary Action

Resistance to Temperature ChangeResistance to Temperature Change

High Heat of VaporizationHigh Heat of Vaporization

FreezingFreezing

Carbon CompoundsCarbon Compounds

6

CCarbon12.011

Carbon CompoundsCarbon CompoundsStraight Chains

Rings

Branched Chains

Carbon CompoundsCarbon CompoundsSingle Covalent Bond

Double Covalent Bond

Triple Covalent Bond

Condensation ReactionsCondensation Reactions

OHH OHH OHH

H OH

H2O H2OMonomer

Polymer

Hydrolysis ReactionsHydrolysis Reactions

OHH OHH OHH

H OH

H2O H2O

OH H OH H

Section 2: Organic CompoundsSection 2: Organic Compounds

CarbonCompounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

CarbohydratesCarbohydrates

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharides

Glucose Fructose

GeneralFormula =CnH2nOn

Isomers: same molecular formula,different structural formula

Both are C6H12O6

Formation of a DisaccharideFormation of a Disaccharide

Glucose + Fructose Sucrose


Glucose Fructose

H2O


Sucrose Glycosidic Bond


Glucose: C6H12O6

+Fructose: C6H12O6

- H2O________

Sucrose: C12H22O11

StarchStarch

GlycogenGlycogen

CelluloseCellulose

LipidsLipids

Formation of a TriglycerideFormation of a Triglyceride

Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids Triglyceride


Glycerol Fatty Acid Tails3 H2O


A TriglycerideEster Linkage

Saturated vs. Unsaturated FatsSaturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

PhospholipidsPhospholipids

Phospholipids in water

WaxesWaxes

SteroidsSteroids

ProteinProtein

Formation of a PolypeptideFormation of a Polypeptide

Amino Acid + Amino Acid + … Polypeptide


Serine Valine Tyrosine Cysteine

3 H2O


A Short PolypeptidePeptide Bond

Formation of a ProteinFormation of a Protein

Protein

Polypeptide

Enzymes are CatalystsEnzymes are Catalysts

Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.

Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Catalysts: substances that speed up chemical reactions without being affected by the reactions themselves.

Enzyme: a protein that increases the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy.

Enzymes lower AEEnzymes lower AE

Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Activation Energy: the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Enzymes lower AEEnzymes lower AE

Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity

Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and

stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.

The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where

the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one

enzyme.

Substrate: molecule on which an enzyme actsAn enzyme binds to a substrate and

stresses the bonds of that molecule in a way that makes a reaction more likely to occur.

The key to an enzyme’s activity is its shape.Active Site: location on an enzyme where

the substrate bindsEach substrate can only bind to one

enzyme.

Enzyme-Substrate SpecificityEnzyme-Substrate Specificity

Enzymes canbe reused!

Effect of Temperature on EnzymesEffect of Temperature on Enzymes

Effect of pH on EnzymesEffect of pH on Enzymes

DenaturationDenaturationEnzymes become denatured

when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.

How do enzymes become denatured?

Enzymes become denatured when exposed to high temperatures or adverse pH.

How do enzymes become denatured?

Effect of [Enzyme] onEnzymatic ReactionsEffect of [Enzyme] onEnzymatic Reactions

Effect of [Substrate] onEnzymatic Reactions

Effect of [Substrate] onEnzymatic Reactions

17 X

1/2 1/3 1/9

E

17 X

1/2 1/3 1/9

17 X

1/2 1/3 1/9

E

Nucleic AcidsNucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

DNA&

RNA

DNA&

RNA

Biochemistry Section 1: Compounds Important to Life.

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