Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which...
-
Upload
madlyn-robbins -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which...
![Page 1: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry
Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes.
(1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1)
Biology 30 ~Unit 1Mrs. S. Pipke-Painchaud
![Page 2: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Terminology Matter ~ anything that has
mass and takes up space.– Living (biotic) and nonliving
(abiotic) things are made up of
atoms.– Examples???
Atoms ~ small particles of matter are composed of smaller subatomic particles: neutrons, protons, and electrons (Nelson 51)
![Page 3: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Element ~ a substance of only
one kind of atom (pure substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.)– Examples:
Compound ~ bond between atoms of 2 or more different elements.
Molecule ~ two or more atoms of the same or different elements bonded together
Sodium: http://www.vanderkrogt.net/elements/images/sodium.jpg
Compound: http://www.webelements.com/webelements/compounds/media/B/B2H6-19287457.jpg
![Page 4: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Life . . .
Organic compounds all contain CARBON
99% of all living matter is made up of 4 chemical elements:
carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen
![Page 5: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phosphorous and Sulfur are also present to a lesser degree.
![Page 6: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Structure of Atoms
All matter inorganic and
organic is made up of atoms.
An atom contains a nucleus (central core) - contains most of the mass
It also contains protons and neutrons
Image from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Stylised_Lithium_Atom.svg
![Page 7: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Protons
Mass of 1 amu– AMU= Atomic Mass Unit (named after the English
Scientist John Dalton, who first studied atoms 2 centuries ago)
– 1 AMU = 1.7 x 10-24g +1 (positive) charge constant for any element atomic number = number of protons Carbon atomic # = 6
– Thus, there are 6 protons
Image from:http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_structure.html
![Page 8: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
C12.011
6
Atomic #
Mass
![Page 9: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mass = 1 AMU no charge
Why the decimal? the number may vary creating isotopes example: Carbon 12 or Carbon 14
Neutrons
C12.011
6
![Page 10: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Isotopes
The periodic table is filled with decimals Carbon has 6 protons, 6 neutrons (protons +
neutrons = atomic weight) = 12 but the number is 12.01
protons never change Electrons move between elements (but don’t
have enough weight to make a difference.) Neutrons can change
Image from: http://www.chem4kids.com/files/atom_isotopes.html
![Page 11: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Isotopes continued . . . Isotopes
– have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons;
– multiple forms of the same element;
– chemical properties are nearly identical Examples:
– Hydrogen1 &2 - Uranium 238 & 235
Image from: http://www.radiation-scott.org/timeline/isotope_definition_LARGE.jpg
![Page 12: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Electrons
Surround the nucleus orbit in different energy levels (orbitals) negative charge (-1) No mass
– they have a mass of 9x10-28g but this is not enough to cause a significant weight difference
Balance out the proton charge
![Page 13: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
May be gained, lost or shared The electron is often considered to be of the most
biological interest because what happens in the cells happens because of the way the electron behaves.
The number of electrons in the atom of a specific element determines how the atom reacts with other atoms.
All chemical reactions are exchanges or changes in the sharing of electrons.
![Page 14: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Remember:
The kind of element depends on the number of protons
number of protons = the number of electrons in a neutral atom
![Page 15: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Electron Orbitals Electrons orbit the core like the Earth on
its axis. In an electron, however, no more than two electrons can occupy an orbital at the same time. They must also orbit in opposite directions.
Orbitals consist of a series of shells
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/chemical/eleorb.html
![Page 16: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
The outer shell of electrons determine the atom’s tendency to gain or lose electrons. (I.e. what it can do chemically)
Why are Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, Xenon and Radon grouped together?
Noble gases -- chemically inert (less likely to interact) -- have a stable octet
Other elements are reactive depending on the varying degree of electrons in the outer shell. Essentially, atoms are searching for a way
to fill the outer orbit and create a stable octet by joining other atoms
![Page 17: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
- “the most famous noble gas is Helium, as it is used in balloons. This is because it 'floats' due to the fact it is less dense than air, so rises above it. But the densities increase, so xenon is denser than air, and will fall to the ground.” “As you know, helium is used in balloons and airships because it is less dense than air. But you could just as well use hydrogen. But helium is unreactive (see above) whereas hydrogen is explosive - so helium is much safer.Neon is used inside those bright advertising tubes. When a current is passed through the gas it glows.Argon, krypton and xenon are used in light bulbs of varying sorts and uses, all because they will not react from the heat created by the bulb.”http://www.scienceaid.co.uk/chemistry/periodictable/noblegases.html
![Page 18: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Chemical Bonding Chemical Bond: an attractive force that links 2
atoms together– a reaction between atoms
depends on the # of electrons Bond Info
– when bonds form they have potential energy– takes energy to break bonds– bond energy - amount of energy required to break A and B
apart– atoms and molecules don’t exist alone. They react with
each other all of the time.
![Page 19: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Bond Information:
General Reaction– Reactants + Energy --> Products + Energy
Endothermic - energy is used up (Delta H+)– Examples: http://ca.youtube.com/watch?
v=C_ylmLirPxM– **http://ca.youtube.com/watch?
v=5RJLvQXce4A&NR=1– Exothermic - energy is released (Delta H-)
• http://ca.youtube.com/watch?v=HjR0mWdIsJ0• Gummy Bear http://ca.youtube.com/watch?
v=LXdYcRI7b_k
![Page 20: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Exothermic Reactions:
Heat is give off Examples:
– Freezing and condensing– “Making bonds gives out energy - it is exothermic.
This is why freezing and condensing are exothermic. In a chemical reaction you need to put energy in to break bonds in the reactants,you get energy out when new bonds are formed to make the products. If you get out more energy than you have to put in, then overall the reaction is exothermic. This is what normally occurs” (gcsescience.com).
![Page 21: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Endothermic Reactions
Heat is taken in Examples:
– Melting and boiling– “Breaking bonds (overcoming the force of
attraction) requires energy, you have to put heat in - it is endothermic. This is why melting and boiling are endothermic if you have to put in more energy than you get out, then the reaction is endothermic,but except in rare circumstances, the reaction doesn't happen” (gcsescience.com).
![Page 22: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Examples:
http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/thermo/faq/exothermic-endothermic-examples.shtml
You Tube Exothermic Reaction Video:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=80Q3GgeeIVM
![Page 23: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
1. Covalent Bonding
two atoms share a pair of electrons– No Charge
– example: Hydrogen (H2), Oxygen (02)and Nitrogen (N2)
H-HO-O N N
![Page 24: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Structural, Ball and Stick, Space filling Models
http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCESoft/CCA/CCA5/MAIN/1ORGANIC/ORG02/TRAM02/1MODELSMETHANE/0060807/MOVIE.HTM
![Page 25: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bonding Patterns
H = 1 O = 2 N = 3 C = 4 Remember the element will always have X
number of lines leading to another element.
Ex.HCN2 H2O
![Page 26: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
NOTE: as the number of orbitals increases the stability of the covalent bond decreases because the electrons are more shielded from the other atom’s nucleus by more orbitals.
![Page 27: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
2. Ionic Bonds
Ions: electrically charged atoms– have a positive or negative charge
depending on the number of electrons that they have.
Cations: + – ex/ Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+
Anions: -– Cl-, O2-
![Page 28: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ionic Bond: is the transfer of electrons form one element to the other.– One of the atoms in the bond pair has the
shared pair of electrons all of the time– 1 atom give up e- to another and each one
becomes a charged ion. When in solution ions will separate
– NaCl --> (in solution) Na+(gained) + Cl- (lost)
![Page 29: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
RED-OX Reactions
Reduction:– gaining of electrons– most reducing reactions lead to the storage
of energy– sugars and fats are highly reduced
compounds– material reduced is called the oxidizing
agent
![Page 30: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Oxidation:– loss of electrons– most oxidation reactions involve the
release of energy– material oxidized is called the reducing
agent OIL RIG
![Page 31: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
3. Hydrogen Bonding
Arises from attraction from slight “+” charge of H atom and a slight “-“ charge from a nearby F, O or N atom.– Example: H2O
![Page 32: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Polar Molecules sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
may not be equal. Overall charge of the molecule is
neutral but 1 region is “+” and the other is “-“
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/chem/review.html
![Page 33: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Water - is a polar molecule
It boils at 100 degrees (Energy is added to break H bonds so that the molecules can escape.)
Has very unique properties- covers ¾ of the earth’s surface- between 45-95% of any living organism consists of water- is necessary for life- it is the most effective solvent on earth- as water cools it shrinks until it reaches 4 C (max density
(min. vol))- at 4 C the polarity causes the molecule to join together
in hexagonal lattices- creates a space which causes water to expand when it
freezes Why does this matter??
![Page 34: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
It Floats when frozen!- If it didn’t it would sink and all of the oceans would
freeze solid- Would kill all life- The sun never shines down to the bottom of a deep
lake so it would never thaw out- more gas dissolves in water when it’s cool as compared
to warm
in the fall the top layer of water cools off first cold water dissolves more gases (O2) as it cools the water begins to sink (Because more dense) long periods of cool water replenish the oxygen in a lake warm water moves to the surface process is called turnover if it freezes really fast and the ice is covered by snow soon
after you will get winter kill
![Page 35: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
**Hydrogen bonding is what allows insects to walk on water, a bubble to exist and you to overfill your glass.
http://www.wonderquest.com/waterwalk-blueice-magneticpoles.htm
Supercooling of water . . . Watch it freeze.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YLeL8XFBB_0
![Page 36: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Types of Reactions
Synthesis Reaction:– build compounds– requires energy– ex. Photosynthesis
Decomposition Reaction:- break down compounds- release energy- ex. Digestion processes
![Page 37: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Ionization:– convert non-ionic compounds into ions
• ex. HCl --> H+ + Cl-
![Page 38: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
pH -- Potential Hydrogen
Measure of Acids and Bases Acid:
– any solution that has more H+ than OH-• ex// HCl = [H+] >[OH-]
Base:– any solution that has more OH- than H+
• ex// NaOH = [OH-] > [H+]
Logarithmic scale moves by 10
![Page 39: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
http://www.ec.gc.ca/acidrain/kids.html
![Page 40: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Complete DEMO
What is an Acid Anhydride? An acid without water RXN from DEMO
– H20 + CO2 --> H2CO3 (carbonic acid) + H+ + HCO3-
Our blood has a pH of 7.35 - 7.45
![Page 41: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
So what happens if we drink a can of coke with a pH of 5 or less? Buffers
– neutralize excess acids and bases which prevent changes in pH
– found in all living cells because each reaction needs to maintain a common pH
– only absorbs the excess acid or base – it keeps the reaction in a specific range– the more reactions occurring the more
buffers needed
![Page 42: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Why does a child pass out when he/she holds his/her breath for a long time? Change in blood pH (7.35-7.45) CO2 in blood forms carbonic acid pH sensors in the carotid arteries detect
a change in pH and send a message to the brain
the brain causes us to pass out therefore you have to take a breath
(unconscious)
![Page 43: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Metabolism– the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell
or organism
![Page 44: Biochemistry ~ Review of Chemistry Objectives: 1. Appreciate the basic principles of chemistry which are involved in life processes. (1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4,](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e535503460f94b49445/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Any last questions??
Complete the review crossword puzzle Set a quiz date
THE END :-)