BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2)...
-
Upload
christiana-wilkerson -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
1
Transcript of BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2)...
![Page 1: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
UNIT 1BIOCHEMISTRY
![Page 2: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them.
2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone pairs.
![Page 4: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Pure water never only contains only H2O molecules
Two H2O in every 550 million react with each other.
Acids, Bases and Buffers(pg. 20)
![Page 6: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Compounds other than water can increase or decrease [H3O+] or [OH-]
ACIDS◦ Increase the concentration of H3O+ ions in a solution.
◦ Acidic solutions: sour taste, ability to conduct electricity.◦ Contain at least one ionizable hydrogen atom.
BASES◦ Increase the concentration of OH- ions in a solution.◦ Basic solutions: bitter taste, slippery feel, conduct electricity.◦ 2 reactions:
1) Ionic base containing OH- ion dissociate to produce OH-
2) Base not containing OH combines with H+ ions
Acids and Bases
![Page 7: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Pure water contains equal numbers of hydonium and hydroxide ions◦ [H3O+] = [OH-] Neutral
Neutralization reaction:◦ Acid and base mixed
Acids and Bases (2)
![Page 8: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Concentration of a solute in aqueous solution is measured in moles of the solute per litre of solutions mol/L◦ A mole is the amount of any substance that contains
6.02 x 1023 particles of the substance. ◦ A [H3O+] of 2.0 mol/L contains
__________________________________ H3O+ ions.
◦ A neutral solution has [H30+] = 1.0 x 10-7 mol/L.
◦ The pH of an aqueous solutions is equal to the negative logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration. Acidic solutions, 0 < pH < 7 Basic solutions, 7 < pH < 14
pH
![Page 9: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carbon◦ Can form four covalent bonds◦ Attach to each other to form strait and branched
chains and ringed structures. Hydrocarbons: contain only carbon and
hydrogen non-polar. Functional groups: reactive clusters of atoms
containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosporus. ◦ Attach to the carbon backbone.
Bonding Capacity: number of covalent bonds an atom can form.
The Chemicals of Life(1.2)
![Page 10: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
FGs are more reactive than the hydrocarbon portions of biological molecules. ◦ Eg. –OH and –COOH are polar due to the
electronegative oxygen atom they contain. Therefore, sugars and alcohols are highly soluble in water.
◦ Eg. –COOH makes a molecule acidic. –NH2 makes a molecule basic.
Functional Groups and Reactivity
![Page 13: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
PP, page 27, #1
![Page 14: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Complex carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are polymers.
Lipids (triglycerides and phospholipids) are not polymers but are relatively large molecules composed of several smaller parts.
Biological Macromolecules
![Page 15: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
For carbs, proteins, and Nas, the subunit can also be called a __________________.
![Page 16: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anabolic Reaction: result in the construction of large molecules from smaller subunits.◦ ‘formation’◦ Cells use this process to form proteins (ex//cytoskeleton
( strength), carbohydrates (ex//membrane, glycogen for energy storage), lipids (ex//phospholipid bilayer), etc.
Condensation/Dehydration Synthesis: creates a covalent bond between two subunits, removing (forming) a water molecule in the process.◦ An –OH group is removed from one subunit, an H is
removed from another. OH + H H2O. ◦ Process requires energy.
Anabolic Reactions & Condensation Reactions
![Page 17: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Catabolic Reactions: reactions that break macromolecules into smaller units.◦ ‘digestion’◦ Cells may use this process to break apart larger
unusable macromolecules into their subunits in order to re-build them into functional/required macromolecules. (Lego)
Hydrolysis: water molecule is used to break a covalent bond holding subunits together. ◦ Release of energy
Catabolic Reactions & Hydrolysis Reactions
![Page 18: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hydrolysis and condensation require the assistance of special protein molecules called enzymes – more on enzymes later.
![Page 19: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Millions of tonnes are produced by plants and algae every year through process of ___________________________.
Functions:◦ Sources/storage of energy for organisms.◦ Building materials◦ Cell surface markers for cell-to-cell identification.
Types (“saccharide” sugar)◦ Monosaccharide◦ Oligosaccharides ◦ Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates (in detail)(pg. 29)
![Page 20: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
“mono” + “saccharide” single sugar. Contain a single chain of carbon atoms to
which hydroxyl groups and a carbonyl group is attached.◦ Can be distinguished by
the carbonyl group they possess: aldehyde or ketone. Aldoses: contain aldehyde Ketoses: contain ketones.
Number of atoms in their backbone. Pentose: five carbons Hexose: six carbons. Etc.
Monosaccharides
![Page 21: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Trioses◦ Glyceraldehyde (intermediate compound in carbohydrate
metabolism)◦ Dehydroxyacetone (ingredient in sunless tanning products)
Pentoses◦ Ribose (component of RNA)◦ Ribulose (used in photosynthesis)
Hexoses ◦ The hexoses are isomers: contain same chemical formula
but with a different arrangement of atoms. Possess different shapes and different physical and chemical properties. Glucose (source of energy in cells) Galactose (component of lactose, milk sugar) Fructose (fruit sugar).
Common Monosaccharide Uses
![Page 23: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Monosaccharides with five or more carbons are linear molecules in the DRY state.
Ring structure: when dissolved in water. Ex// Glucose: carbons 1 & 5 react.
◦ Hydroxyl group at carbon 1: below plane of ring. α – glucose
◦ Hydroxyl group at carbon 1: above plane of ring: β - glucose
Shapes of Monosaccharides
![Page 24: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
◦ Contain two or three simple sugars. Attached by special condensation rxn: glycosidic
linkage. Disaccharides: contain two monosaccharides.
Important dissacharides Maltose: α–glucose + α–glucose (α 1-4 glycosidic linkage)
Found in grains – use in the production of beer. “maltose”
Sucrose: α–glucose + α-fructose (α- 1-2 glycosidic linkage) Table sugar Use by many plants to transport glucose from one part of a
plant to another. Found in high concentrations in sugar cane, sugar beet, and
sugar maple trees. Lactose: α-glucose + α-galactose
Sugar found in milk.
Oligosaccharides
![Page 25: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
![Page 26: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
‘complex carbohydrates’ Monosaccharide polymers several hundred to
several thousand monosaccharides.◦ Energy storage and structural support. ◦ Starch: _________________________(amylose +
amylopectin)◦ Glycogen: _____________________________◦ Cellulose: _____________________________◦ Chitin: ________________________________
Polysaccharides
![Page 27: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Amylose Unbranched α-glucose polymer α 1-4 glycosidic linkages
Amylopectin Branched α-glucose polymer Main-chain: α 1-4 linkages Brances: α 1-6 linkages
Angles of glycosidic linkages causes polymers to twist into coils: insoluble in water.
AMYLOSE + AMYLOPECTIN = STARCH
![Page 28: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Plants store the Sun’s energy mostly in the form of glucose by photosynthesis.
______________________________________________ Glucose is then broken down when energy is needed
by the plant: for anabolism, catabolism (formation of proteins, carbs, other processes)◦ Usually produce more glucose than needed.◦ Enzymes link together glucose into amylose and amylopectin
(polysaccharides), which mix to form starch. Potato: “starchy”. Roots in the winter: deciduous trees store energy in roots during
the winter so when spring bloom arrives, they are ready to use energy to bud new leaves (beginning photosynthesis!)
Plants and Polysaccharides
![Page 29: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Heterotrophs use enzymes to hydrolyze amylose and amylopectin into individual glucose molecules and then respirate to extract energy to glucose:
Cellular Respiration:
______________________________________________ Excess glucose molecules are linked to one
another to form glycogen.
Glycogen Similar to amylopectin (same linkages and
branched), but more branches. Stored in muscle and liver cells. Depleted in about a day if not replenished.
![Page 31: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cellulose Primary structural polysaccharide of plants. Major component of cell walls. Most abundant organic substance on Earth. Strait-chain polymer of β-glucose held together by β1–4 glycosidic
linkages Neither coiled nor branched. Strait shape allows hydroxyl groups of parallel monomers to form
many hydrogen bonds, producing microfibrils.
![Page 33: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Humans do not have the digestive enzymes able to break linkages between β-glucose subunits. ◦ Therefore, can not digest cellulose.
Animals such as cows, sheep, and rabbits can digest cellulose◦ Symbiotic bacteria and protists in digestive tract produce
enzymes that break the linkages. Roughage
◦ Cellulose fibres – found in fresh fruit, vegetables, and grains – we are unable to digest.
◦ Pass through our DT undigested scrape walls of DT stimulates intestinal cells to secrete mucus lubricates feces and aids in elimination of solid waste (decreases chance of back-up).
Corn in your Poop?
![Page 35: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Chitin Exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans and cell
walls of many fungi. Monomer is a glucose molecule with a nigrogen-
containing group attached to carbon 2. Second most abundant organic material found in
nature. Used in contact lenses and biochemical stitches.
![Page 36: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Building Carbohydrates with Molecular Modelling Set
![Page 37: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Building Carbohydrates with Molecular Modelling Set
![Page 38: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
PPs, page 34. # 2-10
![Page 39: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Hydrophobic – composed of H, C and O◦ Insoluble in water but soluble in other nonpolar substances.
Functions◦ Long-term storage of energy (more than twice the amount of energy in carbohydrates). ◦ In animals, excess carbohydrates are converted into fat and stored as droplets in the
cells of adipose (fat) tissue. ◦ Thermal insulation: layer of fat under skin (penguins, polar bears, walruses, etc).◦ Plants also store energy in the form of fat: triglyerides.
Main types:◦ Triglycerides◦ Phopholipids◦ Sterols◦ Waxes
Lipids (in detail) (page 35)
![Page 40: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Made of:◦ A glycerol (3-C molecule with three hydroxyl groups)◦ Three fatty acids (long H chains containing –COOH)
Usually even number of Cs and around 16-18 C long. Saturated FAs: all single bonds, max # H Unsaturated FAs: one or more C=Cs, not max # H.
Triglycerides
![Page 41: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Condensation reaction between glycerol and fatty acid: ester linkage.
![Page 42: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
![Page 44: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Examples: animal fats: butter and lard.◦ Contain only saturated fatty acids. ◦ Strait hydrocarbon chains allow for many van der
Walls attractions Dipole-dipoles, dispersion forces
Solid consistency at room temperature. More difficult to catabolize.
Saturated Fatty Acids
![Page 46: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Examples: plant oils: olive oil, corn oil, peanut oil. ◦ Bent at double bonds. ◦ Reduced number of van der Waals attractions. ◦ Liquids at room temperature. ◦ Hydrogenation: process of adding hydrogen
atoms to double bonds in unsaturated triglycerides to form semisolid material (margarine).
Unsaturated/Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
![Page 47: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Glycerol molecule + two Fas + highly polar phosphate group. ◦ Polar head (hydrophillic)◦ Non-polar tails (hydrophobic).
When added to water, phospholipids form spheres called micelles. ◦ Hydrophyllic heads orient themselves towards the
water while the hydrophobic tails orient towards themselves.
Phospholipids
![Page 48: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Separate two water compartments (extracellular fluid and cell’s cytoplasm/intracellular fluid). ◦ Heads can mix with water and tails can mix with
one another in the center of the bilayer. ◦ Water/polar molecules: can not pass through
bilayer due to the highly nonpolar center. Proteins and hydrophillic pores form channels
through which charged materials can pass.
Phospholipid Bilayer
![Page 49: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Also called steriods Compact hydrophobic molecules containing four
fused hydrocarbon rings and several different functional groups.
Cholesterol: important in cell membrane aid in fluidity.
Cholesterol in bloodstream and diet rich in saturated fats artherosclerosis. ◦ Fatty deposits (plaque): line blood vessels and block the flow
of blood to tissues Body tissue dies Heart tissue: heart attack Brain: stroke.
Other Sterols:◦ Sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.
Sterols
![Page 51: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
![Page 52: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Long-chain fatty acids linked to alcohols or carbon rings.
Hydrophobic◦ Waterproof coating on various plant and animal parts◦ Cutin: wax produced by epidermal cells of plants, forming
water-resistant coating on the surfaces of stems, leaves, and fruit conserve water and barrier to infections.
◦ Birds: secrete waxy material to help keep feathers dry◦ Bees: produce beeswax to construct honeycombs.
WAXES
![Page 53: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Pg. 40#11-13,15-18
![Page 54: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
The most diverse molecules in living organisms and among the most important: gelatin, desserts, hair, antibodies, spider webs, blood clots, egg whites, tofu, and fingernails, etc.
Make up 50% of dry mass of most cells. ◦ Structural building blocks◦ Functional molecules◦ Involved in almost anything that cells do. ◦ 3D shape is directly related to their function.◦ Enzymes: catalysts speed up chemical reactions so cells can sustain
life.◦ Immunoglobins: protect animals against foreign microbes and cancer
cells. ◦ Hemoglobin: transports oxygen. ◦ Protein carriers: move substances across cell membranes.◦ And much more!
Proteins (in detail) (Pg. 40)
![Page 55: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Genetic information in DNA codes specifically for production of proteins and nothing else.
All copies of the same gene produce the same protein.
DNA to PROTEIN
![Page 56: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Monomer: amino acid. ◦ Central carbon atom with an amino group, a carboxyl
group, a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R). ◦ 20 different R groups, therefore 20 different AAs. ◦ Amphiprotic: both acidic (carboxyl) and basic (amino)
functional group. When dissolved in water, carboxyl group donates an H+
ion to the amino group Causes the carboxyl group to become (-) and amino (+). Amino acids may have side chains that are polar (hydrophillic)
or nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic (contain a carboxyl) or basic (amino).
Protein Structure
![Page 57: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Nonpolar amino acids
![Page 58: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Polar Amino Acids
![Page 59: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Electrically charged (acidic/basic) amino acids
Note: there are 8 essential amino acids: body cannot synthesize from simpler compounds:Tryptophan, methionine, valine, threonine, phenylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine.
![Page 60: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
HW (to do for Monday):Amino Acid Memory Cards 1) take a cue card and place it in `portrait` orientation towards
you. 2) fold the top down and bottom up about 1 inch from the
edges. 3) Draw an amino acid on the blank side of the cue card. 4) write the name of the amino acid on one of the folded parts,
and the short-hand notation on the other fold. 5) write a few things about the amino acid on the side with
lines. 6) use these cue cards to study. Do not lose them! (attach
them to your binder, put them in your pencil case, etc). You will be required to know all of the amino acids as well as their properties.
![Page 61: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Proteins consist of one or more amino acid polymers (polypeptides) that have twisted and coiled into a specific shape. ◦ Final shape: conformation determined by the
sequence of amino acids it contains. ◦ Peptide bond: condensation reaction between
amino group of one amino acid and carboxyl group of another amino acid, forming an amide Functional group linkage is called an amide bond.
◦ Polypeptides: constructed in the cytoplasm of cells through process called protein synthesis.
Formation of a Polypeptide
![Page 62: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
![Page 63: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Amino terminus: amino group at one end. Carboxyl terminus: carboxyl group at other
end. Can be between a few to more than a thousand
amino acids. Sequence determines polypeptide’s 3D
conformation determines function.◦ Structural proteins: roughly linear: forms strands or
sheets.◦ Globular proteins: 1+ polypeptide chains that coil and
bend to form rounded, spherical shape Many enzymes are globular.
Polypeptides
![Page 64: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
![Page 65: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Primary Structure: unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. ◦ Amino acid referred to as a ‘residue.’◦ First protein to be ‘decoded’ in terms of residue
was insulin: Fredrick Sanger, 1958.◦ Determined by the nucleotide sequence of DNA. ◦ Possible arrangement of polypeptides:
The number of possible arrangements of residues in a polypeptide are 20n .
Example: How many different 40- residue polypeptides are possible?
__________________________________________________________________________________
Primary Structure
![Page 66: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Changing the sequence by one amino acid could alter the 3D shape protein loses it’s function, is rendered useless, or has a different function (rare). ◦ Ex// Sickle cell anemia: single AA change in hemoglobin causes
red blood cell to change shaped: flow is hindered, vessels clog.
Changing the sequence.
![Page 67: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
During protein synthesis, AAs added to growing chain one at a time coils, folds, bends at various locations.
Two main shapes form:◦ α-helix & β-pleated sheet.
Secondary Structure
![Page 68: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
α-helix: hydrogen bond forms between the electronegative O of (C=O) of one peptide bond and the electropositive hydrogen of the amino group (N-H) four peptide bonds away
Ex// fibrous proteins - α-keratin: protein in hair.
α-helix
![Page 69: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Two parts of polypeptide chain lie parallel to one another. Hydrogen bonds form between oxygen atoms of C=O on one
strand and hydrogen atoms of amino groups on adjacent strand.
β-pleated sheet
Spiders are Crazy Cool!• silk contains large amounts of betapleated sheets spiders secrete silkin liquid form and then solidify when exposedto air. Many H-bonds. Strength!
![Page 70: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Strong forces of attraction and repulsion between the polypeptide and its environment force it to undergo additional folding.
Chaperone proteins: aid growing polypeptide to fold into tertiary structure: deficiency: cystic fibrosis.◦ AAs with polar R groups (ex// serine, tyrosine, and glutamine) are attracted
to water.◦ AAs containing nonpolar R groups (ex//valine and phenylalanine) are
‘repelled’ by water. Congregate in the interior of folded polypeptide, away from water.
◦ Structure stabilized by number of R-group interactions. H-bonds ionic bonds (between oppositely charged side chains) van der Waals forces between nonplar R groups. Disulfide bridges: covalent bond between sulfur-containing R groups of
cysteine residues. Proline kinks: R group is attached to the amino group forms a kink in the
polypeptide.
Tertiary Structure
![Page 71: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
![Page 72: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Sometimes 2+ polypeptide subunits combine to form a functional protein. ◦ Collagen (skin, bones,
tendons, ligaments)◦ Keratin (hair)◦ Hemoglobin (transports
oxygen): four polypeptides in quaternary structure.
Quaternary Structure
![Page 73: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
![Page 74: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Proteins are made within a cell, in a mostly neutral pH.
Different environmental conditions may cause unravelling.◦ pH◦ temperature◦ Salt concentrations
Various chemicals and heat disrupt:◦ Hydrogen bonds◦ Ionic bonds◦ Disulfide bridges◦ Hydrophobic interactions
Will usually return to original orientation if denaturing agent is removed.
Denaturation
![Page 75: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Enzymes work within specific ranges of conditions◦ Thermophiles: (archaebacteria: live in water at about 100
degrees celcius) Would die at room temperature enzymes would denature.
◦ Gastrin: digestive enzyme in the stomach works best at pH = 2, and denatured in small intestine where the pH = 10.
◦ Fevers: prolonged fevers can denature proteins in brain and lead to seizures/death.
◦ Preservatives: salt, sugar, curry, pickling denatures proteins in bacteria that spoil food.
◦ Straitening hair: temporarily denaturing proteins with heat.◦ Cooking meat: to denature fibrous proteins in muscle
tissue.
Denaturing (2)
![Page 76: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
PPs, Page 50. #19-29
ON MONDAY, MAKE SURE YOU HAVE THE FOLLOWING COMPLETED:
Any PPs from the text that I have assigned throughout the powerpoint.
Carbohydrate worksheet Lipid worksheet.
MONDAY: quiz on Carbohydrates and Proteins.
![Page 77: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Informational macromolecules◦ Store hereditary information.◦ Determines structure of proteins determines
function.◦ Only molecules that produce identical copies. ◦ Reason why organisms can reproduce.
Nucleic Acids (in detail) (pg.52)
![Page 78: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) protein.
![Page 79: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Monomer: nucleotide◦ Nitrogenous base◦ Pentose sugar◦ Phosphate group.
DNA vs. RNA (both are helical)
Nucleic Acid Monomer
Characteristic DNA RNA
Location Nucleus Nucleus & Cytoplasm
Sugar Deoxyribose (one less oxygen)
Ribose
Nitrogenous Bases G, C, A, T G, C, A, U
Strands Double Single
![Page 80: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Nucleic Acid Sugars
![Page 81: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Pyrimidine: single-ringed. Purine: double ringed.
Nitrogenous Bases
![Page 82: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Nucleotides are linked together by a specific enzyme into a strand.
NA Condensation reaction: phosphodiester linkage.◦ Between phosphate group and hydroxyl group (on carbon #3).
Phosphodiester Bond
![Page 83: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Double-stranded Strands held together by hydrogen bonds
between nitrogenous bases.◦ A-T: two hydrogen bonds◦ G-C: three hydrogen bonds.
Strands are antiparallel: free phosphate end of one strand lines up with the free sugar end of the adjacent strand.
Complimentary pairs: every pair of nucleotide pair is composed of a purine facing a pyrimidine.
DNA
![Page 84: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
![Page 85: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
A nucleotide used to drive energy-requiring reactions.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
![Page 86: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
All organisms pass on their DNA to offspring.
Organisms that share similar features are more closely related. ◦ THIS IS BECAUSE OF DNA!
Therefore, more closely related organisms contain more closely related sequences of nucleotides.
REMEMBER: DNA RNA PROTEIN.
DNA and Evolution
![Page 87: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Table on Pg. 54: Summary of Macromolecules.
![Page 88: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Work together to fill in the blanks.
Biological Macromolecule Summary
![Page 89: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
![Page 91: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Complete:
#1-9, 11, 13-16, 18-19.
![Page 92: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Test on Macromolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Next Class:
![Page 93: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
I have decided to move onto ENZYMES next.
Unit 1, Part 2
![Page 94: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
First, we need to learn about energy.
ENZYMES.
![Page 95: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
“the ability to do work” = ______________ Living organisms must continually capture,
store, and use energy in order to function = live.
Organisms do all their work at a molecular level highly controlled chemical reactions.
Anabolic Reactions: __________________________.
Catabolic Reactions: _________________________.
Matabolism: _________________________________.
An organism is the ‘sum of its parts’
![Page 96: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
All forms of energy can be classified as kinetic or potential energy
Kinetic Energy: ____________________________◦ Heat, mechanical, electromagnetic, or electrical energy.
Potential Energy: __________________________. ◦ Gravitational, chemical.◦ Ex// A diver. (Gained this energy because he WORKED
to get to the height that he is at).
WHEN THE DIVER DIVES, HE WILL GAIN KINETIC ENERGY AND LOSE POTENTIAL ENERGY. Potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
Energy
![Page 97: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
The total amount of energy in the universe is constant.
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed. Energy can only be converted from one
form to another.
First Law of Thermodynamics
![Page 98: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Atoms form molecules because they achieve greater stability. (Think about it atoms want to have full valence shells).
Bond energy: measure of stability of a covalent bond. ___________________________. ◦ The more energy needed to break a bond, the
more stable the bond is.
Bond Energy
![Page 99: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
First Law of Thermodynamics? For any reaction that gives off energy, there
must be another reaction that absorbs energy.◦ Exothermic Reactions: ___________________________◦ Endothermic Reactions: __________________________
Most living things absorb or release energy in the form of heat (thermal energy)
Endothermic/Exothermic Reactions
![Page 100: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Measure of randomness/disorder. Entropy increases as disorder increases. The Universe favours an increase in entropy. Put the following in order as entropy
increases:
_ Liquid _ Gas - Solid
Entropy
![Page 101: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
How do each of the following statements make sense when thinking about Entropy?
![Page 102: BIOCHEMISTRY. Note: 1) bonds repel each other so that there is the maximum space between them. 2) lone pairs also repel bonds as well as other lone.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062408/56649e4a5503460f94b3e669/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)