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![Page 1: Biochemistry Lecture 10. Only a Small Amount of Energy Available in Glucose is Captured in Glycolysis 2 G’° = -146 kJ/mol Glycolysis Full oxidation.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649f4a5503460f94c6c18c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Biochemistry
Lecture 10
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Only a Small Amount of Energy Available in Glucose
is Captured in Glycolysis
2G’° = -146 kJ/mol
Glycolysis
Full oxidation (+ 6 O2)
G’° = -2,840 kJ/mol6 CO2 + 6 H2O
GLUCOSE
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Cellular Respiration: the big picture
• process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2
• provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than glycolysis
• also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids
• evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago
• used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms
• occurs in three major stages:
- acetyl CoA production
- acetyl CoA oxidation
- electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation
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Stage 1. Acetyl-CoA production
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Stage 2. Acetyl-CoA Oxidation
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Stage 3. Electron Transfer and oxidative
Phosphorylation
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Where does this all happen?
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Stage 1. Acetyl-CoA production
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Pyruvate Decarboxylation
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The PDC
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Sequence of Events in Pyruvate
Decarboxylation• Step 1: Decarboxylation of pyruvate to an aldehyde
• Step 2: Oxidation of aldehyde to a carboxylic acid
• Step 3: Formation of acetyl CoA
• Step 4: Reoxidation of the lipoamide cofactor
• Step 5: Regeneration of the oxidized FAD cofactor
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Structure of CoA
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Stage 2. Acetyl-CoA Oxidation
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Step 1
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Step 2
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Sterospecificity
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Step 3
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Step 4
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Step 5.
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Succinyl-CoA
Succinate
Succinyl-CoA Synthetase
Succinate dehydrogenase
*
*
Carbons are scrambled at succinate
*
1/2
1/2
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Step 6.
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Step 7.
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Products from one turn of the cycle
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Net Effect of the Citric Acid Cycle
Acetyl-CoA + 3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + 2 H2O
2CO2 +3NADH + FADH2 + GTP + CoA + 3H+
• carbons of acetyl groups in acetyl-CoA are
oxidized to CO2
• electrons from this process reduce NAD+ and FAD
• one GTP is formed per cycle, this can be
converted to ATP
• intermediates in the cycle are not depleted
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Energy Yield
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