BIOCHEMISTRY I

CHAPTER II. BIOELEMENTS AND BIOMOLECULS

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Sri Retno Dwi Ariani., S.Si., M.Si.Sri Retno Dwi Ariani., S.Si., M.Si.NIP. 197112161998022004NIP. 197112161998022004

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UNIVERSITY OF SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTAUNIVERSITY OF SEBELAS MARET SURAKARTA

20102010 1

Bioelement is : Bioelement is : Elements that have been found as essential component Elements that have been found as essential component of living thingsof living things

BIOELEMENT

Bioelement consist of :Bioelement consist of :# main element of organic # main element of organic compound: C, H, O, N, S, Pcompound: C, H, O, N, S, P# ionic element : # ionic element : Na, K, Mg, Ca, ClNa, K, Mg, Ca, Cl# trace element : # trace element : Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, I, Mo, V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, I, Mo, V, Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Sn, B, As Ni, Cr, F, Se, Si, Sn, B, As

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8 MOST ELEMENTS IN CRUST8 MOST ELEMENTS IN CRUSTAND HUMAN BODYAND HUMAN BODY

Crust Human Body Element % Element %

O 47 H 63 Si 28 O 25,5 Al 7,9 C 9,5 Fe 4,5 N 1,4 Ca 3,5 Ca 0,31 Na 2,5 P 0,22 K 2,5 Cl 0,08

Mg 2,2 K 0,06

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•Large and small molecules that closely related Large and small molecules that closely related with chemical in living systemswith chemical in living systems• More than 99% atomic elements of biomolecule More than 99% atomic elements of biomolecule are Carbon, Nytrogen, oxygen, and hydrogenare Carbon, Nytrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen• Less component that essential are phosphore Less component that essential are phosphore and sulfureand sulfure

BIOMOLECULE

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Carbon atoms can be used along with four pairs electrons with four hydrogen to form compound methane (CH4)

The ability of carbon element so varied in form bonds may be a major factor in the selection of carbon compounds forthe molecular machinery of cells during emerge and evolve organisms

Most of Biomolecules is Carbon Compound

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Functional group of organic bimolecular determine its chemical properties

Almost all organic biomolecules can be viewed as derivatives ofHydrocarbons

One or more hydrogen atoms in hydrocarbons can be replaced by various kinds of functional groups to produce various classes of organic compounds

special group of organic compounds with specific functional groups are : alcohol, have one or more hydroxy groups amines, have amino group ketone, have carbonyl group carboxylate acid, have carboxyl group 6

Functional groups distinguished the group of organic Functional groups distinguished the group of organic compoundcompound

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Several other functional group found in biomolecules

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Asymmetrical Biomolecules

Biomolecules are AsymmetricIf there is an atom or a different functional group, which binds tospecific single carbon atom in an organic molecule.

Because it can form two isomers, called enantiomers that have different configurations in space.

Enantiomers are not mirror images of each cover (not identical) toeach other.

Enantiomer also called optical isomers or stereoisomers, are identical in their chemical reactions, but differs in a very unique properties, ie ability to rotate the plane of polarized light.

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Biomolecules with multiple functional groups

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Picture of enantiomers

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Main Groups of Biomolecules in The Cell is a Big SizeMain Groups of Biomolecules in The Cell is a Big SizeMoleculesMolecules

►Example :Example :►Eschericia coli has some molecular component such as:Eschericia coli has some molecular component such as:

% total mass Approxymate sum of molecule

Water 70 1

Protein 15 3000

Nucleic Acid 1 1

DNA 6 > 3000

RNA 3

Polysaccharide 2 5

Lipids 2 20

Drafting Unit of Molecular and Intermediaries

1 500

Inorganic Ionic 20 12

COMPLEXITY OF BIOMOLECULESCOMPLEXITY OF BIOMOLECULES

Molecule mass 18-350

Molecule mass 103-109

simple molecule

Forming Molecule

Macro Molecule

Organel and Supra molecule agregat

CELL

CO2, NH3,

H2O, Simple

organic

molecules

Amino Acid

simple sugar

Mononucleotide

Fatty Acid

Protein

Polysaccharide

Nucleic Acid

Lipids

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Structural levels in the organization of molecular cell

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Tiap-tiap molekul unit pembangun merupakan prekusor berbagai jenis biomolekul lain

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Macromolecules

Four major groups of bimolecular(proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and lipids) have general nature, big structure and high molecular weight so they called macromolecules

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Proteins

is a direct product of genes and effector action in allforms of life.Many biological functions are carried out so that the protein isbiomolecules that palig versatile.

Nucleic Acid, DNA dan RNAhas a function that is participating in the storage, transmission and translation of genetic information.

DNA serves as the repository of genetic information, RNA translation help process this information into protein structures.

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Polysaccharides

Is an energy-producing fuel and serves as a structural element in the outside of the cell.

Lipids

serves as mainly structural component of the membrane and as a store of energy-rich fuel.

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Proteins, nucleic acids and polysaccharides,builder units each bound onewith each other by covalent bonds

Supramoleculer cells, such as ribosomes, membrane or chromatin,macromolecules bound together by a weaker interaction.

Among these types of interactions, there are only hydrogen bondshas a bond energy compared to a few kilocaloriescovalent bonds have a bond energy  80 to 100 kcal / mol

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As an example of hereditary disease inhuman anemia "sickle cell" hemoglobin moleculeoxygen-carrying red blood cells experiencedisorders because of the damage to the synthesis of 2of nearly 200 units of amino acids that makehemoglobin.

Although the molecule-sized building units sosmall compared with the size of cells and organelles,these molecules can affect the shapeand functionality that larger structure.

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Biomolecules First Arose by Chemical Evolution

In 1920 A.I. Oparin argued opinion that:in the early history of our planet, various organic compounds areon the surface of the water, at high concentrations.From "soup" of organic compounds that "warm" this is the emergenceThe first primitive living cell, in more than 3000 millionyears ago.

chemical and physical processes that occur naturally on our earthtesebut time can cause the formation of organic compounds  simple amino acids and sugars such as spontaneous, from componentprimitive atmosphere whose composition is very differentwith air that we know today.

The History of Biomolecules

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According to this theory, the release of electrical energy from lightning, or heat formed during volcanic activity can activate methane, ammonia, water vapor, and other components of the primitive Atmosphere to react with each other to form a compound / moleculesimple organic.

This molecule, so slowly and step bystep finally joined spontaneously form membranes,protein and a catalyst, a co-precursorThe first primitive cells, can survive and divide duringseveral years

(Oparin view this remains speculative andseems not to be tested.)

Oparin

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Classic experiments on the origin of abiotic (non-biological)organic biomolecules conducted in 1953 by Stanley Miller.He brings a mixture of methane, ammonia, water vapor, andhydrogen with electric sparks through a pair of electrodes,to mimic the process of natural lightning.

Miller found that the carbon-containing gas phasemonooksida, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen, α-amino acidsand simple organic acids contained inliving organisms.

Miller

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Other researchers have since been discovered that amino acids other organic biomolecules can be easily formed if the energy source used to stimulate the process.

All forms of energy or radiation which tried and found capable offorming simple organic molecules, including heat, visible light, ultra light, x-rays, γ-rays, electrical sparks and silent electric energy, ultrasonic waves, a wave of "shock" and α particles and β.

Several hundred different organic compounds could easily have been on the primitive earth simulation experiments, including examples of all kinds of important molecules found in the cell, and that is not found in the cell.

The Developing of Biomolecules

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Chemical Evolution

The term chemical evolution is used to indicate the origin and development of organic molecules from inorganic perkusor with energy assistance.

First cell appeared, about 3500 million years ago. Then start the process of biological evolution, which continues unabated.

Ocean of today no longer contain high concentrations of organic compounds, biomolecules are found only in small quantities outside the living organism.

Because organic molecules disappear from the ocean, living organisms began to "learn" how to make their own organic biomolecules.

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THANK YOU

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