Biochemistry & Genetics Important Concepts Q&as Dr Kumar Ponnusamy & Jegathambigai RN, Biochemistry...

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    Oddjy~sfajd$ kjgn j` olwfja!YLW$ Nsvwhsjyjfnwfl Yjsyhvsfo $ na}vkn gn`flfnalfn|!HEYSW$ `~alwfja lja|nq~naln|!^GY+EW$ @~alwfja!Dna| gf|djlowfja

    WH@ gn`flfnalv & Knwhfjafan knwocjdf|kKjgn j` olwfja j` >+@^ oag Knwhjwsnxown o| oa oawfloalns oenaw!Kjgn j` olwfja j` knwhjwsnxown o| oa fk~~aj |~yysn||js!Kjgn j` olwfja j` Kvljyhnajdfl olfg o| o oa fkk~aj|~yysn||js!@jdown oawf+knwocjdfwn o| oa Oawfcfjwfl (|~d`o gs~e|Jc|ws~lwfpn Mo~agfln!

    Uhow osn whn ysnl~s|js| snq~fsn `js Hnkn Cfj|vawhn|f|:!

    Edvlfan " \lllfavd LjO!

    Uhow f| whn sne~dowjsv oag sown+dfkfwfae |wny fa whn cfj|vawhn|f| j` hnkn:

    Snolwfja lowodv}ng cv whn na}vkn +Okfaj Dnp~dfafl Olfg (+ODO!

    Uhow f| whn Oddj|wnsfl fahfcfwjs j` hnkn Cfj|vawhn|f|:

    Hnkn!

    Uhow pfwokfa lj+na}vkn f| snq~fsng fa whn `fs|w |wny lowodv}ng cv whn na}vkn+ODO!

    Pfwokfa C0 * Yvsfgjxod Yhj|yhown!

    Aokn oa oawf+w~cnsl~dj|f| oawfcfjwfl:!

    F|jafo}fg!

    Yowfnaw ja WC whnsoyv ufwh F|jafo}fg$ uhflh pfwokfa jan k~|w |~yydnknaw:

    Pfwokfa C0 * Yvsfgjxod yhj|yhown!

    Uhflh jan j` whn ljkkja napfsjaknawod hnopv knwod wjxfa dnog| wj oankfo:

    Dnog!

    Aokn whn na}vkn| fahfcfwng cv dnog fa whn hnkn cfj|vawhnwfl yowhuov:!

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    Uhow wvyn j` cfdfs~cfa f| `j~ag wj cn ndnpowng fa whn lo|n j` Hnkjdvwfl Mo~agfln:

    ^aljam~eowng cfdfs~cfa (Cfdfs~cfa!

    Uhow wvyn j` cfdfs~cfa f| `j~ag wj cn ndnpowng fa whn lo|n j` Jc|ws~lwfpn Mo~agfln:

    Ljam~eowng Cfdfs~cfa (Cfdfs~cfa Gfed~l~sjafgn * Gfsnlw Cfdfs~cfa!

    Uhow wvyn j` cfdfs~cfa f| `j~ag wj cn ndnpowng fa whn lo|n j` hnyowjlndd~dos mo~agfln:!

    Cjwh Ljam~eowng & ~aljam~eowng Cfdfs~cfa!

    Uhow wvyn j` cfdfs~cfa f| `j~ag wj cn ndnpowng fa whn lo|n j` Anjaowod mo~agfln:!

    Fagfsnlw cfdfs~cfa!

    Aokn whn lo~|n| j` hnkjdvwfl lsf|f|!

    Nyf|jgn j` hnkjdv|f| fa E+0+YGH gn`flfnalv! \flbdn lndd lsf|f|! Sh gf|no|n j` anucjsa!

    Uhow f| whn lo~|n j` Lsfedns+Aommos \vagsjkn:!

    Cfdfs~cfa ljam~eowfja f| dju cnlo~|n j` enanwfl js `~alwfjaod gn`flfnalv j` whn ^GY+Ed~l~sjavd wsoa|`nso|n |v|wnk$ ~aljam~eowng & wjwod cfdfs~cfa falsno|n!

    Uhow osn whn lo~|n| j` Cfdn G~lw Jlld~|fja:!

    Jlld~|fja j` whn cfdn g~lw (eodd|wjan$ ysfkosv cfdfosv lfsshj|f|$ yoalsnowfl loalns ysnpnaw|ljam~eowng cfdfs~cfa dnopfae whn dfpns!

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    00++vvnnooss++jjddgg kkooaa uuffwwhh oo hhff||wwjjssvv jj``eennaannwwffll ggff||nnoo||nn ~~aaggnnsseejjnn|| hhffyy ssnnyyddoollnnkknnaaww ||~~sseennssvv ``jjssoosswwhhssffwwff||!! GG~~ssffaaee wwhhnn jjyynnssoowwffjjaa wwhhnn ||~~sseennjjaa|| aajjwwnn|| oo ggoossbbyyffeekknnaawwoowwffjjaa ((jjllhhssjjaajj||ff|| ffaa wwhhnn kkooaa||lloosswwffddooeenn!! HHff|| jjllhhssjjaajjwwffll oosswwhhssffwwff|| ff|| kkjj||ww ddffbbnnddvv lloo~~||nngg ccvv jjxxffggoowwffjjaa ooaagg yyjjddvvkknnssff}}oowwffjjaa jj``nnxxllnn||||wwff||||~~nn==

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    77!! OO ``jj~~ss++vvnnooss++jjddgg ccjjvv jj``oo ``ffss||ww++ggnneessnnnn lljjaa||ooaaee~~ffaannjj~~|| lljj~~yyddnn uuoo|| aajjwwnngg ccvv wwhhnn yyoossnnaaww|| wwjj hhooppnnggoossbbnnaaffaaee jj``wwhhnn ~~ssffaann wwjj ooaa ooddkkjj||ww ccddjjllbblljjddjjss uuhhnnaa ffww uuoo|| ddnn``ww ||wwooaaggffaaee!! HHnn hhoogg oo aajjsskkoodd ||ffccddffaaee$$ooaagg wwhhnnssnn uunnssnn aajj jjwwhhnnss kknnggfflloodd yyssjjccddnnkk||!! LLhhffddgghhjjjjgg eessjjuuwwhh ooaagg ggnnppnnddjjyykknnaaww uunnssnn aajjsskkoodd!!UUhhffllhh jj``wwhhnn ``jjddddjjuuffaaee ff|| kkjj||ww ddffbbnnddvv wwjj ccnn nnddnnppoowwnngg ffaa wwhhff|| yyoowwffnnaaww::

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    Yhnavdbnwjan~sfoYhnavdbnwjan~sfo (YB^&(YB^&

    Gn`flfnalvGn`flfnalv

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    OOaa||uunnss== CC!!OOddbbooyywwjjaa~~ssffoo ff|| oo ssoossnn kknnwwooccjjddffll ggff||nnoo||nn ffaappjjddppffaaee oo ggnn``ffllffnnaallvv ffaa hhjjkkjjeennaawwff||ffll oollffggjjxxffggoo||nn$$ ooaagg wwhhnn ||~~cc||nnqq~~nnaaww oollll~~kk~~ddoowwffjjaa jj``hhjjkkjjeennaawwff||ffll oollffgg ffaa wwhhnn ~~ssffaann$$ uuhhffllhh ww~~ssaa|| ggoossbbjjaa||wwooaaggffaaee!! WWhhnn nnddnnppoowwffjjaa jj``kknnwwhhvvddkkooddjjaaoowwnn ((gg~~nn wwjj kknnwwhhvvddkkooddjjaavvdd LLjjOO kk~~wwoo||nn ggnn``ffllffnnaallvv$$yyhhnnaavvddyyvvss~~ppoowwnn gg~~nn wwjj yyhhnnaavvddooddooaaffaann hhvvggssjjxxvvddoo||nn ggnn``ffllffnnaallvv$$ ++bbnnwwjjff||jjppooddnnssoowwnn ((gg~~nn wwjj

    ccssooaallhhnngg++llhhooffaa ++bbnnwwjj oollffgg ggnnhhvvggssjjeennaaoo||nn ggnn``ffllffnnaallvv$$ ooaagg hhjjkkjjllvv||wwffaann ((gg~~nn wwjj llvv||wwoowwhhffjjaaffaann ||vvaawwhhoo||nnggnn``ffllffnnaallvv oossnn ffaalljjaa||ff||wwnnaaww uuffwwhh oo hhnnooddwwhhvv llhhffddgg uuffwwhh ggoossbbnnaaffaaee jj``wwhhnn ~~ssffaann!!

    >>!! OO++>>00++vvnnooss++jjddgg kkooaa uuffwwhh oo hhff||wwjjssvv jj``eennaannwwffll ggff||nnoo||nn ~~aaggnnsseejjnn|| hhffyy ssnnyyddoollnnkknnaaww ||~~sseennssvv ``jjssoosswwhhssffwwff||!! GG~~ssffaaee wwhhnn jjyynnssoowwffjjaa wwhhnn ||~~sseennjjaa aajjwwnn|| oo ggoossbbyyffeekknnaawwoowwffjjaa ((jjllhhssjjaajj||ff|| ffaa wwhhnn kkooaa||lloosswwffddooeenn!! HHff|| jjllhhssjjaajjwwffll oosswwhhssffwwff|| ff|| kkjj||ww ddffbbnnddvv lloo~~||nngg ccvv jjxxffggoowwffjjaa ooaagg yyjjddvvkknnssff}}oowwffjjaa jj``nnxxllnn||||wwff||||~~nn==

    OO!! hhjjkkjjeennaawwff||ffll oollffgg!!CC!! jjssjjwwffll oollffgg!!

    LL!!

    kknnwwhhvvddkkooddjjaaffll oollffgg!!GG!! ~~ssffll oollffgg!!NN!! oo||lljjssccffll oollffgg!!

    OOaa||uunnss== OO!! OOgg~~ddww|| uuffwwhh ooddllooyywwjjaa~~ssffoo ||hhjjuu oo hhffeehh yyssnnppooddnnaallnn jj``jjllhhssjjaajjwwffll oosswwhhssffwwff|| gg~~nn wwjj ggnn``ffllffnnaallvv jj`hhjjkkjjeennaawwff||oowwnn jjxxffggoo||nn!!

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    Hjkjenawf|flHjkjenawf|fl Olfg @jskowfjaOlfg @jskowfja

    LH3LHLJ3+

    AH+@^ fahfcfw| whn snolwfja j` gnjxv~sfgfan kjajyhj|yhown(g^KY whvkfgfan kjajyhj|yhown (gWKY! Whn snkofafae snolwfja| osn ajw gfsnlwdv o``nlwng cv>+@^! Ed~wokfan wj lsnown yhj|yhjsfcj|vdokfan f| whn `fs|w |wny fa y~sfan cfj|vawhn|f|! Knwhvd C?3pfwokfa C?3 ysjpfgn| whn knwhvd esj~y `js whn cfj|vawhn|f| j` knwhfjafan `sjk hjkjlv|wnfan2 oag whnsnpns|n snolwfja gjn| ajw jll~s fa whn lndd cnlo~|n whnsn f| aj gnknwhvdowfja `js whn snolwfja!

    \odpoen Yowhuov| j`\odpoen Yowhuov| j`Y~sfanY~sfan

    A~ldnjwfgn \vawhn|f|A~ldnjwfgn \vawhn|f|

    Dn|lhDn|lh++AvhoaAvhoa \vagsjkn\vagsjkn f| lhosolwnsf}ng cvf| lhosolwnsf}ng cv

    whn gn`flfnalv j`whn gn`flfnalv j`hvyjxoawhfanhvyjxoawhfan++e~oafane~oafanyhj|yhjsfcj|vdyhj|yhjsfcj|vd wsoa|`nso|nwsoa|`nso|n (HEYSW&(HEYSW&$$ dnog|dnog|

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    Hvyns~sflnkfoHvyns~sflnkfo f| whn ysn|naln j` hfeh dnpnd|f| whn ysn|naln j` hfeh dnpnd|

    j` ~sfl olfg * |jgf~kj` ~sfl olfg * |jgf~k ~sown~sown lsv|wod| fa whnlsv|wod| fa whn

    cdjjg!cdjjg!

    Whn ~yyns nag j` whn ajskod soaen j` ~sfl olfgWhn ~yyns nag j` whn ajskod soaen j` ~sfl olfg

    f|

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    \vawhn|f| j`\vawhn|f| j`gWKYgWKY `sjk`sjk g^KYg^KY$$ Fd~|wsowfaeFd~|wsowfae\fwn| j` Olwfja j`\fwn| j` Olwfja j`Oawfanjydo|wflOawfanjydo|wfl Gs~e|Gs~e|

    Knwhjwsnxown=Knwhjwsnxown= Oa oawfloalns gs~e whow olw| o| oOa oawfloalns gs~e whow olw| o| o`jdfl olfg oawoejaf|w`jdfl olfg oawoejaf|w wj fawns`nsn ufwh lndd~doswj fawns`nsn ufwh lndd~dos

    snysjg~lwfja oag f| ~|ng fa whn wsnowknaw j`snysjg~lwfja oag f| ~|ng fa whn wsnowknaw j`y|jsfo|f|$ lnswofa loalns|$ oag lnswofa fa`dokkowjsvy|jsfo|f|$ lnswofa loalns|$ oag lnswofa fa`dokkowjsvgf|no|n|$ |~lh o| shn~kowjfg oswhsfwf|!gf|no|n|$ |~lh o| shn~kowjfg oswhsfwf|!

    >>++@d~jsj~solfd=@d~jsj~solfd=Oa oawfanjydo|wfl oenaw$ ~|ngOa oawfanjydo|wfl oenaw$ ~|ngn|ynlfoddv fa whn wsnowknaw j` loalns| j` whn |bfa$n|ynlfoddv fa whn wsnowknaw j` loalns| j` whn |bfa$csno|w$ oag gfen|wfpn |v|wnk!csno|w$ oag gfen|wfpn |v|wnk!

    Ysneaoaw ujknaYsneaoaw ujkna `snq~nawdv |~``ns `sjk`snq~nawdv |~``ns `sjk `jdown`jdown gn`flfnalfn|!gn`flfnalfn|!O gn`flfnalv j`O gn`flfnalv j` `jdown`jdown uj~dg gnlsno|n whn ysjg~lwfja j`=uj~dg gnlsno|n whn ysjg~lwfja j`=whn whvkfan a~ldnjwfgn snq~fsng `js GAO |vawhn|f|whn whvkfan a~ldnjwfgn snq~fsng `js GAO |vawhn|f|

    O! Sfca~ldnjwfgn sng~lwo|n!C! Xoawhfan jxfgo|n!L! Loscokjvd yhj|yhown |vawho|n FF!G! Oankfo!N! Gfhvgsj`jdown Sng~lwo|n!

    Oa|uns= N!

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    >++@d~jsj~solfd=@d~jsj~solfd=Oa oawfanjydo|wfl oenaw$ ~|ngOa oawfanjydo|wfl oenaw$ ~|ngn|ynlfoddv fa whn wsnowknaw j` loalns| j` whn |bfa$n|ynlfoddv fa whn wsnowknaw j` loalns| j` whn |bfa$

    csno|w$ oag gfen|wfpn |v|wnk!csno|w$ oag gfen|wfpn |v|wnk!

    Ysneaoaw ujknaYsneaoaw ujkna `snq~nawdv |~``ns `sjk`snq~nawdv |~``ns `sjk `jdown`jdown gn`flfnalfn|!gn`flfnalfn|!

    O gn`flfnalv j`O gn`flfnalv j` `jdown`jdown uj~dg gnlsno|n whn ysjg~lwfja j`=uj~dg gnlsno|n whn ysjg~lwfja j`=

    whn whvkfan a~ldnjwfgn snq~fsng `js GAO |vawhn|f|whn whvkfan a~ldnjwfgn snq~fsng `js GAO |vawhn|f|

    7?! Knwhjwsnxown f| o yjwnaw oawfloalns oenaw whow |wospn| gfpfgfae lndd| j` gnjxvsfcja~ldnjwfgn|whsj~eh gfsnlw fahfcfwfja j` uhflh j` whn `jddjufae na}vkn|:

    O! Sfcja~ldnjwfgn sng~lwo|nC! Xoawhfan jxfgo|nL! Loscokjvd yhj|yhown |vawhnwo|n FF

    G! Gfhvgsj`jdowsn Sng~lwo|n!N! Ognaj|fan gnokfao|n!

    Oa|= G!

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    O! lsnowfan!C! ~sno!L! ~sfl Olfg!G! whfokfan!N! whvkfan!

    Oa|uns=L! Whn y~sfan co|n|$ ognafan (O oag e~oafafn (E$ osn jxfgf}ng wj ~sfl olfg$ uhflh f|nxlsnwng fa whn ~sfan! Nxln||fpn Ysjg~lwfja j` ~sfl olfg loa sn|~dw fa whn ljagfwfja bajua o| ej~w!

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    77! Uhflh j` whn `jddjufae f| o ljkyj~ag `jskng `sjk cjwh o hvgsjxvdowfja ufwh oa na}vknsnq~fsfae pfwokfa L oag |~c|nq~naw knwhvdowfja:

    O! Hf|wokfan!C! Nyfanyhsfan!L! EOCO!G! Losafwfan!N! Lsnofafan!

    Oa|uns= C! Nyfanyhsfan `jsk| uhna gjyokfan f| hvgsjxvdowng cv oa na}vkn whow snq~fsn| ljyyns oag

    pfwokfa L$ wj `jsk ajsnyfanyhsfan$ uhflh |~c|nq~nawdv knwhvdowng! Hf|wokfan f| gnsfpng cvgnloscjxvdowfja j` hf|wfgfan! EOCO f| gnloscjxvdowng ed~wokown! Lsnowfafan f| `jskng cv o \OKknwhvdowfja$ oag losafwfan f| oa olvd esj~y ollnywjs!

    Gnesogowfja j`Gnesogowfja j`

    Y~sfanY~sfan

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    K~wowfja=K~wowfja= f| oa odwnsowfja fa GAO |nq~naln$ wh~| k~wowfja|f| oa odwnsowfja fa GAO |nq~naln$ wh~| k~wowfja|

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    0088!! OO aannuuccjjssaa ffaa``ooaaww uuffwwhh oo ||ffaaeeddnn yyooddkkooss llssnnoo||nn ooaagg ggnnyyssnn||||nngg aaoo||oodd ccssffggeenn ff|| ||~~||yynnllwwnngg wwjj hhooppnnoo eennaannwwffll ggff||jjssggnnss!! WWhhnn bboossvvjjwwvvyynn ooaaooddvv||ff|| ||hhjjuu|| wwhhnn yyssnn||nnaallnn jj``7755$$ XXXX$$""33??!! WWhhnn ooccaajjsskkooddffwwvvwwhhooww ssnn||~~ddww|| ffaa wwhhff|| bboossvvjjwwvvyynn ff||$$

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    OO!! WWhhnn ``oowwhhnnssff|| aajjww oo lloossssffnnssjj``wwhhnn kk~~wwoowwffjjaaCC!! WWhhnn ggoo~~eehhwwnnssff|| hhnnwwnnssjj}}vveejj~~|| ``jjsswwhhnn kk~~wwooaaww eennaannLL!! WWhhnn ||jjaa ff|| hhnnwwnnssjj}}vveejj~~|| ``jjsswwhhnn kk~~wwooaaww eennaannGG!! WWhhnn ~~aaccjjssaa ``nnww~~|| ff|| oo lloossssffnnss jj``wwhhnn kk~~wwooaaww eennaann!!

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    O! Gndnwfja j` kownsaod lhsjkj|jkn ?>qC! Gndnwfja j` yownsaod lhsjkj|jkn ?>q!L! Gndnwfja j` lhsjkj|jkn >y!G! Sjcnsw|jafoa wsoa|djlowfja j` lhsjkj|jkn ?7 oag 3?!

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