Biochemistry: Carbohydrates & Lipids Unit 3. Macromolecules Very large molecules that make most of...
-
Upload
phoebe-edwards -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Biochemistry: Carbohydrates & Lipids Unit 3. Macromolecules Very large molecules that make most of...
Biochemistry:Carbohydrates & Lipids
Unit 3Unit 3
Macromolecules
Very large molecules that Very large molecules that make most of the structure of make most of the structure of the bodythe body
monomers
polymer
Carbohydrates
I. Macromolecules
B. CarbohydratesB. Carbohydrates1. 1. MonoMonomer: ____________________mer: ____________________2. 2. PolyPolymer: _____________________mer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________
________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: ________________5. Examples: ________________
monosaccharide (sugar)polysaccharide (starch)rings of carbon
with oxygen and hydrogen attached; CH2O energy, plant
structuresucrose, cellullose
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates include:Carbohydrates include: Simple sugars: small Simple sugars: small sugar molecules in soft sugar molecules in soft
drinksdrinksComplex Carbohydrates: Complex Carbohydrates: Long starch molecules in Long starch molecules in
pasta and potatoespasta and potatoes
66
Monosaccharides
GlucGlucoseose is found is found in sports drinksin sports drinks
Fructose is found in fruitsHoney contains both glucose & fructoseGalactose is called “milk sugar”
-OSE ending means SUGAR
Question???
What does the suffix –ose mean?What does the suffix –ose mean?
SugarSugar
Where are Where are glucoseglucose molecules found? molecules found?In sodas, candies, any sweet In sodas, candies, any sweet snackssnacks
Where would you find fructose?Where would you find fructose?
FruitFruit77
Examples of Carbohydrates
99
Disaccharides
A disaccharide is A disaccharide is a double sugara double sugar
They’re made by joining two monosaccharidesInvolves removing a water molecule (condensation)
Di = 2
1010
Disaccharides
Common disaccharides Common disaccharides includeinclude::
SucrSucroseose (table sugar (table sugar))LactLactoseose (Milk Sugar) (Milk Sugar)
MaltMaltoseose (Grain sugar (Grain sugar))
1111
Disaccharides
1212
Polysaccharides
Complex Complex carbohydratescarbohydrates
Composed of many sugar monomers linked togetherPolymers of monosaccharide chains
1313
Examples of Polysaccharides
Starch
Glycogen
Cellulose
Glucose Monomer
Question??
What does the prefix poly- mean again? What does the prefix poly- mean again? Mono-?Mono-?
Many, oneMany, one
Polymers of monosaccharide chains Polymers of monosaccharide chains means what?means what?
many sugar monomers linked togethermany sugar monomers linked together1414
Lipids
II. Macromolecules
LipidsLipids1. Monomer: __________1. Monomer: __________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________
________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________
fatty acid
lipid or fat3 long chains of carbon hydrogen on a glycerol
moleculeenergy, structure, warmthfat, oil,
cholesterol
1717
Function of Lipids
Fats store energy, helps to insulate Fats store energy, helps to insulate the bodthe bodyy, , cushion and protect cushion and protect organs, and makes up the cell organs, and makes up the cell membrane (lipid bilayer)membrane (lipid bilayer)
Lipids
Lipids are molecules that consist of Lipids are molecules that consist of long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching long hydrocarbon chains. Attaching the three chains together is usually a the three chains together is usually a glycerol molecule. Lipids are glycerol molecule. Lipids are NONpolarNONpolar..
1919
Lipids & Cell Membranes• Cell membranes are Cell membranes are
made of lipids called made of lipids called phospholipidsphospholipids
• Phospholipids have a Phospholipids have a headhead that is polar & that is polar & attract water attract water (hydrophilic)(hydrophilic)
• Phospholipids also have Phospholipids also have 22 tailstails that are nonpolar that are nonpolar and do not attract water and do not attract water (hydrophobic)(hydrophobic)
2020
Lipids
Lipids are hydrophobic –Lipids are hydrophobic –””water water fearingfearing””
Includes fats, waxes, steroids, & oils
Do NOT mix with water
FAT MOLECULE
Cell Membrane
Fats in Organisms
Most animal fats have a high Most animal fats have a high proportion of proportion of saturated fatty acids saturated fatty acids & & exist as solids at room temperature exist as solids at room temperature (butter, margarine, shortening) these (butter, margarine, shortening) these are called are called saturated fatssaturated fats
Fats in Organisms
Most plant oils tend to be low in Most plant oils tend to be low in saturated fatty acids & exist as saturated fatty acids & exist as liquidsliquids at room temperature (oils) at room temperature (oils) these are called these are called unsaturated fatsunsaturated fats
Examples of Lipids
Take the Quiz on Edmodo
Log in and complete the short quiz Log in and complete the short quiz on edmodo.comon edmodo.com
Biochemistry:Proteins & Nucleic Acids
Unit 3Unit 3
III. Macromolecules
D. ProteinD. Protein1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: _____________________2. Polymer: _____________________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________
________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ________________________4. Uses: ________________________5. Examples: ____________________5. Examples: ____________________
amino acid (20)protein or
polypeptidecentral carbon atom withhydrogen, amine, carboxyl, & R
groups structure, emergency energyskin, insulin,
enzymes
2828
Four Types of Proteins
Structural
Contractile
Storage
Transport
Proteins
Proteins are building blocks of Proteins are building blocks of structures called structures called amino acidsamino acids. Proteins . Proteins are what your DNA codes to makeare what your DNA codes to make
A peptide bond forms between amino A peptide bond forms between amino acids by dehydration synthesis.acids by dehydration synthesis.
Dehydration synthesis Dehydration synthesis = the building = the building up of large molecules by removing up of large molecules by removing water moleculeswater molecules
Examples of Proteins
EnzymesA. Special proteins that A. Special proteins that
speed chemical speed chemical reactionsreactions1. Chemical reactions 1. Chemical reactions
require a certain require a certain _______________ to get _______________ to get started.started.
2. Enzymes decrease 2. Enzymes decrease this energy, making this energy, making reactions occur faster.reactions occur faster.
activation energy
Enzymes
B. Lock-and-Key ModelB. Lock-and-Key Model1. Enzymes are not used up by the 1. Enzymes are not used up by the
reaction, but each can only work on reaction, but each can only work on one reaction (________________).one reaction (________________).
2. This is called the lock-and-key 2. This is called the lock-and-key model of enzymes. An enzyme is model of enzymes. An enzyme is like a _____ which can open exactly like a _____ which can open exactly one _____. If you want to one _____. If you want to ““unlockunlock”” another reaction, you need a another reaction, you need a different enzyme.different enzyme.
enzyme specificity
keylock
Enzymes
C. Factors which affect enzymesC. Factors which affect enzymes1. _____________--enzymes, like all 1. _____________--enzymes, like all
proteins, change shape when proteins, change shape when exposed to heat or cold. Each has exposed to heat or cold. Each has an optimal temperature range.an optimal temperature range.
2. ____--all enzymes have an 2. ____--all enzymes have an optimal range of pH. Example: optimal range of pH. Example: stomachstomach
3. _____________--having more 3. _____________--having more enzymes makes the reaction faster.enzymes makes the reaction faster.
Temperature
pH
Concentration
Enzymes
Biochemistry:Nucleic Acid & ATP
Unit 3Unit 3
III. Macromolecules
E. Nucleic AcidsE. Nucleic Acids1. Monomer: _______________1. Monomer: _______________2. Polymer: ___________2. Polymer: ___________3. Structure:______________________3. Structure:______________________
________________________________________________________________4. Uses: ___________________4. Uses: ___________________5. Examples: _______________5. Examples: _______________
nucleotide (5)
nucleic acid5-carbon sugar attached to nitrogen base and phosphate
group stores genetic code
DNA and RNA
3737
Examples of Nucleic Acids
3939
Nucleic AcidsNitrogenous base
(A,G,C, or T)
Phosphategroup
Thymine (T)
Sugar(deoxyribose)
Phosphate
BaseSugar
Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides
Nucleotide
4040
Nucleotide – Nucleic acid monomer
4141
BasesEach DNA Each DNA nucleotide has nucleotide has one of the one of the following bases:following bases:
Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)
Adenine (A) Guanine (G)
–Adenine (A)
–Guanine (G)
–Thymine (T)
–Cytosine (C)
4242
Nucleotide Monomers
Form long chains Form long chains called DNAcalled DNA
Backbone
Nucleotide
Bases
DNA strand
Nucleotides are joined by sugars & phosphates on the side
4343
DNA
Two strands of Two strands of DNA join DNA join together to form together to form a double helixa double helix Base
pair
Double helix
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid
Ribose Ribose sugar has sugar has an extra –an extra –OH or OH or hydroxyl hydroxyl groupgroupIt has the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
Nitrogenous base(A,G,C, or U)
Sugar (ribose)
Phosphategroup
Uracil
IV. ATP
A. ATP stands for _____________________A. ATP stands for _____________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________B. Cells use ATP as a __________________C. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesC. Made of adenine with ___ phosphatesD. Lots of energy is stored in the bond D. Lots of energy is stored in the bond
between _____________________________between _____________________________E. When this bond is broken, E. When this bond is broken,
tremendous energy is released.tremendous energy is released.F. The pieces are then reassembled, F. The pieces are then reassembled,
storing more energy for another use. storing more energy for another use.
adenosine triphosphate
the second and third phosphates
3rechargeable battery
Question??
Explain the ATP/ADP process.Explain the ATP/ADP process.
ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The ATP has 3 phosphate groups. The energy is stored in the bond. When 1 energy is stored in the bond. When 1 phosphate group breaks off it releases phosphate group breaks off it releases energy and forming ADP. The addition energy and forming ADP. The addition of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and of 1 phosphate to ADP forms ATP and the process continuous over and over.the process continuous over and over.
Macromolecules
4848
Macromolecules
Copyright CmassengaleCopyright Cmassengale