• Biochemical • Cells• Tissues• Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

• Organs• Examples include stomach, liver, heart

• Organ Systems• Their purpose is to maintain homeostasis

• Epithelial• Covering or lining

• Connective• Joins, stores and supports

• Muscle• Internal and external movement

• Nerve• Conducts electrical signals

Blood

Muscle

Nerve

Skeletal MuscularCirculatory Immune (Lymphatic)Respiratory DigestiveExcretory ReproductiveNervous EndocrineIntegumentary

• Functions:• Framework and support• Protection• Storage

Sternum

Skull

Clavicle

Ribs

Pelvis

Femur

Patella

Tibia

Scapula

Humerus

Ulna

Radius

Carpals Metacarpals

Fibula

Tarsals

Metatarsals

Phalanges

Phalanges

• Functions• Movement• Warmth• Posture

• Muscle Properties• Ability to contract• Ability to be stretched • Ability to respond to a stimulus

• Muscle Types• Skeletal• Smooth• Cardiac

DeltoidPectoralis major Biceps brachi

Gluteus maximus

Rectus femoris

Gastrocnemius

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

Myosin

Actin

Sarcomere

• Transports nutrients, gases, wastes, water, and hormones and also distributes heat

• Structures of circulatory system • Heart• Vessels• Blood

Anterior view

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Left atrium

Mitral Valve

Left Ventricle

Superior vena cava

Right atrium

Tricuspid Valve

Right Ventricle

Lymphatic system purpose:•Collects loose blood and returns it to circulatory system•Filters out pathogens from blood• Nonspecific defense responses• Skin and mucous membranes• Inflammatory response• Temperature• White blood cells

• Specific immune responses• To bacteria and viruses

Lymphatic system parts:•Lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen

• Respiration is gas exchange between an organism and the environment

• Respiratory structures include: the nose, pharynx, larynx, lungs (trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and alveoli)

• Mechanics of Breathing• Negative pressure

• Respiratory Diseases

Exhalation

Inhalation

Nasal Passage

Pharynx

Trachea

Bronchus

Larynx

Bronchioles

Alveoli

• Purpose: breakdown of nutrients to a level that can be absorbed and used by cells of the body.

• Structures• gastrointestinal tract (mouth, pharynx, esophagus,

stomach, small intestine, large intestine)• Accessory (teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gall

bladder, pancreas)

Villi

Mouth

Liver

Pharynx

StomachLarge Intestine

Small Intestine

Esophagus

• Excretion is the removal of metabolic wastes from the body, including toxic chemicals, excess water, and salts.

• Excretory Organs• Skin• Kidneys

Nephron

Kidney

Ureter

UrinaryBladder

Urethra

Kidney

• Purpose: produce and carry offspring• Produces gametes (eggs and sperm)• Fertilization – produce zygote

• Male Reproductive System• Testes• Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, seminal

vesicle, prostate gland, Cowper’s gland

• Female Reproductive System• Ovary• Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

Urinary bladder

Vas deferens

Prostate gland

Urethra

Penis

Seminal vesicle

Epididymus

Testis

Sagittal View

Anterior View

Fallopian tube

Ovary

Uterus

Vagina

Uterus

Vagina

Fallopian tube

Urinary bladder

• Purpose: produce hormones, which are chemical messengers of the body that travel in the blood steram

• Parts:• Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid,

thymus, adrenal, pancreas, ovary, testes

Hypothalamus andPituitary gland

Thyroid and Parathyroid glands

Thymus

Adrenal gland Pancreas

Ovary

Testis

• Purpose: Communicates specifically between two parts of the body• Does so by transmitting electrical signals via neurons

• Nervous System is in two parts• Central Nervous System (brain, spinal cord)• Peripheral Nervous System (nerves)

• Somatic nervous functions require thought or reflexes• Autonomic nervous functions are involuntary/automatic

Dendrite

Axon terminals

Cell body

Axon

Myelin sheath

Node of Ranvier

Cerebrum

Corpus callosum

Cerebellum

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord

• Purpose: excretion, temperature control, general defense, sensing

• Consists of the skin, hair, and nails• Skin• Epidermis• Dermis

• Subcutaneous tissue• Hair and nails

• Homeostasis is the process where the body keeps internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external conditions

• A controlled, stable internal environment • Gains and losses must balance• Control systems• Receptor, control center, effector• Feedback loops• Negative feedback (a.k.a. feedback inhibition)• Positive feedback

• Feedback inhibition (negative feedback) – a process in which a stimulus produces a response that opposes the original stimulus.

• The cellular environment responds to feedback from its own activities by switching on and off as needed.

• The part of the brain that works like a thermostat to regulate and maintain many functions of homeostasis is the hypothalamus .

• The hypothalamus does this by sending chemical messages that either speed up or slow down cellular activity.

Example of positive feedback is lactation.

• Blood sugar• Calcium• Temperature• Blood pressure• Oxygen• Water balance

• Create a visual product explaining the process of stimulus and response• Focus on homeostasis and feedback inhibition and

positive feedback

• Also, design an experiment that examines if feedback mechanisms maintain homeostasis

• Purpose: to determine if a stimulus increase adrenaline in the blood

• Independent variable: pre-rated scary scenes• Dependent variable: adrenaline levels in the

blood• Study group: 100 x 16 year-olds (50 male, 50

female)• Hypothesis: