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BIOAO2Module 3 - Ecology

DATE LECTURE TOPIC TEXT CHAPTERTues. Mar. 12 - Lecture 1 Biology of Animal Behaviour 1 39

Thurs. Mar. 14 Lecture 2 Biology of Animal Behaviour 2 39

Fri. Mar. 15 - Lecture 3 Population Ecology 1 44

Tues. Mar. 19 Lecture 4 Population Ecology 2 44

Thurs. Mar. 21 Lecture 5 Population Interactions 45

Fri. Mar. 22 - Lecture 6 Community Ecology 45

Tues. Mar. 26 - Lecture 7 Tree of Life Fungi 23

Thurs. Mar. 28 - Lecture 8 Ecosystem Ecology 1 46

Fri. Mar. 29 - Good Friday no lectureTues. Apr. 2 - Lecture 9 Human Impacts on Bio Systems 1 48

Thurs. Apr. 4 - Lecture 10 Human Impacts on Bio Systems 2 48

Fri. Apr. 5 - Lecture 11 Tree of Life Conservation Bio

and the Importance of Biodiversity 471

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Igenome: A Journey From Microbes to GenesLaboratory-based experiential learning opportunityDate: Mon August 26 to Fri August 30, 2013Prerequisite: BIOA01H and BIOA02H

Cost: FreeEnrolment: Maximum 24 studentsFor more information and the Application form: Igenome advertisementand application.docxDeadline to apply: Ju ly 2, 2013

Ecology from the Ground UpField research experience at the Koffler Scientific Reserve at Jokers HillDate: Mon August 19 to Thu August 22, 2013Cost: $100 to cover transportation, housing and mealsEnrolment: Maximum 18 students

For more information and the Application form: Ecology_Ground_Up.docx

Deadline to apply: Ju ne 1, 2013

Or see the Department of Biological Sciences home page for more info

https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003464_2/xid-18003464_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003464_2/xid-18003464_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2https://portal.utoronto.ca/bbcswebdav/pid-644988-dt-announcement-rid-18003463_2/xid-18003463_2

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- there will 50 multiple choice questions based on Module 3(topics covered in lectures, please use the textbook as areference, but topics that were not covered in lecture willnot be on the final exam)

-there will also be between 15-20 multiple choice synthesisquestions covering tree of life (eg. phylogenetic

pathways, or evolutionary pathways showing the evolutionof different animals though their form and function) &overall biological principles as they apply across organisms(such as adaptation, natural selection, etc)

BIO A02 Final ExamThursday, April 18, 2013, 2:00-5:00pm

(see blackboard for room allocations)

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Dogs

Domestication appears to have been based, in part, on their social

behaviour, including ability to communicate with people

Experiments show that dogs are better at reading communicationsignals from people than other animals, such as chimps or wolves(interspecific communication appears to have been strongly selectedfor during the domestication of dogs)

Among first animals to have been domesticated, perhaps by 15000years B.P. (presumable to aid in hunting)

Genetic behavioural and morphological evidence indicates that dogsoriginated from wolves and that there was probably more than onedomestication event

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Atlantic Salmon Farmed fish are larger and more

aggressive than wild stock, and they

mature later

Intensive fishing reduced natural

stocks in some areas to brink of extinction

Aquaculture operations in Nova Scotia produced 35 000

tonnes of Atlantic salmon in 2006

Aquaculture can have negative impacts

Escaped fish thought to interbreed with local species,

threatening their genetic survivalFig. 42.1

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Pearls

People cultivate many species that have not beendomesticated because there is no evidence of selectivebreeding

Examples are mushrooms, ostriches (for meat, hide,feathers and eggs), crocodiles (ranched for hides andmeat), molluscs (mainly for pearls)

Fig. 48.21

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Lecture 11

Tree of Life

Conservation Bio and theImportance of Biodiversity

(Textbook chapter 47)7

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A species is extinct when there are no livingrepresentatives known on Earth

Conservation organizations: A species is extinct when ithas not been seen or recorded for50 years

Background extinction rate: Expect species todisappear at some low rate (suggested that on average10% of species go extinct every million years)

Extinction

Fig. 47.2

Altberosaurus

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Permian most severe

More than 85% of species alive at time disappeared coincidedwith a major glaciation and a decline in sea level

At end ofCretaceous:

Half of species on Earth, including most dinosaurs, disappeared believed to have been caused by an asteroid impact

Dust clouds blocked sunlight for photosynthesis Chain reaction of extinctions began with microscopicorganisms and finished with dinosaurs (as well as manybirds and mammals)

Dinosaurs disappeared about 65.5 mya

Dinosaurs had begun their decline 8 million years earlier andpersisted for another 40 000 years after impact

This extinction took place over tens of thousands of years andsome organisms survived (eg.ginko trees, horseshoe crabs)

Sixth mass extinction, potentially largest of all, occurring now as

result ofhuman degradation of environment

Mass Extinctions

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The Impact of Humans Know most about extinctions resulting from human activities

Records relatively recent and accessible

Vulnerable Species

Species (particularly flightless birds) confined toislands often have small populations and areunaccustomed to introduced terrestrial predators(such as cats and dogs), this makes themvulnerable to extinction when human populationssettle and expand

Example: Dodo birds on the Island of Mauritius werehunted for food by both humans and introduced predators

As a consequence of the extinction of the dodo, is theextinction of the Mauritian calvaria tree that evolved alongwith the dodo and required the dodo to pass the seed through

the digestive tract as a requirement for germinationFig. 47.5

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Humans cause extinction through hunting and byintroduction of other species

Moving species from one part of the

world to another can have serious impacts t

the invaders , once arrived andestablished, may outcompete resident

species and wipe out species and

ecosystems

Introduced and Invasive Species

Arrival of zebra mussels in Great Lakes

is the main reason for decline of now

endangered eastern pond mussels

Fig. 47.8

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By 1987, populations in wild were reduced to 3,500

Today, only a few individuals survive in protected areasin Africa

In less than 30 years, the species was almostexterminated in wild

In 1960, black rhinos were one of big five on list of big

game to shoot as trophies (estimated 60 000 in the wildin 1960)

Other big five

African lion

African elephant

Cape buffalo

leopard

Demise of the Black RhinocerosPoaching

Fig. 47.11

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Dramatic Reductions of Barndoor SkatesBy-catch

Nontarget species often caught innets: are by-catch

Victims of by-catch include other

species of fish as well as sea turtlesand marine mammals

Removing species from ecosystems

or depleting their numbers can alsoaffect many other species in theecosystem

Fig. 47.14

Fig. 47.15

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First step Development and adoption of objective, data-

based criteria for assessing risk posed to differentspecies

Process developed on several fronts around theworld

Conservation Development

World Wildlife Fund (WWF)

Trademark ofpanda demonstrates howassociating a cause with an icon can be

very successful

1986 Panda symbol WWF-World Wide Fund For Nature

(also known as World Wildlife Fund); "WWF" and "living planet"are WWF Registered Trademarks.

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Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada

(COSEWIC) Like IUCN, recognizes six categories for assessing species at risk:

Extinct:A wildlife species that no longer exists

Extirpated:A species no longer existing in one location in the wild butoccurring elsewhere

Endangered:A species facing imminent extirpation or extinction

Threatened:A species likely to become endangered if limiting factors are notreversed

Special concern:A species that may become threatened or endangeredbecause of a combination of biological characteristics and identified threats

Data deficient: When available information is insufficient either to resolve awildlife species eligibility of assessment or to permit an assessment of its risk

of extinction

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Humans can have great empathy for their fellows

We need to extend this concern to other species withwhom we share the planet

Empathy for All Species

Fig 47 25