Bio-solv.1 (1)
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Transcript of Bio-solv.1 (1)
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Bio-solvent
Group :8
Instructor : Nguyen Khanh Dieu Hong
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SolventAsolvent is a substance
that dissolves a solute,resulting in a solution . Asolvent is usually a liquid
but can also be a solid or agas. The maximumquantity of solute that candissolve in a specific
volume of solvent varieswith temperature .
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Uses of organic solvents
In dry cleaning
(e.g., tetrachloroethylene )
As paint thinners
(e.g., toluene, turpentine)
As nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate,
ethyl acetate)
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In spot removers(e.g., hexane, petrol ether)
In detergents
(citrus terpenes)
In perfumes (ethanol)
Nail polish and in chemical synthesis.
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Bio-solvent
Bio-solvent is solvent derived from biological materials.
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+
D-limone
etyl lactat
alkyl este offatty acids
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Properties
Chemically inert
Very soluble
Easy to evaporate (volatile)
Non-flammable, non-toxic or of low toxicity
Do not affect health
Not involved in the photochemical ozone creation process
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Comparison of biosolvent and petro-chemical solvent
Biosolvent
petroleum-solvent
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Biosolvent Petro-chemical solvent
Advantages
1.not do harm to human health
2. Capable of biodegradation
3. easy to decompose.4. higher Flash point and boiling
point than petroleum-solvent.
High active detergent
Disadvantages
1.not popular2.High costs
3.scarce feedstock
1.explosive2.Toxic
3.causing environmental
pollution
4.feedstock resources are
limited
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Trend of use of solvent
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Composition
+ +Bio-
solvent
alkyl
ester
alkyl
lactate additives
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Ethyl ester
RCOOC2H5Ethyl esters of fatty acids
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PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
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Ethyl lactate
- FORMULA : C5H10O3
- SYNONYMS : ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoat
Advantages:Ethyl acetate is used primarily as a solvent and diluent,
being favored because of its low cost, low toxicity, and agreeable
odor
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Physical and Chemical properties
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applications
Printing
Modified asphalt
Paint industryIndustrial surface
cleaners
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Ethyl ester synthesis
Feedstock
First generation : from food crops, e.g: sunflower oil,rapeseed oil, soybean oil.
Second generation : from agricultural waste or wasteproducts of the food processing industry, e.g: waste oil,animal tallow
Third generation : from non-food crops oils, biomass, e.g :jatropha, algae oil, linseed oil, rubberseed
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Methods of synthesis1. Transesterification in supercritical environment.
2. Stiring and heating.
3. Supersonic method.
4. Microwave method.
In Vietnam ,the most common method is Transesterification usingcatalyst combined with stiring and heating.All other methods lead tohigh conversion but they require harsh conditions and high costs.
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Transesterification
Reaction
O = O OO = OO =
Triglyceride
1 triglyceride + 3 alcohol
+3 ROH
Catalyst
catalyst
Glycerol
O O O
Me Me Me
O = O =O =HO
HO
HO
Alkyl estes
glycerol + 3 alkyl ester
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Catalyst
Base : NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3Act %Cnv : high (~100%)Reaction time : 1- 1.5 hour ( low)
Heterogeneous catalyst : NaOH/MgO,
NaOH/y-Al2O3, Na2SiO3/SiO2.
advantages: ,renewable,easy to separate the products andhight conversion reaction ( >90% )
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Catalyst
Acid : H2SO4, HCl.. conversion is highest when temperatures
>100C and reaction time > 6 hour.
Heterogeneous catalyst: USY-292
Advantages: easy to distill, hight conversion reaction, require less
energy
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Catalyst
Enzyme
2 types: intracellular and extracellular lipase
Advantages:very high conversion
shortest reaction time
easy to refine product
Not affected by the amount of water & fatty acids
in feedstockDisadvantages: high cost
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Comparison among different kinds of catalyst
temperature:600C,reaction time:8h
Catalyst Act % CnV (%)
NaOH 100
Enzyme 100
Amberlyst A26 0.1
Amberlyst A27 0.4
NaOH/MgO Max 94
Y-Al2O3 11
USY- 292 0.2
SnCl2 3.0
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Impact of temperature and residence time on
Transesterification reaction
Transesterification reaction proceeds at ambient temperature (30C)
but needs 4-8 hours to reach completion.
Reaction time can be shortened to 2-4 hours at 40C and 1-2 hoursat 60C.
Higher temperature will decrease reaction times but require pressure
vessels because methanol boils at 65C.
Better agitation will accelerate reaction.
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Process diagram
reaction deposition Purifywashing drying
dryingdepositionNeutralization
distilled
Inorganic
acids
Ethanol
vegetable oil,
animal fat
Catalyst
Ethanolrecycle
fatty
acids
Glyxerine
Alkyl este
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Ethyl lactate is a environment friendly solvent which can be
prepared from biological materials
Ethyl lactate has been commercialize and it costs less than
Traditional solvent.
Ethyl lactate could be used single or with other solvent to make
detergents such as:paint detergent,ink detergent.
Ethyl lactate synthesis
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A: Feedstock:1.Lactic acid
- Chemical formula
- Industrial lactic acids color range is from yellow to brown and it hasdiscomfort acid odor. Commercial and pharmaceutical acid haveconcentration > 75%
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2 :Ethanol
- Chemical formula
- In normal condition,Ethanol is a volatile, flammable and
colorless liquid.
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-In industry, ethanol could be produced by hydration of ethylen or
fermenting sugar or cereals.
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Reaction
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