Bio Revision Powerpoint
description
Transcript of Bio Revision Powerpoint
![Page 1: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Which of these features are inherited, and which are acquired?
![Page 4: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Characteristics unaffected by our environment
• Eye colour
• Natural hair colour
• Genetic disorders
• Blood group
![Page 6: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Measure class• Height
• Index finger length
• Eye colour
• Hair colour
• 2nd toe longer than 1st toe?
• Attached or free ear lobe?
• Widows peak?
• Ability to roll tongue?
![Page 7: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
![Page 10: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
![Page 11: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Blood groups of ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong
A B
AB
O
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
A B AB OBlood Group
Per
cent
age
of p
opu
latio
n
Source – HK Blood Transfusion Service 2005
![Page 12: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
![Page 13: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
![Page 15: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Activity
1.Which of the features that we looked last week showed continuous variation?
2.Which features showed discontinuous variation?
Read the handout and answer the questions
![Page 16: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
To do…
• Read page ‘2.5 Heredity and variation’• Answer the questions in your booklet
![Page 17: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
height category / cm tally frequency
140 – 144
145 – 149
150 – 154
155 – 159
160 – 164
165 – 169
170 – 174
175 – 179
Investigating Continuous Variation• Place the heights of students in your class in the tally chart below.• Work out the frequency of each category.• Draw a histogram to display your results.
1 What is the modal (most common) height of people in your class?2 Height is an example of what sort of variation?3 What causes this sort of variation?
![Page 19: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Key Question
1. What are chromosomes and genes?
![Page 22: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
![Page 23: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A gene is a section of DNA which controls a certain feature
(eye colour, hair colour, etc).
![Page 26: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
1 Copy and complete.
Every cell has a nucleus inside of which are found our
___________ , made of a substance called ___*. Human body
cells each have ___ pairs of chromosomes, __ in total.
Chromosomes are in turn made from long strings of _____.
Each gene is a code for a single __________ , for example eye
colour. Every nucleus contains all of the _____ needed to make
a whole human, but not all are used in every _____.
2 Cut out the chromosomes on the worksheet and
arrange them into pairs which look the same. Stick
them onto your paper.
* deoxyribose nucleic acid
![Page 28: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
1 Copy and complete.
Every cell has a nucleus inside which are found our
chromosomes, made of a substance called DNA**. Human
body cells each have 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 in total.
Chromosomes are in turn made from long strings of genes.
Each gene is a code for a single characteristic, for example
eye colour. Every nucleus contains all of the genes needed to
make a whole human, but not all are used in every cell.
2 Cut out the chromosomes on the worksheet and arrange them
into pairs which look the same. Stick them onto your paper.
* deoxyribose nucleic acid
![Page 29: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Genes and alleles
![Page 30: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Key Questions
1.How do we inherit features from our parents?
2.What are alleles?
3.What is a genetic cross?
![Page 31: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ovum (female gamete)contains 23 chromosomes
Sperm cell (male gamete)contains 23 chromosomes
![Page 32: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
![Page 33: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
blue eyes, bbrown eyes, B
(dominant) (recessive)
HeterozygousGenotype: BbPhenotype:
Brown eyes
![Page 35: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
blue eyes, bblue eyes, b
(recessive) (recessive)
HomozygousGenotype: bbPhenotype: blue
eyes
![Page 36: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
brown eyes, Bbrown eyes, B
(dominant) (dominant)
HomozygousGenotype: BBPhenotype:
Brown eyes
![Page 37: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
B = brown eyesb = blue eyes
Genotype Homozygous?Heterozygous?
Phenotype
BB
Bb
bb
![Page 38: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
B = brown eyesb = blue eyes
Genotype Homozygous?Heterozygous?
Phenotype
BB Homozygous Brown eyes
Bb Heterozygous Brown eyes
bb Homozygous Blue eyes
![Page 39: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Genetic Crosses
Parents genotype:
Gametes genotype:
Genetic cross:
Bb x Bb
B b x B b
B bBb
Offspring phenotype:
![Page 40: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Genetic Crosses
Parents genotype:
Gametes genotype:
Genetic cross:
Bb x Bb
B b x B b
B bB BB Bb
b Bb bb
Offspring phenotype: 75% brown eyes, 25% blue eyes
![Page 41: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
To do...
1. Read through ‘2.6 Chromosomes and Genes’Answer questions 1 – 5
2. Read through ‘2.7 More about chromosomes’Answer questions 1 – 3
![Page 42: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Mutation
• A mutation is : a change in a gene or chromosome
• Mutations are;– Rare– Spontaneous– Random
• Mutation rate can be increased by mutagens;– Ionising radiation– Chemicals– Viruses
![Page 44: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Ionising radiation
X - Rays
Radioactive Compounds
UV radiation
![Page 45: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Chemicals
Alcohol
Pesticides
Tobacco Tar
Burnt fatty foods
Asbestos
![Page 46: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Types of Mutation
1. Chromosome mutations– The number or structure of whole
chromosomes are altered• Down’s Syndrome
2. Gene Mutation– The code within the DNA of a gene is
altered. • Sickle Cell Anaemia
![Page 47: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Down’s Syndrome
![Page 48: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Down’s Syndrome
![Page 49: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Sickle Cell Anaemia
![Page 51: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Normal Haemoglobin
Sickle Haemoglobin
Mutation to the gene for haemoglobin
![Page 52: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sickle Cell Anaemia• Abnormal haemoglobin does not carry oxygen as
well as normal.
• Red blood cells become sickle shaped, and get stuck in capillaries.
• Individuals may:
Show poor growth.
Become tired easily.
Experience muscle or joint pain.
Be more prone to infections.
![Page 53: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What pattern do you notice?
![Page 54: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Video
http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Sickle-cell-anaemia/Pages/Symptoms.aspx
![Page 55: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
To do…
• Read ‘2.8 More about genes’• Complete the questions 1 – 4
• Prepare a poster or leaflet that outlines;– a particular type of mutation, – cause of the mutation– effects of the mutation
![Page 56: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Discuss
• What is a the difference between aquired and inherited variation?
• What is the difference between a gene and an allele?
![Page 57: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Natural Selection and Evolution
![Page 58: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Darwin
![Page 59: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Natural Selection
![Page 60: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Darwin
![Page 61: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Peppered Moth• Two phenotypes;
– Dark and Light (peppered)
• Live on tree trunks usually covered in lichen
• Are eaten by birds that use their sight to locate prey
![Page 62: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
In Normal Woodland
• In normal woodland the dark moths are very rare
• Why?
![Page 63: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
In Polluted Areas
• In polluted woodlands the light moths are very rare
• Why?
![Page 64: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Why are their so many dark forms of the moth found in these areas?
Distribution in the UK 1958
![Page 65: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Video…
![Page 66: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
ArtificialSelection
![Page 67: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
![Page 68: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
![Page 69: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Artificial Selection
alleles
artificial
offspring
cattle
increase
fast growth
rates
decrease
humans
selective
repeated
docility
high milk yield
![Page 70: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Humans select parents with desirable features for breeding. Some of the alleles for the desirable features are passed on to the offspring. Humans then select the offspring with the desirable features for further breeding. When this is repeated over many generations the alleles for features desired by humans will increase in the population, while the alleles for features not desired will decrease in the population. This is also known as selective breeding.
Artificial selection of wild cattle populations has lead to the development of modern cattle breeds. Characteristics desired by humans include docility, fast growth rates and high milk yield.
![Page 71: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Genetic Engineering‘taking a gene from one species and putting it into
another’
![Page 72: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Human Insulin
![Page 73: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Insulin production
![Page 74: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
The gene for green fluorescent protein has been isolated from jelly fish, and…
![Page 75: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
GlofishTM
![Page 77: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
![Page 78: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Herbicide resistant maizeGenes from a bacterium have been inserted into maize to
make it pest resistant (‘Bt Maize’)
![Page 79: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Genes from a plant and a bacterium have been inserted into rice to increase its vitamin A content
(‘Golden Rice’)
![Page 80: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
To do
1. Go to the below page:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/exist/
2. Read the information for and against GM food crops
3. Prepare an argument for or against genetically engineered food crops.
![Page 81: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Food Chains
![Page 82: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
What do you know?
• Food Chain
Consumer
Herbivore Producer
Carnivore
Food Web
Photosynthesis
Habitat
![Page 83: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
![Page 84: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
What is a food chain?
grass
grasshopper
vole owl
![Page 85: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
All living organisms need ENERGY!
![Page 86: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
What is a food chain?
grass
grasshopper
vole owl
![Page 87: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
How is a food chain constructed?
grass
grasshopper
vole owl
producer consumer(herbivore)
Consumer (omnivore)
consumer (carnivore)
producer Primary
Consumer(herbivore)
Secondary Consumer(omnivore)
Tertiary Consumer(carnivore)
![Page 88: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Food Webs
![Page 89: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
![Page 90: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Pyramid of numbers
![Page 91: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
These pyramids are INVERTED
Pyramids of number do not take into account the mass of each individual
![Page 92: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Pyramid of biomass
![Page 93: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Pitfall trap
![Page 94: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Pooter
![Page 95: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
quadrat
![Page 96: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
![Page 97: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Random Sampling
• Random sample from each area as follows:
1. Choose a starting point in the area.
2. Use the table of random numbers to generate two
numbers.
3. Count the first number of paces forward, and the
second number of paces to the side.
4. Without looking, drop the quadrat over your
shoulder.
5. Return to the same starting point and repeat this
for at least three more quadrats
![Page 98: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Random Sampling
![Page 99: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
quadrat
![Page 100: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
![Page 101: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Random Sampling
• Random sample from each area as follows:
1. Choose a starting point in the area.
2. Use the table of random numbers to generate two numbers.
3. Count the first number of paces forward, and the second
number of paces to the side.
4. Without looking, drop the quadrat over your shoulder.
5. Return to the same starting point and repeat this for at least
three more quadrats
![Page 102: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Quadrat Survey
Frogs =
Snakes =
Mongooses =
![Page 103: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
To do
1. Calculate the average number of snakes, frogs and mongooses per quadrat for Area A and Area B
2. Multiply up to find an estimate of the total number of each species for both Area A and Area B
3. Graph your results
![Page 104: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
![Page 105: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Adaptations
• An adaptation is a feature that provides an advantage in the particular environment that an organism lives in.
• Adaptations evolve through years of natural selection.
• Adaptations can be physical or behavioural
![Page 106: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
![Page 107: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
![Page 108: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
![Page 109: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
![Page 110: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
![Page 111: Bio Revision Powerpoint](https://reader031.fdocuments.us/reader031/viewer/2022020921/55cf8dfe550346703b8d6818/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)