Bio Review Body SystemsCell Types and Systems of RegulationLevels of Organization-Cellular level-Tissue level-Organ Level-Organ Sys. Level-Organism LevelVocab-Tissue: integrated group of similar cells that perform a common function-Organ: two or more types of tissues that together perform a task-Organ Sys: multiple organs that work together to perform vital function-Organism: a number of organ systems, specialized and functioning together as an integrated, coordinated unitTissue Types-Epithelial: coverings of surfaces and linings of internal organs and cavities-Connective: sparse pop. of cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix-Muscle: long cells containing molecules of contractile proteins-Nervous: tissues that sense stimuli and rapidly transmit info

Types of Epithelial

Types of Connective Tissue

Types of Nervous TissueTypes of Muscle Tissue

Body Systems-There are 12 body systems, broken down to 4 main categories: regulation, nutrient absorption, and support/movement and defense from illness or injurySystems of Regulation-Nervous System: Coordinates bodys activities, detects stimuli, integrates info, direct responses-Nerve cells function pretty much same throughout animal kingdom-Diversity in nervous sys.>Nerve net: interconnected neurons, effective in radial symmetry>Bilateral Symmetrycephalization with nerve cords>Ventral nerve cord with ganglia, more complex>Centralized nervous sys. in vertebrates: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs-Endocrine sys- chemical signals to regulate body activities-mostly in vertebrates-Hormone: regulatory chem. that travels in the blood from the production site to target cells (have receptors for spec. hormone)-Some hormones affect the nervous sys. as well-There is a lot of interaction b/t the nervous and endocrine sys.-Many sys. are controlled by pairs of hormones with opposite effects to maintain homeostasis***-Negative Feedback: a change in one thing triggers a response that counteracts the initial change (insulin and glucagon)-major control mechanism for endocrine and several other sys.-Excretory System: osmoregulation- control of uptake and loss of water and solutes-Water control in aquatic focuses on getting rid of excess water; in terrestrial animals, focuses on preventing excess water loss-Solute control is related to Na+ ions and N compounds-Both types depend on control of excretion and filtration of solutes-Diversity of excretory sys: diffusion, nephridia, gills, kidneys-most aquatic animals have ammonia as waste product, mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes produce urea, and birds and many other reptiles, insects, land snails produce uric acid-kidney filtration and reabsorption: uses nephrons

Nutrient absorption and reproductionSystems of Nutrient Absorption-Digestive sys: ingestion and digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes-Digestion occurs in specialized compartments-GVC in lower animalsAlimentary canal: digestive tract w/ 2 openings-Specialized compartments in some animals: pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, stomach-Digestion includes both chemical and mechanical methods -Mechanical breaks up food into smaller parts- inc. surface area for chemical action -Chemical breaks up molecules by hydrolysis using enzymes and acids-Food moves through sys. by muscular contractions: peristalsis -Length of alimentary canal varies w/ diet -Herbivores have longer canals than carnivores-Absorption: occurs in intestine, thin walls, blood vessels nearby-Liver: processes nutrients from digestion -removes excess glucose, stores a glycogen -synthesizes essential proteins -Modifies toxins into less harmful substances -Produces bile to assist in fat digestion -villi increases surface area-Respiratory Sys: allows for gas exchange (O2 and CO2)-occurs most efficiently through thin, moist membranes-Oxygen necessary for cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is waste from respiration-Diversity of gas exchange mechanisms: moist skin, tracheal tubes, gills, lungs-Vertebrate organs intimately associated w/ blood vessels for transport-Circulatory System: transports nutrients from digestive and respiratory sys. to cells throughout body-Diversity of circulatory systems: open (blood in sinuses not vessels, comes into direct contact w/ body cells), and closed (blood in vessels, gas and nutrient exchange take place through vessel walls)-Reproductive Sys.: creation of new ind. from existing one-Asexual Reproduction: genetically identical offspring form single parent: enables animals to produce many offspring quickly, but produces genetically uniform populations-Sexual Reproduction: fusion of two haploid gametes from diff. parents- produces unique combos of genes, and increases genetic variability within populationsHuman Reproduction-regulated by hormone cycles (endocrine)-Dev. (maturation) of organs-Production of gametes (spermatogenesis and oogenesis)-Preparation of organs for fertilization and gestationSystems of support, movement, and protection-skeletal sys: provides body support and protects organs-Types of skeletal sys.>Hydrostatic skeleton: invertebrates, fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment>Exoskeleton: hard external skeleton for protection and muscle attachment>Endoskeleton: hard skeleton within soft tissues-Vertebrate Skeleton>composed of axial and appendicular skeletons>Axial: skull, vertebrate, and rib cage>Appendicular: bones of appendages and those attaching them to axial-All vertebral skeletons are variations on a basic themeBone Structure-composed of compact and spongy bone>bone cells (osteocytes) in a mineral matrix>Red marrowblood cells>Yellow marrow stored fat-bone solidifies or ossifies from softer, more flexible cartilageLigaments and Joints-Ligaments: tough connective tissue holding bones together in joints-different types of joints allow different types of movementMuscular System: sys. consisting of muscle tissue that can contract when stimulated-Tendons: connective tissue that attaches muscles to bones-3 types of muscle tissue>Cardiac: striated muscle tissue of branched cells found in heart>Smooth: involuntary muscle tissue>Skeletal: striated muscle tissue attached to skeleton for movementHow muscles contract-muscle tissue: composed of thick filaments of myosin and thin filaments of actin-muscles contract when thin filaments slide along thick filaments>Requires energy (ATP)>Myosin heads attach to actin filaments, forming cross bridges>As ATPADP, head snaps back, causing movementIntegumentary System: composed of skin, hair and nails- protects from drying out, mechanical injury, and infection>Also helps thermoregulation (maintaining body temp.)-Immune sys: system of defense against pathogens