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Bio Present 2
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Transcript of Bio Present 2
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ADRENAL GLAND
HORMONE
PRODUCE
DIAGRAMS
ANATOMY
LOCATIONFUNCTION
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DIAGRAMS
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SIMPLE DIAGRAMS REPRESENTING THE ADRENAL MEDULLA
(CENTER) AND THE ADRENAL CORTEX (SURROUND)
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ANATOMY
1. Adrenal Cortex Consists of three concentric zones of steroid-
synthesizing cells
sometimes referred to as "functional zonation".
glomerulosa, fasiculata
reticularis.
Although the boundaries between these zones areindistinct, each of these zones has a characteristic
arrangement of cells.
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Zona glomerulosa
Main site for production of mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Plays an important role in the body's sodium homeostasis.
Zona fasciculata
Responsible for producing glucocorticoids, chiefly cortisol inhumans.
Cortisol secretion is stimulated by adrenocorticotropichormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary, by binding toa cell surface receptor and in turn increasing intracellularcAMP.
In the absence of ACTH, the zona fasciculata secretes abasal level of cortisol.
Zona reticularis
Produces androgens, mainly dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA) and DHEA sulfate in humans.
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2. Adrenal Medulla
Consists of many large columnar cells called
"chromaffin cells". These synthesize and secrete hormone
catecholamines.
Example of catecholamines are adrenaline and
noradrenaline. ( Epinephrine and norepinephrine )3. Arteries and veins
3 arteries that supply each adrenal gland:
superior suprarenal artery - inferior phrenic
middle suprarenal artery - abdominal aorta inferior suprarenal artery - renal artery
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Venous drainage of the adrenal glands is achieved via the
suprarenal veins:
Right suprarenal vein - inferior vena cava
Left suprarenal vein left renal vein or the left inferior
phrenic vein.
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LOCATION
Adrenal glands are located in the thoracic abdomen
Situated 'on' top of the kidneys one on each side,
specifically on their anterosuperior aspect.
They are also surrounded by the adipose capsule and
the renal fascia.
In humans, the adrenal glands are found at the level
of the 12th thoracic vertebra and receive blood supply
from the adrenal arteries.
The adrenal gland is separated into two distinctstructures, both of which receive regulatory input
from the nervous system.
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FUNCTION
Help prepare the body for physical activities.
Reduces inflammation and break down fat and
protein (glucocorticoids @ cortisol)
Help regulate blood Na+ and K+ levels and water
volumes (mineralocorticoids-aldosterone) Increase female sexual drive but normally have
little effect in males (adrenal androgens)
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HORMONES PRODUCE
1. ADRENAL MEDULLA-Adrenaline
Prepares the body for "fright, fight or flight" and has
many effects:
Action of heart increased. Rate and depth of breathing increased.
Metabolic rate increased.
Force of muscular contraction improves.
Onset of muscular fatigue delayed.
Blood supply to the bladder and intestines reduced,
their muscular walls relax, the sphincters contract.
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- Noradrenalin
Similar effects to adrenalin:
Constriction of small blood vessels leading to increasein blood pressure.
Increased blood flow through the coronary arteries and
slowing of heart rate.
Increase in rate and depth of breathing. Relaxation of the smooth muscle in the intestinal
walls.
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2.Adrenal Cortex
- Corticosteroids
-Glucocorticoids
(e.g.cortisol,cortisone,corticosterone)
Utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein by the
body.
Normal response to stress.
Anti-inflammatory effects.
Hypersecretion of cortisol results in CushingsSyndrome.
Mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)
Regulation of salt and water balance. Hypersecretion of Alderosterone decreases the
potassium in the body (affecting nerve impulsetransmission and leading to muscular paralysis).
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WHAT IS ANABOLIC?
Anabolic means use of something that causes a
building up of tissue. The term anabolism refers
are generally to an increase in fat tissue in
particular muscle tissue.
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WHAT IS STEROID?
A group of synthetic hormones that promote the
storage of protein and the growth of tissue,
sometimes used by athletes to increase muscle
size and strength.
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WHAT IS ANABOLIC STEROID?
Anabolic steroids are a class of steroid hormones
based on the androgen testosterone. Anabolic
steroids are also known as anabolic-androgenic
steroids or AAS or performance enhancing drugs.
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WHATANABOLIC STEROIDS DO?
Anabolic steroids increase the rate of protein
synthesis within cells. The building of cellular
tissue (anabolism) is especially noticeable in
muscles. Anabolic steroids also have androgenic
and virilizing effects. They influence masculinecharacteristics such as the growth of the vocal
cords and body hair.
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HOW DO
ANABOLIC STEROIDS WORK?
Change muscle mass and strength by two
processes.
1. The steroids lead to an increased production of
proteins, which are the building blocks ofmuscle.
2. The steroids also block the effect of the hormone
cortisol on muscle tissue, so that existing
muscle is broken down at a slower rate.
Additionally, anabolic steroids lead to cellsdifferentiating into muscle more readily than
fat.
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WHATARE THE RISKS OF USING
ANABOLIC STEROIDS?
Harmful changes in cholesterol levels, high bloodpressure, acne, liver damage, and changes to thestructure of the left ventricle of the heart.
Anabolic steroids have an androgenic or virilizingeffect, meaning they affect male characteristics.
Anabolic steroids affect the onset of puberty,
growth of the clitoris in females
penis in male children (does not affect the size of thepenis in adults)
increased size of the vocal chords and deepening of
the voice increased body hair, and premature baldness in
people predisposed to it.
Another side effect is decreased fertility and testicularatrophy.
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