Bio-mediated Soil Improvement Field Study for Erosion Control and ...
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Bio-mediated Soil Improvement Field Study for Erosion Control and Site Restoration
Presented by: Christopher Hunt, Ph.D., P.E., G.E.
12 August 2014
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Outline
What is Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP)?
Project Team
Field Study Overview
Results
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Microbial Induced Calcite Precipitation
Motivation Multi-billion dollar ground improvement industry Possible applications include strength & stiffness increase,
liquefaction control, permeability reduction, erosion control, dust suppression, . . .
Technology Bacteria consume urea (nutrient) and produce ammonia and
carbon (carbonate and bicarbonate) as by-products pH goes up and calcite (calcium carbonate) precipitates on
sand grains Precipitation on grains results in “Binding” of grain to grain contacts stiffness & strength increase Increased solid mass reduction in pore size and permeability
For above to happen, may need to add bacteria, urea, and calcium if not already present in groundwater
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MICP Soil Improvement For Mining
Low permeability
barrier
Slope Stabilization
Co-precipitation or sequestration of heavy
metals
Erosion control
Berm/ Tailings
Reduce oxygen flux
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Project Team
University of California Davis Jason DeJong – Geotechnical Professor / Principal Investigator Mike Gomez – Geotechnical Doctoral Student / Field Implementation & Data
Processing
Geosyntec - Oakland Brian Martinez – Technology Expert / Field Trial Design & Implementation Chris Hunt – Geotechnical Engineer / Applications Focus
Geosyntec – Guelph and Waterloo Dave Major – Project Director / Microbiologist Len deVlaming – Project Manager / Application System Design
SIREM (a Geosyntec Company) Sandra Dworatzek – Bacterial culture production
Cameco Corporation Dana Fenske – Geo-Environmental Engineer / Client Lead
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Cameco Key Lake Facility Location
Mill Facility
Gaertner Pit Project Site
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1 mile
Deilmann Pit
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Project Motivation
• Loose, poorly graded sands eroded by wind, rainfall, and snowmelt
• Stabilization needed for erosion control to promote long term closure and revegetation, reduce water use for dust control, and maintain site roads and slopes
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Test Plot Setup
Before Setup
After Setup
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Test Plots
HEEL PLOT LEFTOVERS FROM 2, 3, 4
PLOT 1 NO TREATMENT
PLOT 2 HIGH TREATMENT
PLOT 3 MEDIUM TREATMENT
PLOT 4 LOW TREATMENT
MIXING TOTES WATER TANKS
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Ingredients
Urea Calcium Chloride
Bacterial Solution
Nutrient Broth
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Treatment Approach
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Plot 3 Medium
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Plot 4 Low
Plot 1 Control
Plot 2 High
Treatment Cycle Five 4-day cycles, 20 days total Day 1 = Bacterial amendment with nutrients Days 2, 3 and 4 = Nutrient amendment only
Variables Plot 1 = Water only Plots 2, 3 and 4 = Varying nutrient (urea +
calcium chloride) quantities
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First Evidence of Crust Development
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Water Jetting
Plot 1 - Untreated Plot 4 - Light Treatment
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Hard Crust Development
Heel Plot Excavation Dried Sample from Heel Plot
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Measurements
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (DCP)
Sample Collection
Calcite Measurement
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Day Zero DCP Blows/cm
Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment 16
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Plot 1 & 2 DCP Results – Raw Data
17 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 3 & 4 DCP Results – Raw Data
18 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 4 DCP Results – Average Blows/cm
19 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 4 DCP Results after 44 Days
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Plot 1 to 4 DCP Results – Crust Formation
Free-Fall Distance is the distance the DCP cone tip sank under self-weight.
Smaller distance means more resistance = crust.
21 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 1 & 2 Calcite Content – Raw Data
22 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 3 & 4 Calcite Content – Raw Data
23 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Plot 3 & 4 Calcite Content – Average
24 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
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Ureolytical Potential Test
25 Plot 1 = Control; Plot 2 = Heavy Treatment; Plot 3 = Medium Treatment; Plot 4 = Light Treatment
Plots 3 and 4: Strong ureolytic potential (significant bacterial activity) Plot 2 shows low ureolytic potential Plot 1 results questionable
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Results
MICP improved erosion resistance and suppressed dust from mine site soils Up to 28 cm in observed improvement Up to 4 cm of sandstone-like crust Load bearing under human and animal weight Resistant to erosion under water jetting
Monitoring captured spatial and temporal improvement DCP free fall and blow count measurements Calcite measurements
Biological activity was confirmed Ureolytic Potential Tests
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Video Water Jetting
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Video Scrape Test
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Questions? Thoughts? Ideas?
A few things we know Treatment was not optimized – the lightest treatment worked best Results will depend on site materials and depth of treatment required As a short term erosion control solution, may not be cost competitive yet As a long term ground modification approach, it can be very cost competitive Evaluation is needed on fate of ammonia byproduct 29