Key WordLecture 1- Biology, biologists and biosciencesAges of SandAnalogyBinomenBinomial NomenclatureBiogeographyCatastrophe theoryCell theoryChronological predictionCladogramCommon AncestryConstancy of speciesControlConvergent evolutionCuvier (George)Darwin (Charles)Darwin (Erasmus)DeductionDescent with modificationDivergent evolutionDomainEmpirical observationEssentialism EukaryotesEvolutionary treeExtinctionFactFitnessFossil recordGerm theoryHistorical narrativeHomology

Homoplasy

Huxley (Julien)HypothesisInductionLamarck (Jean-Baptiste)

LawLeclerc (George-Louise Buffon)Linnaean Taxonomy

Linnaeus (Carlos)Logical PredictionLyell (Charles)Mendel (Gregor)Modern BiologyNatural SciencesNatural SelectionNull HypothesisOrganicistsPasteur (Louise)Physical SciencesPhysicalistsProkaryotes Proximate CausesSampling errorScala NaturaeSchleiden and SchwannScientific revolutionSpecial CreationSynthetic theory of evolutionTaxonTheoryTransitional formsTransmutationsTransmutation of speciesUltimate causesUniformitarian theoryVestigial structuresVitalistsLecture 2 - Hadean EonAdhesionArchean EonBiomonomersBiopolymersCarbonCentral DogmaChemical EvolutionCohesionCrystal lattice of waterEmergenceEvaporationGeological time scaleGreenhouse gassesHadean EonHydrogen Bond

HydrophilicHydrophobicHydrothermal VentsInterstellar organic compounds. Interstellar space dustMicellesMiller experimentNon-polar compoundPansmermiaPhanerozoic EonPolar compoundPrebiotic soupProteins first hypothesisProterozoic EonProtocellsReducing atmosphereRNA world Specific HeatSpontaneous originsSurface tensionSurfactantVesiclesVolcanic Outgassing

Definition

Scientific progress divided into 4 ages based on the innovations that sand has given us. In the first age we turned sand into glass and made lenses to see the macroscopic world. Gave us all the laws of physics etc. In the second age we did the same to see the microscopic world. Leads to better understanding of diversity, cells etc. The third age taught us to make silicon from sand and gave us the computer chip. Gave us the origin of the binary code. The forth age gave us communication via fiber optic cables.Synonym of Homoplasy

a nomenclature system used to name a species. Uses genus and species name (usually in latin) together to give a species a unique universal name). Genus name must have a capital letter and must be in italics, species name must start with a lower case letter and it is not in italics

The cell is the fundamental building block of life, and its smallest form. Each new cell is created by a pre-existing cellThe act of predicting the futureA diagram that shows the relationships between different organisms with respect to their common ancestorsThe theory that every organism can be traced back to a common ancestorThe theory that species do not change over time.The group in an experiment that has all it’s variables controlled (the normal ones)When two or more unrelated species gain the same trait independently Developed catastrophismDeveloped the theory of natural selection. States that organisms in a specie with favourable traits will produce more offspring and these traits will be more prominent in the next generation whereas organisms with unfavourable traits will die without reproducing and those traits will be stamped out.

Observing a phenomenon within a general situation and applying it to a specific situation. (All insects have wings, this animal is an insect. This animal has wings. Used mostly in the physical sciences. Organisms have descendants that are slightly modified from their parents (gene mutations etc.)When one specie starts to diverge into two separate species, usually because of geographical isolation between two populations of the same initial species. Highest taxonomic rank of organisms. There are three domains, Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.Relying on experimental observations

Also called a phylogenic tree. A branching diagram that shows inferred evolutionary relationships between species based on their physical or genetic differences. The death of the last individual of a species or the last species in a lineage.An objective and verifiable observation (theories try and explain facts)The ability to both survive and reproduce. The “fitter” an organism, The more likely it will survive and reproduce.A collective accumulation of artifacts which have been fossilized all over the world. Can give interesting genetic information. The theory that certain diseases are caused by an invasion of micro organisms observable only through microscopes. Telling history in story form.

Created the synthetic theory of evolution. Combined mendelevian genetics with Darwin’s theory of natural selection and came up with the accepted theory of evolution we know today.An explanation of a certain specific phenomenon, usually stated at the beginning of an experiment and either proved or disproved through the experiment. Observing a phenomenon in a specific situation and applying it to a general situation. This animal is an insect and it has wings therefore all insects have wings. Usually used in biology.

A scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the world. Always applies

Rank based scientific classification. i.e Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

A species name given by the binomial nomenclature system. i.e Canus lupus

The study of the distribution of species through time with regards to location. Created by Buffon. The theory that there are different fossils in different stratas because a local catastrophe occurred at a period of time that destroyed the current inhabitants of that area and changed the composition of the land at that time. In time other species repopulated the area.

Charles Darwin’s grandfather. His greatest gift to biology was translating Linnaeus’s work into English from Latin. He also wrote an epic poem (not published) as to the fact that species change over time.

The theory that all species were unchanging through time and that they were created on 23rd Oct. 4004 BCE as they are today. More advanced than prokaryotes. Has a nucleus and organelles. Comprises one domain.

If two organisms have homologous characteristics, they share the same structure and the same function. For example, whales and humans have the same bone structure in fins and arms, and these structures share the same function, movement. This means they must have a common ancester. Homology is used to group species into evolutionary groups. In order for two species to be classed in the same group they mst have similar characteristics, for example if one has an exoskeleton and one has an endoskeleton but they both can fly, they still have different ancestors and cannot be classified in the same group. If two organisms analagous structures (adjective of homoplasy) it means that they have the same function, but different structures. This means they do not have a common ancester. A good example is bats and insects. Both can fly, but a bat has an endo skeleton and an insect has an exoskeleton. This means that they cannot have a common ancestor.

Main contribution was starting discussion, and stating that species changed through time. He brought up three theories that were since disproven. The principle of use and disuse, that body parts that are used will grow and body parts that are not used will shrink, the inheritance of acquired characteristics which states that the offspring will inherit the changes their parents have gone through during their lives and transmutation of species which states that the essence changes due to signals in the environment and sends these changes to the offspring. Discovered vestigial structures and proposed that they were used in ancient ancestors, but are unused now a days. Clearly understood that species change over time. Was one of the first that realized

Created a huge database of species and used binomial nomenclature to name them, created the taxonomic classification that we use today. Using a theory and logic to come up with a prediction (if this and this happened, then if this happens this should be the outcome)Stated the theory of uniformitarianism. Believed that the earth changed geologically over a large period of time using the same methods that are still going on today, Also came up with stratigraphy. Came up with mendelevian genetics. Realized certain traits from both parents were being given to the offspring. Recessive and dominant genes.

Specific branches of science that seek to find the rules that govern the natural world.

The opposite of what the hypothesis states. If the hypothesis states that this is the reason for a certain phenomenon, the null hypothesis states that this isn’t the reason for a certain phenomenon. A person that believes that the concept that society or the universe is analogous to a biological organism, as in development or organizationGave us germ theory (some diseases are caused by invasions of microorganisms) as well as the theory that organisms did not come from spontaneous generation. Specific branches of science that seek to find the rules that govern the physical world (universe). A person that believes a cell is a tiny machine, life is powered by tiny programed machines

Explains biological function in terms of immediate physiological or environmental conditions. A sample of a population should cover all the differences of a population evenly. A sampling error can occur when the sample contains too much of one characteristic. Created by Aristotle and used up until the 17th century, the scala naturae was a ladder of organisms arranged from most inferior to most superior (with humans being on top in the absence of a deity) with microorganisms being on the bottom. Gave us cell theory which states that the basic unit of all living things is the cell, individual cells have all the characteristics of life, and that all cells come from a division of other cells. From the 16th to the 18th century, a period of great scientific advancement and an end to the medieval ages and the rule of the church. Theory that stated that species never changed and that everything was created on October 23rd 4004 BC. Species are not old. A designer of some sort (i.e. god) created this. A mix of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and Mendelevian genetics that states that species change via natural selection of favourable genes. A taxonomic group of any rank, like family, or class.Used to describe general scientific phenomenon that has been observed countless times experimentally and still holds. The closest thing that comes to fact in science. Organisms that show the intermediate states between its ancestral form and its current descendants. Not Lamarck. The essence suddenly undergoes a massive transformation and a new speices is bornTheory by Lamarch that the essence changes in response to the outer environment. These changes are then transmitted to the offspring to better adapt to the environment.Explains traits in terms of evolutionary forces acting on them.

Structures and organs that were useful to our evolutionary ancestors but are not in use today (i.e. appendix).People that believe that living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things.

The ability to stick to other things. Starts with the origin of anaerobic bacteria, life, archaea bacteria. Monomers of biological compounds (i.e. simple sugars such as glucose, nucleotides, amino acids.Polymers of biological compounds (i.e. Starch, peptides, nucleic acids)An element with the atomic number of 6. Able to form 4 bonds and can bond to itself. The foundation of all organic molecules.The flow of information from DNA to RNA to protein. Common to all forms of life. The theory that life originated from inorganic compounds on the earth which then formed organic compounds and evolved from there. The ability for a substance to stick to itself. The ability of water to form a special crystal lattice structure when it freezes, trapping air and making it less dense than its liquid form. The phenomenon that some things are greater than the sum of its parts. for example a protein has different properties than the individual amino acids it is made up of. The state change between liquid and gas. The relation of strata to time. Each strata has a given time range. Things in that strata are from the same period of time. Gasses that reflect sunlight back at the earth causing a rise in temperature. Starts with the origin of the solar system and ends with the origin of life. An intermolecular bond that can be formed between an extremely electropositive hydrogen and an electronegative oxygen, nitrogen or fluorine.

Theory that selection in the natural world is based on the ability to survive and reproduce. The organisms with favourable traits are more likely to reproduce and pass those traits on whereas the organisms with unfavourable traits are less likely to reproduce and those traits will not be passed on.

A cell, older than eukaryotes without organelles and nucleus. Primitive. Comprises two domains, archea and bacteria

The geological processes that sculpted the earth are exactly the same as the processes we observe today. Happened through millions of years

A molecule that can be dissolved in water (polar).A molecule that cannot be dissolved in water (non-polar). A fissure in the planets surface from which geothermaly heated water is issued. Occurs near volcanic activity. Organic compounds that are found in interstellar regions of space. Can be brought to earth via meteorites. Debris floating around in interstellar space.

An experiment where the conditions of primitive earth were recreated in a laboratory with the ultimate goal of seeing whether organic compounds could be formed in primitive earth. The experiment was a success. A compound that has no net charge. The theory that life on earth originated outside of earth and was brought here via meteors and asteroids. Started 543 million years ago with the emergence of multicellular life and has continued to present day. A compound that has a net charge. Theory that states that life emerged from a “soup” containing non-organic compounds. Over time these compounds came together to form organic compounds and create the first primitive forms of life. The hypothesis that protein interactions were the first type of self replicating life and that nucleic acids developed later. Started with oxygen building up in the atmosphere and emergence of aerobic unicellular organisms. Ended with the emergence of multicellular organisms.

An atmospheric condition in which the atmosphere is made up of gases that actively reduce elements (our current atmosphere is an oxidizing atmosphere).Theory that states that self replicating RNA molecules were precursors to life. DNA and proteins came afterwards. The amount of energy needed to raise one gram of a substance by one degree C or KThe theory that life on earth emerged spontaneouslyThe ability for a substance to offer resistance to anything trying to enter it (brought on by cohesion)A compound that lowers the surface tension of a substance. A small pocket made from a phospholipid bilayer. The release of gasses during a volcanic eruption.

A sphere spontaneously formed by a lipid layer.

An ordered structure surrounded by a membrane that can carry out some of life’s activities such as growth and division, but not all. (still not alive) (also called protobionts)

Scientific progress divided into 4 ages based on the innovations that sand has given us. In the first age we turned sand into glass and made lenses to see the macroscopic world. Gave us all the laws of physics etc. In the second age we did the same to see the microscopic world. Leads to better understanding of diversity, cells etc. The third age taught us to make silicon from sand and gave us the computer chip. Gave us the origin of the binary code. The forth age gave us communication via fiber optic cables.

a nomenclature system used to name a species. Uses genus and species name (usually in latin) together to give a species a unique universal name). Genus name must have a capital letter and must be in italics, species name must start with a lower case letter and it is not in italics

Developed the theory of natural selection. States that organisms in a specie with favourable traits will produce more offspring and these traits will be more prominent in the next generation whereas organisms with unfavourable traits will die without reproducing and those traits will be stamped out.

Scientific progress divided into 4 ages based on the innovations that sand has given us. In the first age we turned sand into glass and made lenses to see the macroscopic world. Gave us all the laws of physics etc. In the second age we did the same to see the microscopic world. Leads to better understanding of diversity, cells etc. The third age taught us to make silicon from sand and gave us the computer chip. Gave us the origin of the binary code. The forth age gave us communication via fiber optic cables.

a nomenclature system used to name a species. Uses genus and species name (usually in latin) together to give a species a unique universal name). Genus name must have a capital letter and must be in italics, species name must start with a lower case letter and it is not in italics

Developed the theory of natural selection. States that organisms in a specie with favourable traits will produce more offspring and these traits will be more prominent in the next generation whereas organisms with unfavourable traits will die without reproducing and those traits will be stamped out.

Scientific progress divided into 4 ages based on the innovations that sand has given us. In the first age we turned sand into glass and made lenses to see the macroscopic world. Gave us all the laws of physics etc. In the second age we did the same to see the microscopic world. Leads to better understanding of diversity, cells etc. The third age taught us to make silicon from sand and gave us the computer chip. Gave us the origin of the binary code. The forth age gave us communication via fiber optic cables.

a nomenclature system used to name a species. Uses genus and species name (usually in latin) together to give a species a unique universal name). Genus name must have a capital letter and must be in italics, species name must start with a lower case letter and it is not in italics

Developed the theory of natural selection. States that organisms in a specie with favourable traits will produce more offspring and these traits will be more prominent in the next generation whereas organisms with unfavourable traits will die without reproducing and those traits will be stamped out.