Biomass as Engine Fuel

Dr. M.K.Mohanty,

College of Agricultural Engineering and

Technology,

OUAT

What is Biomass ?

•Biomass can be defined as any

material which has biogenic origin

•Biomass represents a complex

system for solar energy accumulationsystem for solar energy accumulation

by means of clorophyllos

photosynthesis, in which the

atmospheric Carbon Dioxide is

transformed in organic substance.

Biomass Resources

Biomass Resources

Untapped Natural Resource

Agriculture, Livestock,

Agriculture: Rice husk, Rice straw, Wheat straw, Vegetable residue, etc

Livestock: Animal waste, Butchery waste, etc.

Forestry: Forest residue, Thinned wood, Processing waste, Sawdust, etc.

Plantation (Production group)

Livestock, Forestry and Fishery group

Other Waste group

Processing waste, Sawdust, etc.

Fishery: Processing waste, Bowel, Dead fish, etc.

Industry: Sewage sludge, Organicprocessing waste, etc.

Household:Garbage, Human waste, etc.

Continental area: Grain, Plant, Vegetable, Fat and oil, etc.

Water area: Algae, Photosyntheticbacteria, etc.

Sustainable

Human

DevelopmentEnvironmental, social,

and economic impacts

BIOMASS

PRODUCTION

-Electric

-Fuels

-Co-

Biomass

Conversion

Systems

cooking Lighting

PRODUCTION-Co-

generationSystems

Energy Services

Irrigation

Cooling

Heating

Biomass Energy Services

The availability of Agricultural Residues

• A healthy animal produce 4-5 times their weight

(dry dung) each year.

• Most cereal crops gives between 1.5-2.5 tonnes

of straws for every tonne of grain.of straws for every tonne of grain.

• Dung & crop residues are major resources

which constituting the largest biomass

production at the utilized level.

• Rough estimation of agricultural residues

production can be derived using national

livestock & Crop production statistics.

Factors to be considered while estimating

Energy Potential of Agricultural Residues.

• Climate variation

• Average annual residue yield • Average annual residue yield

• Recoverable fraction

• Environmentally permissible fraction

• Competing other uses

• Losses

Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops.

Crops Residues Residues production

(tonnes per tonne of crop)

Rice Straw 1.2 – 2.9

Wheat Maize Straw 1.0 – 1.8

Maize Stalk + cob 1.2 – 2.5

Grain sorghum Stalk 0.9 – 4.9

Millet Stalk 2.0 – 3.7

Barley Straw 0.6 – 1.8

Rye Straw 1.1 – 1.8

Oats Straw 0.9 – 1.8

Residues to Crop Ratios for some selected crops.

(Contd.)

Crops Residues Residues production (tonnes

per tonne of crop)

Groundnut Shell 5.0

Straw 2.3 – 2.9

Pigeon Peas Stalk 5.0Pigeon Peas Stalk 5.0

Cotton Stalk 3.5 – 5.0

Jute Sticks 2.0

Coconut Shell 0.7 – 1.1

Husk 1.65 – 4.5

Source: Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A.

Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991.

The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994

Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues

Crops Ash content

(%)

Gross calorific value

MJ/kg (Oven dried)

(%)

Coconut Shell 0.8 20.1

Coconut stalk 3.3 17.4

Coconut husks 6 18.1

Groundnut Shells 4.4 19.7

Maize stalk 6.4 18.2

Maize cobs 1.5 18.9

Calorific value of some selected Agricultural residues

(Contd.)

Crops Ash content (%) Gross calorific value MJ/kg

(Oven dried)

(%)

Pigeon peas stalk 2 18.6

Rice straw 19.2 15.0

Rice husks 14.9 16.8

Soybean Stalk - 19.4

Sunflower stalk - 21.0

Wheat straw 8.5 17.2

Dung (air) - 14.0

Source: Renewable Energy Technologies; Their Application in Developing Countries; (L.A.

Krisotferson and V. Bokalders); Intermediate Technology publication-1991.

The Power Guide: (Wim Hulcher and Peter Fraenkel); Intermediate Technology publication-1994

Gross calorific value of fresh dung

Buffalo

Cows

Pigs

11.8 MJ/kg

12.8 MJ / kg

14.9 MJ/kg

Effect of moisture

• Add graph

Conversion of Biomass Energy into

useful energy.

By the method how it is utilized.

• Direct (heat energy obtained by burningwood, agricultural waste or Dungwood, agricultural waste or Dung

cake etc. as in stove (Chula)

• Indirect (first converted into a convenient

or suitable fuel in the form of

solid, liquid or gases)

Conversion of Biomass Energy into

useful energy;.contd..

By the process of energy conversion

– Thermochemical (Combustion, Gasification and

Methanol Production)Methanol Production)

– Biochemical (Anaerobic digestion and

Ethanol Production)

– Chemical (Biodiesel and lubricants.)

Biomass Energy Technology

Technologies Conversion

Process

Major Biomass Feedstock Energy (Or)

Fuel Produced

Direct Combustion

Thermo-

chemical

�Wood

�Agricultural waste

�Municipal solid waste

�Heat

�Steam

�Electricity

Gasification �Producer Gas

�(Low or medium –

Calorific)

Pyrolysis �Synthetic fuel oil

(biocrude)(biocrude)

�Chracoal

Methanol Production �Methnol

Anaerobic (Biogas

production)

Biochemical

�Animal manure,

Agricultural waste,

Landfills, Waste Water

�Medium Calorific gas

(methane)

Aerobic

(Ethanol Production)

�Sugar or starch crops

�Wood waste

�Pulp sludge

�Grass straw

�Ethanol

Biodiesel Production Chemical

�Edible and non edible oil

�Waste vegetable oil

�Animal fat

�Biodiesel

++++ Stoichiometric

AIR

++++SUB

Stoichiometric

Air

COMBUSTION

GASIFICATION

E R = 1

ER = 0.3

P R I N C I P L E

++++SUB

Stoichiometric

Air

++++SUB

Stoichiometric

Air

PYROLYSIS

CARBONISATION

ER = 0.1

ER = 0.1

Φ = the actual air fuel ratio/the air fuel ratio for complete combustion

THERMO CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

�Wood

�Agricultural waste Thermo-

Conversion

process

Direct

combustion

Biomass

feedstock

Gasification

�Heat

�Steam

�Electricity

� Producer Gas

(Low or medium

Btu)

T

E

C

H

N

O

L

E

N

D

U

S

E

S

E

N

E

R�Agricultural waste

�Organic waste

Thermo-

chemical Pyrolysis

Methanol

Production

�Synthetic fuel

oil,

�Charcoal

�Methanol

L

O

G

I

E

S

R

G

Y

or

P

R

O

D

U

C

T

� Animal manure

� Agricultural

waste

� Landfill

Waste water

Conversion

process

Anaerobic

Methane

gas

F

U

E

L

P

BIOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

B

I

O

M

A

S

S

T

E

C

H

N

Biochemical

Aerobic

Ethanol

R

O

D

U

C

E

D

F

E

E

D

S

T

O

C

K

� Sugar or starch

crop

� Wood waste

� Pulp sludge

Grass straw

N

O

L

O

G

I

E

S

� Palm

Conversio

n process

F

U

E

CHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS

B

I

O

M

A

S

S

T

E

C

H

Mechanical

Extraction

� Palm

� Sunflower

� Coconut

� Ground nut

� Soy beans

� Pulp sludge

� Rapeseed

� Cotton seed

Chemical

Chemical

Solvent

Biodiesel

E

L

P

R

O

D

U

C

E

D

S

F

E

E

D

S

T

O

C

K

N

O

L

O

G

I

E

S

Biomass Preparation

• The acceptability of fuel depend on

– Its performance as a fuel, which– Its performance as a fuel, which

depends upon its combustion

characteristics

– Its ability to harvested, transported and

stored economically

Biomass Preparation (Contd.)

Characteristics of agricultural residues:

• High moisture content (Reduce combustion

efficiency, producing ignition difficulties)

• Contamination of foreign particles (Stone, Dust• Contamination of foreign particles (Stone, Dust

etc.)

• Large in size (Difficult to facilitate automatic

handling)

• Often have fluffy (Low bulk and low densities).

Biomass Preparation (Contd.)

Pretreatment to make it suitable to use.

– Drying (removal / reducing of moisture)– Drying (removal / reducing of moisture)

– Size reduction (Shredder, chipper, grinder)

– Densification (Briquettes)

Combustion

• Thermo-chemical process of converting

biomass energy into heat energy by

burning the biomass in present of air i.e.

oxygen.oxygen.

• Residential Purpose

• Industrial Purpose

Energy Value of biomass

– A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives

»3-3.6 kWh heat Energy;

or, or,

»0.7-0.9 kWh electricity plus 1.4 kWh heat.

A Typical Boiler - for Industrial Purposes

Pyrolysis• Thermo chemical process where organic

material partially combusted to produce

secondary fuels and chemical product

• The process of Pyrolysis gives three groups

of products.of products.

– a solid – (Known as char or charcoal)

– a liquid – (known as pyroligeneous acid or oil

which content a mixture of chemicals)

– a mixture of gases – (CO, H2, N2)

D r i e d a n d C u t w o o d l o g s

C a r b o n i z i n g R e t o r t

C o n d e n s e r W o o d g a s

( N o n c o n d e n s a b l e )

S e t t l i n g v a t s

C h a r c o a l

V a p o u r s

T a r a n d w o o d o i l ( c o n d e n s a b l e )

S C H E M A T I C D I A G R A M O F P Y R O L Y S I S

A ld e h y d e s a n d

k e t o n e s

W o o d n e p h th a

C r u d e s e t t l e d t a r P y r o l i g e n i o u s a c i d

B o i l e d

w o o d

t a r

P i t c h H e a v y

c r e o s o t e

o i l

L i g h t

o i l

A c e t i c

a c i d

W o o d

s p i r i t

M e th a n o l

P R O D U C T S O F P Y R O L Y S I S O F W O O D

Pyrolysis Plant : Typical Example

Pyrolysis (Contd.)

The ratio of products varies with the

chemical composition of the biomass and

the operating conditions.

• A typical Example:

1- tonne of hardwood produced�350kg Charcoal;

�450kg pyrogeneous acid (20-34MJ/kg)

�75kg tar and 60m3 gas.(3.5-8.9MJ/m3)

Pyrolysis (Contd.)

Product Use

Acetic acid Food preservation and flavouring

Formic acid Textile -dyes

Chemical from Pyroligenious acid and their

potential applications

Formic acid Textile -dyes

Methanol Denaturing agent for ethanol

Sodium acetate Medical application (dialysis)

Butyrolactol Leather tanning

Empyreumatic

oils

Disinfectant and antiseptic

(Veterinary use)

Main Present applications are:

• to produce charcoal (with other

byproduct not being used)

Pyrolysis (Contd.)Before cheap fossil fuel it was extensively

used in chemical industries

byproduct not being used)

• or, to complete gasification (to produce

tar etc.)

• or, to provide energy.

Gasification

Thermochemical process that converts

biomass into a combustible gas called

Producer gas.

Advantages

What is gasification?

• Incomplete/partial combustion

• Converts solid fuel into gas form

• Producer gas: CO, H2, CH4 mixture

• Gas production:

1 kg biomass=> 2.5 Nm3 gas

• Gas CV: 1000-1200 kcal/Nm3

Types of gasifier

Advantages

• Better conversion (solid to

gas) efficiency (>70%)

• Handling gaseous fuel)

• better control on burning

• production of clean flue gas

Gasification (Contd.)• Typical the volumetric composition of

biomass based producer gas are asfollow:

CO → 20 – 22%

H2 → 15 – 18%Tar

H2 → 15 – 18%

CH4→ 2 – 4% +

CO2 → 9– 11

N2 → 50– 54%

Tar

and

particulate

materials

Gasification (Contd.)

Use of Gasifier gas

• Variety of thermal application including• Cooking

• DryingThe Heating value of gases

rages from • Drying

• Water heating

• Steam generation

• Mechanical / Electrical power generation

• Fuel for Internal combustion engine

rages from

4000 – 5000 kJ/kg

Biomass gasifier system

(10-20 kWe) capacity

Fermentation

• Naturally occurring biochemical process

concerned to micro-organism.

• Micro-organism are invisible bacteria of

different types

• These Bacteria can be divided into two

major groups.

• Aerobic (which grows in the presence of

oxygen) and;

• Anaerobic (Which grow in absence of

gaseous oxygen).

Fermentation (Contd..)Aerobic Fermentation

– Aerobic Fermentation (Ethanol Production)

– Fermentation takes place in the presence of air.

Ethanol feedstocksEthanol feedstocks

– Sugars, from sugar cane, sorghum, molasses, fruits and whey (residue from cheese production)

– Starch, from grains (rice, maize etc.) cassava, potato

– Cellulose, from wood agricultural residues.

Starches:

Grain (barley)

Root (cassava)

Crush

Hydrolysis

Residues

SugarYeast fermentation

to 10% ethanol

Process heat, by products.Natural Sugars:

Sugar Cane

Fruit

Easy

SCHEMETIC DIAGRAM OF ETHANOL PRODUCTION

Petroleum

additive or

substitute

Cellulose:

Wood Distillation to

90% ethanol

General

combustion Fuel

Purtification to

anhydrous

alcohol

Difficult

Fermentation (Contd..)

Ethanol production processes.

– Feedstock collection

– Pretreatment to yield sugar

– Fermentation

– Distillation

– Waste treatment (Anaerobic fermentation to methane)

Ethanol yields from various selected crops

Crop Crop yield

tonnes /ha.

Ehanol yield

litres/ tonne

Ethanol Yield

litres/ ha.

Banana 12-50 93-104 1182-4925

Cane

Molasses

2.4-4.0 258-291 658-1098

Molasses

Cassava 8.7 172-194 1592

Pineapple 30 43- 49 1380

Sorghum 1.3 391- 440 540

Sugar cane 56 67-76 4000

Anaerobic digestion

• Biochemical process in which particularkinds of bacteria digest biomass in anoxygen-free environment.

• Several different types of bacteria work• Several different types of bacteria worktogether to break down complex organicwastes in stages, finally resulting in theproduction of “Biogas."

Anaerobic digestion (Contd..)

Biogas Production– Biogas is mixture of methane (50 - 70%)

and carbon dioxide with traces of

hydrogen sulphide and waterhydrogen sulphide and water

– Combustible gas

(calorific value = 16 - 20 MJ/m³).

Biogas Production Process

• Mixing of organic matter (such as animaldung) with some water

• Placed this mixture (Slurry) in a leak proofcontainer (called a digester) and left tocontainer (called a digester) and left toferment.

• After several days at suitabletemperatures, sufficient methane will haveformed to make a combustible gas.

Biogas Feedstock

• Any organic material can be used

• Production rate depend on type of feed stock used.

– Woody materials such as straw are very – Woody materials such as straw are very difficult to digest

– Animal dung digests readily

• Pretreatment may be needed for some materials ( Chopping etc.)

Digester Designs

There are three well-known designs that

have originated in developing country

1. The floating drum type (or Indian) digester1. The floating drum type (or Indian) digester

2. The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester

3. The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester

The floating drum type digester

The fixed dome (or Chinese) digester

The flexible bag (or Taiwanese) digester

Utilization of Organic Waste (Contd.)

Liquid Waste

• Many Industries produces large volume of liquid

waste which contains solution of organic

materials

• These waste water can be treated anaerobically

to used a useful energy.

• Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is the

most widely used technology for liquid effluent.

Schematic diagram of an USAB reactor

Separation zone

Gas collection baffles

Treated effluent

Biogas line Biogas collector

Gas collection

dome

Settled sludge

Sludge blanket

Sludge bed

Influent

Settled sludge

Separation zone

Rising biogas

Organic Waste

• Waste from Agroprocessing Industries.

• Waste from households, small companies,

institutions and markets

• Industrial Waste• Industrial Waste

• Amount increases considerably with

industrialisation and urbanisation

Utilization of Organic Waste

All these Waste can be groped as Solid or Liquid

Solid WasteSolid Waste

Landfill Gas is Produced from Solid Waste

The same anaerobic digestion processthat produces biogas in animal manureand wastewater treatment digestersoccurs naturally underground in landfills

IIT Delhi

August 18, 2004

WHAT IS BIODIESEL ?

Biodiesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble

Diesel Fuel

“

Rudolf Diesel

Paris, 1900

“ The use of vegetable oils for

engine may seem insignificantto-day, but such oils maybecome in course of time asimportant as petroleum and thecoal tar products of the present

time ”

Application Areas of Biodiesel

Several

Decentralized

Energy UnitsMechanized

Agricultural

Sector

We consume Diesel about seven times more than that of Petrol

Transportation

System

Diesel Gensets,

Small Scale/Home

Industries

Irrigation Pumps,

Agricultural

Machinery such as

Tractors, Power

Tillers, Threshers etc.

(Self-sufficiency for

the Farmer

Edible oil seeds Non-edible oil seeds

Palm, Soybean,

Rapeseed,

Karanja, Jatropha,

Polanga, Mohua,

POTENTIAL OIL SEEDS FOR PRODUCTION OF

BIODIESEL

Rapeseed,

Linseed,

Sunflower,

Peanut, Hemp,

Conola

Polanga, Mohua,

Seemaruba,

Castor, Neem,

Cotton etc.

Biodiesel

(unrefined)

Glycerine

(unrefined)

(Catalyst)Alcohol free

Biodiesel

Washing with

water

Removal of

excess alcohol

by vacuum

distillation

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF NON-EDIBLE OIL IN IBP

Hammer Mill

Expeller

Non-edible Oil

Alcohol

(Methanol/Ethanol)

Byproduct : separated from

biodiesel by settling

Neat

Biodiesel

(B100)

Moisture removal by Anhydrous

Sodium Sulphate or by heating

Neat or blended with

dieselCI Engine

Waste water

Biodiesel

(with moisture)

Chemical conversion process of extracting

oil from the seedy feedstock.

–The two main processes are:

»Mechanical press extraction

Biodiesel

»Mechanical press extraction

»Solvent extraction

Village electrification –Gasifier at Village Deodhara, Orissa

Engine testing on biomass fuelEngine testing on biomass fuel

Performance of engine on gassifier gas

Variation of BTE with BMEP Variation of SEC with BMEP

Variation of diesel displacement with

BMEP

Emission test on duel fuel

Variation of CO emission with BMEP Variation of NOx emission with BMEP

Variation of exhaust with BMEP

Performance of Diesel engine using biogas

Comparison of power V/s

efficiency in Diesel mode

and 100% Biogas mode.

Power v/s Exhaust Temperature

Diesel mode and 100% Biogas mode.

Performance of diesel engine on Biodiesel

0,20

0,25

0,30

0,35

Brake thermal efficiency

Diesel15000

20000

25000

30000

Brake specific energy

consumtion (kJ/kWh)

Diesel

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0 2 4 6 8

Brake thermal efficiency

Engine Power Output (kW)

Diesel

B20

B50

B1000

5000

10000

0 5 10Brake specific energy

consumtion (kJ/kWh)

Engine Power Output (kW)

Diesel

B20

B50

B100

Thank you for

Your attention

Questions

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