Bio-CP Chapter 7 Cell Notes

SECTION 7.1 INTRO TO THE

CELL

I. Cell = Building block of all living organisms

A. Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a

crude microscope

1. He called the boxes “cells” because they

looked like little rooms that priests lived

in.

B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1673) was

the first to observe living cells.

II. Cell Theory (Schleiden 1838, Schwann

1839, & Virchow 1855)

A. Cell Theory States:

1. All living things are composed of cells.

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and

function in living things.

3. New cells come from division of preexisting

cells.

http://dels.nas.edu/bls/stemcells/what-is-a-stem-cell.shtml

B. The cell contains inherited information that

is used as instructions for growth &

development. -DNA

http://fajerpc.magnet.fsu.edu/Education/2010/Lectures/26_DNA_Transcription.htmhttp://www.brown.edu/Courses/BI0032/gentherp/introsex1.htm

III. Classification of cells (Not all cells are

alike – 200 different kinds in the human

body) according to complexity

A. Prokaryotic cells (No Nucleus)

1. Most ancient and simplest

(unicellular).

Blue-green algae

(Cyanobacteria)

2. Do not have an organized nucleus (i.e.

naked DNA).

3. Do not have any membrane bound

organelles, but they have

ribosomes, cell membranes, and

usually cell walls.

See… no nucleus!!!

See…Cell Wall!!!

4. Bacteria

5. Unicellular Organisms Only

6. Relatively small in size

7. “Bad” Bacteria -Bacteria that cause illness

and disease

a. Bacterial diseases examples: tuberculosis,

tetanus, syphilis, cholera, bubonic plague

b. How do you treat a Bacterial Infection?

i. If prevention fails, take antibiotics

ii. Antibiotics kill bacteria without harming the

cells of humans or animals

iii. Many antibiotics are produced naturally by

living organisms Ex: penicillin

B. Eukaryotic cells (Have a Nucleus)

1. Relatively younger (evolutionary

scale)

2. Have DNA organized into

chromosomes in a nucleus.

3. Have membrane bound organelles.

4. Most cells are in this

group.

a. Plants, Animals,

Protists, fungi

5. Unicellular (amoeba) or multicellular

(spider)

6. Relatively large in size

7. Divides duties among the different

organelles.

Prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

CytoskeletonSection 7-2

Venn DiagramsCell membrane

Contain DNA

Nucleus

Endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes

Vacuoles

Mitochondria Ribosomes

C. Viruses (neither prokaryotic nor

eukaryotic)

1. Viruses are non-cellular particles made

up of genetic material (DNA) and protein

2. Viruses invade living cells

Influenza Virus

HIV VirusBacteriophage

3. Are Viruses Alive?

a. Like living things, viruses have genetic

material and they can pass this on to future

generations

b. BUT, unlike living things, viruses are not

made of cells

c. Outside of a cell, they don't reproduce, feed,

or grow

d. Therefore, most biologists consider viruses

nonliving

IV. Endosymbiote Theory

A. Single-celled organisms engulfed other one-celled organisms.

1. Digestion did not occur.

2. The two organisms lived symbiotically.

3. Over millions of generations, these engulfed organisms became organelles.

B. Evidence:

1. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own DNA

2. They also divide independent of the cell.

http://commonweb.unifr.ch/biol/pub/zoology/Homepage/Trypanos/projects/mitogeneralities.htm

http://www.wacotrib.com/news/content/news/stories/2008/01/15/01152008wacbrokenpromise3WEB.htmlhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/news/071101_genealogy http://www.rite.or.jp/English/lab/pamphlet_plants.html

V. Why are most cells about the same

(tiny) size?

A. To maximize the surface area to

volume ratio.

http://bio1151.nicerweb.com/Locked/media/lab/limits/

What is the surface area and volume of

the 4 cm cube below?

Volume = _______ cm3;

Surface Area = ______cm2

4 cm

4 cm

4 cm

V= l ∙ w ∙ h

= 4 ∙ 4 ∙4

= 16 ∙ 4

= 64 cm3

SA = 6 s2

= 6 (4 ∙ 4)

= 6 (16) = 96 cm2

64

96

What if we cut the cube into eight 2 cm

squares?

V= l ∙ w ∙ h

= 2 ∙ 2 ∙ 2

= 4 ∙ 2

= 8 (8 squares)

= 64 cm3

SA = 6 s2

= 6 (2 ∙ 2)

= 6 (4)

= 24 (8 squares)

= 192 cm2

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

SECTION 7.2 EUKARYOTIC

CELL STRUCTURE

Outsideof cell

Insideof cell(cytoplasm)

Cellmembrane

Proteins

Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer

Carbohydratechains

Section 7-3

Figure 7-12 The Structure of the Cell Membrane

Plasma/Cell membrane

Controls what comes in and out

(semi-permeable);

Made of a phospholipid bilayer

Cell wall (animal cells lack cell wall)

Found in some cells, including plants, algae,

fungi and nearly all prokaryotes

Provides support & protection

Surrounds the cell membrane (allows water and

gases to pass through)

Nucleus (pl. Nuclei)

Controls cell functions by controlling

protein synthesis, contains the genetic

information (DNA)

http://publications.nigms.nih.gov/thenewgenetics/chapter1.html

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.itg.uiuc.edu/technology/atlas/structures/nucleus_actin/images/nucleus_actin.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.itg.uiuc.edu/technology/atlas/structures/nucleus_actin/&h=336&w=512&sz=29&hl=en&start=8&tbnid=Zxr0dh3KB16I-M:&tbnh=86&tbnw=131&prev=/images?q=Nucleus&gbv=2&svnum=10&hl=en

Nucleolus

Dense region within nucleus; produces

ribosomes (ribosome assembly begins

here)

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane layer which surrounds

the nucleus; thousands of pores allow

material into and out of the nucleus

Chromatin/Chromosomes

Chromatin = loose DNA

Chromosome = condensed DNA (wound tightly

around proteins and coiled up), Visible under

microscope (Seen during cell division)

Cytoplasm

Material surrounding nucleus includes the

fluid & organelles, site of important

chemical reactions; Cytosol-fluid portion

http://www2.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/botglosn.htm

Exit Questions

1.What 3 things does the Cell theory state?

2. How are cells classified?

3. What are the two types of cells?

4. Are Viruses alive? Why or why not?

Ribosomes

Made of RNA and proteins; Sites of protein

synthesis (proteins are made here);

http://www.uic.edu/classes/phar/phar331/lecture3/

Ribosomes

Instructions on how to make the specific

protein come from the DNA; Found free

in the cytosol or associated with ER

http://www.ehow.com/about_4752555_role-does-ribosome-play-translation.html

http://www.tqnyc.org/NYC040844/image/ribosomes.gif

Endoplasmic reticulum

(Rough- ribosomes) (Smooth- no ribosomes)

Rough: Assembles, Prepares & Transports proteins

for export via the Golgi apparatus

Smooth: Lipid (steroids) synthesis site; Breaks down

toxic substances; parts of the cell membrane are

made here

http://www.colorado.edu/intphys/Class/IPHY3730/02nervestructure.html http://course1.winona.edu/sberg/308s08/Lec-note/IntracellularCompA.htm

Golgi apparatus

Membrane sacs that receive, chemically

modify, and repackage proteins into

forms the cell can use, expel, or store.

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Vacuole

Temporary stores water, nutrients (proteins &

carbs), salts, or wastes; enlarged in plant

cells; provides support and structure in plants

(turgor pressure-rigid)

http://activity.ntsec.gov.tw/lifeworld/english/content/gene_cc1.html

Lysosomes (in animal cells only)

Contain digestive enzymes that break down

food particles (carbs, lipids, & proteins),

viruses, bacteria, and worn out cell parts

(Cellular stomach)

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/lysosomes/lysosomes.html

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

http://www.sflorg.com/sciencenews/scn110608_01.html

http://anatomy.iupui.edu/courses/histo_D502/D502f04/lecture.f04/cell.f04/cellf04.html

Mitochondria

Breaks down food (organic) molecules

releasing the energy stored in chemical bonds

to produce ATP (energy currency)

Adenosine Triphosphate “Power House”

Bound by a double membrane

http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/cellresp/glucose.html

Chloroplasts (Autotrophs) (Heterotrophs organisms

that cannot produce its own food lack

chloroplasts)

Contain green pigment-chlorophyll which traps

the sun’s light energy.

http://www.karencarr.com/tmpl1.php?CID=301 http://207.239.98.140/upperschool/science/Classes/AllBiology/bio/biotext/biowilson/Main%20Info/Helpful%20Websites.htm

Photosynthesis: transforms light energy into

chemical energy and stores that energy in food

molecules (sugars & starches- carbohydrates).

http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/chloroplasts.html

Bound by a double membrane

Section 7-2

Figure 7-11 CytoskeletonCytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that helps the cell

maintain shape and move around; Includes

Microfilaments, Microtubules, and

Intermediate Filaments

http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect06.htm

http://www.immediart.com/catalog/product_info.php?cPath=61_78&products_id=456

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/microfilaments/microfilaments.html

Cilia (microtubules)

Hair-like projections; Propel unicellular

organisms & helps fluids to move over the cell

surface in multicellular organisms

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19533.htm

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Flagella (microtubules)

Whip-like tail; Propels organisms (& sperm)

http://bioserv.fiu.edu/~walterm/FallSpring/cell_components/cell_talk.htm

Centrioles (microtubules) (in animal cells only)

Organelles believed to aid in movement of

chromosomes in animal cells during cell

division

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal Cell

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal Cells Plant Cells

Centrioles

Cytoskeleton

Venn DiagramsCell membrane

Ribosomes

NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Lysosomes Vacuoles

Mitochondria

Cell Wall

Chloroplasts

Inner Life of a Cell Video

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GigxU1

UXZXo&feature=fvwrel

VI. Organization

A. Cell Tissue Organ

Organ System

B. Tissue = Group of cells that perform the same function

1. Examples: nerve tissue, muscle tissue

http://bioliscious.blogspot.com/2008/02/compendium-of-chapters-1-4-chpt-1-1.html

C. Organ = two or more tissues that function together

1. Examples: Brain, leaf, heart

http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301notes1.htm

D. Organ System = group of organs that work together

1. Examples: Nervous system, circulatory system

Muscle cell Smooth muscle tissue Stomach Digestive system

Section 7-4

Levels of Organization

Practice Labeling Structures

http://www.phschool.com/webcodes10/inde

x.cfm?wcprefix=cbd&wcsuffix=3072&fu

seaction=home.gotoWebCode&x=0&y=0

Label (In your Head)

Cell Modela specific function that contributes to cell survival.

B

C

D

A

Leaf Cell

Are All Cells Alike?All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms

are composed of only one cell. Other organisms are made up of many cells.

1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?

2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?

Think of the Answers; Discuss with a partner; Write on Separate piece of paper or bottom of your notes

1. What are the advantages of a one-celled organism?

A one-celled organism has simpler needs and can respond immediately to its environment because its entire cell is immersed in its environment.

2. What are the advantages of an organism that is made up of many cells?

In a multicellular organism, different jobs are divided among different groups of cells that work together. Also, a multicellular organism can continue to survive even if it loses some of its cells.

Exit Questions

1. What are the functions of the following

organelles?

• Vacuole

• Lysosome

• Mitochondria

• Chloroplasts

• Cilia

2. What organelle does an animal cell have

that plant cells do not?

3. What organelles do plant cells have that

animal cells do not?

4. What is the difference between an

Eukaryotic cell and a Prokaryotic cell?

Images from:

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/golgi/golg

iapparatus.html

Plant Cell

Nuclearenvelope

Ribosome(attached)

Ribosome(free)

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Nucleus

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Nucleolus

Golgi apparatus

Mitochondrion

Cell wall

CellMembrane

Chloroplast

Vacuole

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells

Animal Cell

Centrioles

Nucleolus

Nucleus

Nuclearenvelope

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus

Smooth endoplasmicreticulum

Mitochondrion

CellMembrane

Ribosome(free)

Ribosome(attached)

Section 7-2

Figure 7-5 Plant and Animal Cells