Bio ch 32 and 33
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Transcript of Bio ch 32 and 33
Biology Notes 1
April 7, 2015Lab 13. Text Chapter 32 and 33
Becareful with phylums/namesStats1.3-1.5 Million extant species of animals99.9% of all species are now extinctAnimal Characteristics
Heterotrophic (all animals). Cells (of animals) lack cell walls. In animals, the diploid phase of the life cycle is dominant. 1n=gametes only
o Spongilla – 2n gemmules (2n~spores) All: Multicellular
Timeline: Origin of kingdom Animalia770? Mybp (origin)710 mybp –steriods (only creatures that produce are animals)560 mybp –multicellular, animalsEdiacaran
630-542 mybp 530 mybp –Cambrian, half of all phyla that live today
Biology Notes 2
All animals are thought to have a common ancestry of Choanoflagellates “protozoan”
Without choano flagellates all the necessary movements couldn’t happen
Phylum Porifera “sponges” Choanocytes “collar cells” –very important function, they ensure
Cadherin
Adherin junctions –epithilial cells
Microfilaments
Actin
Phylum Porifera “sponges” Have no true tissues No organs No brain =PARAZOA, EUMETAZOA (tissues present) Sponges are thought as “Basal Animals” All aquatic, mostly marine. They have Diversity of Cell types
o eg. Choanocytes –maintain life sustaining watero eg. Pinacocytes –large flattened cells, that provide outer coveringo eg. Collencytes o eg. Sclerocytes –spicules (microscopic) SiO2, CaCO3, irregular shape,
“Hard Skeleton”o eg. Amoebocyte –looks like an amoeba, has pseudopod and moves like
an amoeba, to deliver food, will capture food (they carry surplus foods to other cells).
Biology Notes 3
Amoebacytes screen for food (if sperm with same DNA it will not eat but deliver instead
External fertilization, sea water
Asconoid Body Plano Longitudinal section
Sycon –lab, tinySponges bought in store are basically collegen spogin (collencytes)
Phlyum Porifera Class Hexactinellida “Glass sponges”
o Marine –very deepo Form an extensive glass skeleton (look like
fiberglass or angel hair) Class Demospongiae “Wool or Commercial Sponges”
o Spongilla F.W. –gemmules Live in pure water –Ephemeral Before they die they bud out gemmules Contains zooxanthellae –producing oxygen for them by way of
photosynthesis Class Calcarea –Sycon
Figure 1 Glass sponges
Figure 2 Demospongiae
Biology Notes 4
April 9, 2015Text Ch. 33Phylum Porifera= Parazoa clade (no tissues) –most primitiveEvery other Animal phylum =Eumetazoa clade (tissues present)Phylum Cnidaria“Radiates” all have radial symmetry, body forms a cylinder
- -two way digestive tract =gastrovascular activity- -Nerve net
o No brain o No myelinsheato Bidirectional impulse transmission
Almost all are monoecious (hermaphrodites) Sexual Reproduction – Asexual (Budding) Phylum Ctenophora
o Cannot stingo Very common
Phylum Cnadariao Almost all sting! They sting because they posses special stinging cell
called Cnidocyteso All aquatic –mostly marine eg. Hydrao Tissues present, including tissues and some organso Body forms:
Figure 4 Polyp Hydra
as Cnadarian sting: Stimulio Tactileo Chemosensory stimulation
Colony of zooids Physalia
Obeliadiocious
Figure 3 Aurelia "Common Jellyfish" -medusa
Figure 5 Physalia
Biology Notes 5
II. Phylum Cnidaria*/87\ Class Hydrozoa
o Gonionemus o Hydra o Obelia o Physalia – colonies of zooids, extremely venomouso Sea Fans & Soft Coralso Cabbage Head –toxin
Class Scyphozoa “True Jellyfish”o Eg. Aurelia (lab)o Functions as a medusa
Class Cubazoa o Spend majority of their lives as
medusao Distinction of being most
venomous in eartho Chironex “Box Jellyfish” Australia o Iracubu –smaller box jellyfisho Sea Waspso Chiropsalmus quadramannus –
extremely venomous Class Anthozoa “Hard Corals & Sea
Anemones”o Anthazoa serves as polyps, no
medusaeo Sea Anemonaes eg. Metridiumo Hard Coral –CaCO3 remains
Contains zooxanthellae in order to survive “Flower Gardens”
pedalium
Box Jellyfish
Biology Notes 6
14 April 2015Quiz on Thursday, mainly identification type, animal or image of animal and identify know phylum, or class. Final: 14 May 2015III. Phylum PlatyhelminthesSometimes called acoelomates (only applies to animals without body cavity.“platy” flat, “helminthes” worms so flatworms
Bilateral Symmetryo These animals have left and right side
Most cephalization -body region functions as a head. Triploblastic –when tissues first form, 3 germ layers will form.
o Ectoderm –outermosto Mesoderm –middleo Endoderm –innermost
Note: Radiata (phylum ctenophra and cnadaria) mostly diploblast, when they form tissues, they only have ecto and endoderm
Paired ventral nerve chords Gastrovascular cavity (not in the cestoda-tapeworm) Reproduction:
o Asexual-budding (grows from parent then detaches) or fragmentationo Sexual- usually monoecious-not represented by males/females but
represented by macrodite Eg. Just like sponges, ONLY exception is
Schistosoma-dioecious (represented by males/females)
Protonephridia (Turbellaria) –most primitive of all excretory system (tubules) eg.kidneys
Phylum Platyheminthes: Class Tubellaria “planarians” –free-living
o Dugesia o Aquatico Bilaterally symmetrical, they have stereoscopic
chemosensory perceptiono Bipalium (terrestrial)
Class Cestodao Taenia pisiformis
1st degree host –dog –scolex insterad of growing it uses it
2nd degree host Rabbit Figure 7 Bipalium
Figure 6Dugesia
Figure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 BipaliumFigure 7 Bipalium
Biology Notes 7
Used for weight loss, when hatched insists inside the brain. o Taenia Solium “Pork Tapeworm” (dangerous)o Teania Saginattus “Beef Tapeworm”o Echinococcus (dangerous impact on humans)o Diphyllobothrium >60 ft.
Class Trematoda –all need aquatic snailso Fasciola “sheep liver fluke”-can also parasitize
humans Leafy plant- 2nd intermediate
o Chlonochis “human fluke Must be consumed by snail
Snail is 1st intermediate host Fish is 2nd intermediate host Human is primary host
o Schistosoma –come into contact with water Mansoni –release their eggs through the urethra Egyptian pharaoh Birds parasitized by shistosomes –“swimmers itch”
Class Monogenea –tends to parasitize small animals
April 16 2015IV. Phylum Nematoda -mostly free-living not harmful. Composting helping to create soil.. “pseudo”- false (Pseudocoelomates), not homologous -Contain the greatest # of species of any phylum in animals, most species are underscribed ~1 Million~about 25 000 species had been described.Shape of mouth, pharyngeal anatomy>90% parasitize humans-they are dioecious, females larger, males smaller and have coiled tailSingle female sheds about ~200 000 eggs/dayThey are ecdysozoans (chitonous cuitle)
Eg. Ascaris Lumbricoides Necator or Ancylostoma –hookworms Hookworm disease –significant in children –when children are infected means
they cause failure to thrive Canum infects dogs, zigzag –cutaneous larval migrans
Scolex 1
Figure 9 Ascaris: Longer [F], Shorter [M]
Figure 8 Female Ascaris
Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1Scolex 1
Biology Notes 8
“Whipworms” Trichuris –patients with Crohn’s Disease –auto-immune illness, modern disease Trichinella –causes trichinosis, cysts calcify, pork-tapeworms disease
Microscopic nematodes called euteley/eutelic –body is composed of specific # of cells, if not then it’s body is incomplete.Caenorhabditis genetics of animal development. Eutelic animal you can count cellsAgriculture: Root Knot nematodes
Insists inside the roots, roots can’t normally get water. Can be colarated in annual crops
Perrineal plants live year-to-yearIV. Phylum Rotifera
Pseudoceolomates and microscopic Reproductive biology –facultative parthenoforms (choice of either
reproducing by normal sexual reproduction or by way of parthenogenesis “thelotoky”)- cloning themselves
Lab Notes:Phylum Annelida “segmented worms”
Class Clitellata o Subclass Oligochaeta “earthworms”o Subclass Hirudinea “leeches”
Class Polychaeta “clamworms”Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda - Class Bivalvia –clams, mussels, scalops Class Gastropoda –gastropods: snails, whelks
Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Phylum Cnidaria(Radial Symmetry)
Lophotrochozoa
Platyhelminthes
Rotifera
Ecdysozoa Phylum Nematoda
Deiterostomia
Biology Notes 9
Polyplacophora -chitons monoplacophoraSubphylum Crustacea Crabs, lobsters, crayfish, barnacles, isopodsSubphylum: Class Chelicerata Spiders, scorpions, mites, ticks and horseshoe crabs
Class merostomata
Biology Notes 10
[email protected] micro -14 April collection date use blinn Bryan campus, weather data: look online on weather channel21 April 2015
Phylum Mollusca and Phylum Annelida
Phylum Mollusca Both Eucoelomates (body cavity is not a pseudocoelomate) and Phylum AnnelidaPhylum Mollusca Phylum Annelidaboth monoecious and dioecious
Eucelomates All are monoecious
Possess CaCO3 shell
Embryo –metameres fuse
In snail: head and muscular foot, inside the shell is the visceral hump
Mantle (cavity) –to make shell
Lophototrozoans (do not need to shed exoskeletons or not chitonous)
No ShellAdults possess “extreme metamerism”-segmentation
Chitinous setae “bristle” looks like hair but not actually hair
Thick, muscular body wallBilateral symmetry and cephalizationEg. Bivalvia
Metronephyridia
Phylum Mollusca Class Gastropoda Class Polyplacophora eg. Chitins
o 8 hinged plates/elements Class Monoplacophora
o Fossils: elongated dome-like shello In 1952 –Costa Rica –only that exhibits metamerism
Class Bivalvia (No head)o 2 hinged elements
Biology Notes 11
Class Cephalopodao Eg. Nautilus –pelagico “Ammonites” –had shells before, now extincto Most advanced of all invertebrates
Only intelligent invertebrates Giant neurons. Fastest reflexes of all animals. Eyes are indistinguishable Several brains, separated around the body. Largest known living invertebrates Many are venomous
Phylum Annelida Class Clitellita
o Oligochaeta “earthworms” Eg. Lumbricus “night crawlers”, Eg. Esatia “compost worms”
o Hirudinea “leeches” Sanguivorous –feeds on blood
Class Polychaeta “Clamworms”o Nerius –parapodiao “Bristle Worm”
Phylum Arthropoda-means “joint-footed”, arthro-joint; poda-footRequirements for arthropoda:1. Jointed appendages (must have)2. Chitinous exoskeleton
- Eucoelomates & ecdysozoans- Open circulatory systemo Greatest # of described species ~750,000, about 2/3 are insectso Most widespread. Including North Pole (spiders)o Exhibits metamerism as adultso Open circulatory system
o Mostly found along the body cavity –hemocoelo Well-developed nervous system (brain) not intelligento Elaborate sense organs & behaviors (genetically programmed)
o Eg. Decorator Crabs –cover top of their caracas with spongeso Compound eye – detecting field of view
Biology Notes 12
o Dioecious Sexual Reproduction –don’t reproduce by budding or fragmentation
o Excretory Tubules: o Insects: Malpighian Tubuleso Crustaceans: Antennal glands
Kidneys on top of heado Scorpions: Coxal Glands
Kidneys found appendages of the bodyEmbryo Larvae
Insect (head, thorax, abdomen) Spiders –cephalothorax
Entymology“ecdysis” –multiple, all arthropods must mold or “shed” their exoskeletons3 Subphylums (taxonomy for lab pract)
Subphylum Chilecerata Subphylum Crustecea Subphylum Myriapoda Subphylum Hexapoda
Subphylum Chelicerata
Subphylum Crustacea
Subphylum Myriapoda
Subphylum Hexapoda
Simple mouthparts Biramous Appendages“Two brains”Appendages on tails- Pleopods swimmerets
Uniramous Appendages
Uniramous Appendages
Class Merostomata“Horseshoe” Limulus -Not crabs-blood gets around bacteria(immunity)Class Pyctogonida “Sea Spiders”-Eight legs-no body just legs-not truly spiders-like spiders they are venomousClass Arachnida
Eg. Millipedes/centipedes
Body divided into a head, thorax, abdomen, 3 pairs of appendages
Biology Notes 13
“Spiders,mite,ticks, scorpions etc.”-most spiders are venomous-Loxoceles “Brown recluse” -necrotic (can’t feel venom)-Leiodendion “Black widow”
Embryo LarvaeInsect:
Head, Thorax, AbdomenSpiders:
CephalothoraxCrustaceans- compound eye –good for detecting viewsFlies: intestinal tract by the brainAntennal Glands –crawfishMyriapoda –centipedesHexapoda –eight legsChelicerata –spiders, scorpions, horshoecrabsScorpions Centuriodes “wood scorpion”Spiders ArgiopeSpider “Tarantula”
Not dangerous Enormous chelicerum
Test 3 coverageMostly 1 chapter in textbook Chapter 33
Chapter 32 information (Repeated)
Biology Notes 14
Be familiar with cladograms on page 677 & 679 –phylogenetic relationships among animals –features dycsozoans whether they have tissues etc.Class insect-only group of arthropods species capable of wingfly (can fly by flapping wings- durin g larvae stage)
Should know about vertebrae classification and diversity
Biology Notes 15
28 April 28, 2015Chapter 34Phylum Chordata
Notochord (unique – cartilage that extends from the body to the other)
Dorsal, hollow nerve chord & brain Pharyngeal Gill pouches Myomeres (repeated bundles of muscle tissues –seen in fish tuna) Post anal tail (all chordates have but not unique) Closed circulatory system Possesed by chodates
o Unique to vertebrates: skeletal system including cranium “skull”
o Better developed brain with brain anatomy 2 subphyla “protochodates”, proto means earth
o Subphylum Cephalachordata “lancelots” or “ampioxus” Branchiostomata6
o Subphylum Urochordata “tunicates” or “sea squirts”o Subphylum Vertebrata -the one we belong to
Agnatha –no jaws, a-without, gnata –jaw Mostly extinct Myxini “hagfish” Petromyzontiformes “lampreys”
–“cephalospidomorphi” (lab) Lab 72 Actinistia –Laterimeria “Coelocanth”-lobe finned fish Dipnoi “Tiktalok”- creature that had all the features
fish/amphibian- class amphibian (have to go to pond to reproduce)
Gnathostomata –jaw- mouthClass ReptiliaClass AvesClass Mammalia –hair, lactation
Placentals –we belong to Marsupials –don’t have a placenta, kangaroos Monotromes –oviprous –lay eggs
Biology Notes 16
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