bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities
Transcript of bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities
![Page 1: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
BIOBIO--BASED NANOCOMPOSITES:BASED NANOCOMPOSITES:CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIESCHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
John SimonsenJohn SimonsenDepartment of Wood Science & EngineeringDepartment of Wood Science & Engineering
Oregon State UniversityOregon State University
![Page 2: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OutlineOutline•• What is the difference between composites What is the difference between composites
and nanocomposites?and nanocomposites?•• Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, CNXL)Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC, CNXL)•• Experimental resultsExperimental results
•• PolyhydroxyoctanoatePolyhydroxyoctanoate•• PVOHPVOH•• PURPUR•• Polysulfone (PSf)Polysulfone (PSf)•• CMCCMC
•• Challenges and opportunitiesChallenges and opportunities•• AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
![Page 3: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Polymer CompositesPolymer Composites
Generally consists of a polymer Generally consists of a polymer ““matrixmatrix””and a particulate and a particulate ““fillerfiller””Filler (dispersed phase) is dispersed in Filler (dispersed phase) is dispersed in matrix (continuous phase)matrix (continuous phase)Can also have continuous filler (graphite Can also have continuous filler (graphite fiber pultrusion, used for aerospace, etc.), fiber pultrusion, used for aerospace, etc.), but not yet used in nanocompositesbut not yet used in nanocomposites
![Page 4: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wood flour in HDPE
0.1 mm
![Page 5: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Synergism in Polymer Synergism in Polymer CompositesComposites
Function of matrix:Function of matrix:Disperse fibersDisperse fibersTransfer load to fillerTransfer load to fillerLoad sharing between broken and intact filler Load sharing between broken and intact filler particlesparticlesIncreases toughnessIncreases toughness
Function of fillerFunction of fillerCarry load, increase propertiesCarry load, increase propertiesLower costLower cost
![Page 6: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
What makes a nanocomposite What makes a nanocomposite different?different?
![Page 7: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Reduced impuritiesReduced impurities
As the size of a particle is reduced, the As the size of a particle is reduced, the number of defects per particle is also number of defects per particle is also reducedreducedMechanical properties rise proportionatelyMechanical properties rise proportionately
![Page 8: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Properties of fibers and nanoparticlesProperties of fibers and nanoparticles
materialmaterial Density, Density, g/cmg/cm33
ρρ
Theoretical Theoretical strength, strength, GPaGPa
Whisker Whisker strength (S),strength (S),GPaGPa
Bulk Bulk strength,strength,GPaGPa
Specific Specific whisker whisker strengthstrengthS/ S/ ρρ
ironiron 7.687.68 2020 1313 4.14.1 1.681.68
Carbon Carbon (graphite)(graphite)
1.381.38 9898 2121 1.71.7 12.412.4
![Page 9: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
An historical nanoAn historical nano--example:example:
Carbon blackCarbon black
![Page 10: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
http://www.degussa.com/downloads/en/pictures/product_stories/2004_06_15_carbon_black.Par.0006.posterImage.jpg
![Page 11: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
http://www.degussa.com/downloads/en/pictures/product_stories/2004_06_15_carbon_black.Par.0006.posterImage.jpg
![Page 12: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Addition of nanoAddition of nano--sized carbon to rubbersized carbon to rubber
Particle size 10Particle size 10--75 nm75 nmStrength can increase 1000 XStrength can increase 1000 XStiffness increases 7 X (in accordance with Stiffness increases 7 X (in accordance with modified Einstein equation)modified Einstein equation)Abrasion resistance 4Abrasion resistance 4--5 X5 XWithout carbon black, tires would not be Without carbon black, tires would not be made from rubber!made from rubber!
![Page 13: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Surface AreaSurface AreaEE--glass fibersglass fibers** ~1~1
Paper fibersPaper fibers 44
GraphiteGraphite 2525--300300
Fully exfoliated clayFully exfoliated clay ~ 500~ 500Cellulose nanocrystalsCellulose nanocrystals**** 250250
Fumed silicaFumed silica 100100--400400
Carbon nanotubes***Carbon nanotubes*** ~ 100 ~ 100 -- ??
m2/g
*http://www.jm.com/engineered_products/filtration/products/microfiber.pdf** Winter, W. presentation at ACS meeting, San Diego, March 2005***http://www.ipme.ru/e-journals/RAMS/no_5503/staszczuk/staszczuk.pdf.
![Page 14: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
PolymerPolymer--clay nanocompositesclay nanocomposites
mechanical and barrier propertiesmechanical and barrier properties
![Page 15: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The step-assist on the 2002 GMC Safari (shown) and Chevrolet Astro vans is the automotive industry's first exterior applications for thermoplastic polyolefin-based nanocomposites. The part won General Motors the 2001 Grand Award for plastics innovation from the SPE's Automotive Division. (Photo courtesy of Wieck Photo Database).
http://www.specialchem4polymers.com/resources/articles/article.aspx?id=579
![Page 16: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
NanoNano--PA6 PA6 Using Nanomer 1.24 TL Using Nanomer 1.24 TL -- In Situ In Situ PolymerizationPolymerization
![Page 17: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
intercalation
exfoliation
U. Southern Miss. Macrogalleria http://www.psrc.usm.edu/macrog/mpm/composit/nano/struct2_1.htm
Aspect ratio > 100
Confined polymer
![Page 18: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Barrier PlatformBarrier PlatformMitsubishi gas chemical and Nanocor Alliance ImpermMitsubishi gas chemical and Nanocor Alliance Imperm®®NanoNano--Nylon MXD6Nylon MXD6
![Page 19: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Barrier Film for packagingBarrier Film for packagingNanoNano--PA6 using Nanomer 1.24 TL PA6 using Nanomer 1.24 TL -- In situ polymerizationIn situ polymerization
![Page 20: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
PercolationPercolation
I. Chodak, I Krupa. J. Mat. Sci. Lttrs. 1999 18:1457-1459
Relative electrical conductivity (Relative electrical conductivity (ρρcc//ρρmm) of the ) of the carbon black filled LDPE (circles) or HDPE carbon black filled LDPE (circles) or HDPE (squares) as a function of the filler content ((squares) as a function of the filler content (NN).).
![Page 21: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Garboczi, et. al. Phys. Rev. Ltrs. E, 1995, 52(1): 819-828
Aspect ratio = 70
Percolation threshold ~ 1%
![Page 22: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Nanocomposite ConceptsNanocomposite Concepts
Reduced defectsReduced defects
Surface areaSurface area
PercolationPercolation
Interphase volumeInterphase volumePolymer morphologyPolymer morphology
![Page 23: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Cellulose
![Page 24: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Crystalline regions
Amorphous region
Acid hydrolysis
Individual nanocrystals
Individual cellulose polymer
Cellulose Nanocrystal (CNXL) ProductionCellulose Nanocrystal (CNXL) Production
Native cellulose
![Page 25: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Sources of nanocrystalline celluloseSources of nanocrystalline cellulose
Microcrystalline cellulose (wood)Microcrystalline cellulose (wood)Bacteria (Bacteria (NataNata de coco) de coco) CottonCottonAg wastesAg wastesTunicatesTunicates
![Page 26: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cellulose nanocrystalsCellulose nanocrystalsCellulose Cellulose sourcesource
LengthLength Cross Cross sectionsection
Aspect ratioAspect ratio
TunicateTunicate 100 nm 100 nm ––micronsmicrons
1010--20 nm20 nm 5 to > 1005 to > 100(high)(high)
Algal Algal ((ValoniaValonia))
> 1000 nm> 1000 nm 10 to 20 nm10 to 20 nm 50 to > 10 nm50 to > 10 nm(high)(high)2 to > 1002 to > 100(medium)(medium)20 to 7020 to 70(low)(low)20 to 5020 to 50(low)(low)
BacterialBacterial 100 nm 100 nm ––micronsmicrons
55--10 x 3010 x 30--50 50 nmnm
CottonCotton 200200--350 nm350 nm 5 nm5 nm
WoodWood 100 100 –– 300 nm300 nm 3 3 –– 5 nm5 nm
Beck-Candanedo, et. al. Biomacromol. (2005) 6:1048-1054
![Page 27: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
COST OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALSCOST OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) ~ $7/kg~ $7/kgHCl based processHCl based process
Nanocrystalline Cellulose (CNXL) Nanocrystalline Cellulose (CNXL) Target ~ $10/kgTarget ~ $10/kgHH22SOSO44 based processbased process
Do you need the purity of MCC starting material?Do you need the purity of MCC starting material?Can acid be recovered?Can acid be recovered?Uses for byproduct (sugar in acid)?Uses for byproduct (sugar in acid)?
![Page 28: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
TEM image of cellulose nanocrystalsTEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
![Page 29: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Polymer systemsPolymer systems
![Page 30: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Battery Separator, CNXL in Battery Separator, CNXL in PolyhydroxyoctanoatePolyhydroxyoctanoate
M. Samir, F. Alloin, J-Y Sanchez, A. Dufresne, 2004. Macromol. 37:4839-4844
Fuel cell operating temp
![Page 31: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
BACTERIAL CELLULOSE/BACTERIAL CELLULOSE/POLYVINYLALCOHOLPOLYVINYLALCOHOL
![Page 32: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Slide from Wankei Wan, U. W. Ontario, London, ON, Canada
![Page 33: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
x
Slide from Wankei Wan, U. W. Ontario, London, ON, Canada
![Page 34: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Slide from Wankei Wan, U. W. Ontario, London, ON, Canada
![Page 35: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Slide from Wankei Wan, U. W. Ontario, London, ON, Canada
![Page 36: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Slide from Wankei Wan, U. W. Ontario, London, ON, Canada
![Page 37: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cellulose nanocrystalCellulose nanocrystal--filled filled polyurethanepolyurethane
![Page 38: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Slide from Mirta Aranguren, UNMdP-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
![Page 39: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Polysulfone/cellulose Polysulfone/cellulose nanocompositesnanocomposites
Sweda NooraniSweda NooraniJohn SimonsenJohn Simonsen
![Page 41: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
TGATGA--16% CNXL16% CNXL
11.52%(0.2281mg)
38.88%(0.7699mg)
40
60
80
100
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C)
Sample: sample2_dec 30_tgaSize: 1.9800 mgMethod: Ramp
TGAFile: C:\Data\sweda\sample2_dec30_tga.001Operator: swedaRun Date: 30-Dec-04 12:02Instrument: 2950 TGA HR V6.0E
Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
![Page 42: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
TGATGA--11% CNXL11% CNXL
7.710%(0.1496mg)
48.43%(0.9396mg)
20
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C)
Sample: sample1_dec 30_tgaSize: 1.9400 mgMethod: Ramp
TGAFile: C:\Data\sweda\sample1_dec30_tga.001Operator: swedaRun Date: 30-Dec-04 10:41Instrument: 2950 TGA HR V6.0E
Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
![Page 43: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
TGA (Psf film with 2% CC)TGA (Psf film with 2% CC)
49.83%(1.024mg)
40
60
80
100
120
Wei
ght (
%)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Temperature (°C)
Sample: psf film (ncc)nov 17, 04Size: 2.0540 mgMethod: Ramp
TGAFile: C:...\sweda\psf film(ncc) nov 17,04.001Operator: swedaRun Date: 17-Nov-04 17:07Instrument: 2950 TGA HR V6.0E
Universal V3.3B TA Instruments
![Page 44: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
![Page 45: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
![Page 47: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
![Page 48: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
![Page 49: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
20x70 nm
![Page 50: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
% NCC (w/w)0 2 4 6 8 10 12
MO
E (G
Pa)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Nanocrystalline cellulose in PSfNanocrystalline cellulose in PSf
![Page 51: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
WVTR of CNXLWVTR of CNXL--filled PSffilled PSf
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
-2 3 8 13%NCC
Flux
(g/m
2 dy)
![Page 52: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTAL-FILLED CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
YongJae ChoiYongJae ChoiJohn SimonsenJohn Simonsen
![Page 53: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Comparison of Microcrystalline Comparison of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) to NCC in CMCCellulose (MCC) to NCC in CMC
10% MCC 10% NCC10% glycerin plasticizer10% glycerin plasticizer200X optical (crossed polars)200X optical (crossed polars)
![Page 54: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
CROSS SECTION OF FILMCROSS SECTION OF FILM
90%CMC/10%Gly 80%CMC/10%NCC/10%Gly
![Page 55: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Mechanical properties Mechanical properties
15
20
25
30
35
40
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
CNXL or MCC content ( % w/w)
Tens
ile S
tren
gth
(MPa
)
Control
CNXL
MCC
30% increase
![Page 56: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Mechanical properties Mechanical properties
85% increase
11.2
1.41.6
1.82
2.22.4
2.62.8
3
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25CNXL or MCC content (% w/w)
Tens
ile m
odul
us (G
Pa)
Contro lCNXLM CC
![Page 57: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Extension at failureExtension at failure60% increase
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-5 5 15 25 35CNXL or MCC content (% w/w)
Elon
gatio
n (%
)
controlCNXLMCC
![Page 58: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
HEAT TREATMENTHEAT TREATMENT
5% NCC in CMC (H form)5% NCC in CMC (H form)No plasticizerNo plasticizer
![Page 59: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
HEAT TREATMENTHEAT TREATMENT
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140Heat treatment, 0C for 3 h, 5% NCC-filled CMC
Tens
ile s
tren
gth,
MPa
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
MO
E, G
Pa o
r % e
long
atio
n
MORMOEElongation
16% increase
![Page 60: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Water DissolutionWater Dissolution
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
-5 15 35 55 75
Water immersion Time (hr)
Wei
ght l
oss
(%)
120C
100C
80C
No heat
![Page 61: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Water vapor transmission rateWater vapor transmission rate
0
500
1000
1500
2000
control heat treated
WVT
R, g
/m2 d
y
11% reduction
![Page 62: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
CHALLENGESCHALLENGESDispersion of nanoparticlesDispersion of nanoparticlesProduction scaleProduction scale--up of nanoparticlesup of nanoparticlesCoupling of filler to matrixCoupling of filler to matrixWhere are the high stiffness, high Where are the high stiffness, high strength composites we should have?strength composites we should have?Improving knowledge base to allow Improving knowledge base to allow intelligent design of products which intelligent design of products which capture the advantages of this exceptional capture the advantages of this exceptional nanomaterialnanomaterial
![Page 63: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
OPPORTUNITIES OPPORTUNITIES -- APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
MembranesMembranesFuel cells Fuel cells Kidney dialysis Kidney dialysis Reverse osmosis Reverse osmosis Protein separationProtein separationPervaporationPervaporation
Barrier filmsBarrier films
![Page 64: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
Advanced textiles Advanced textiles –– fibersfibersIf properties of CNXLs can be accessed If properties of CNXLs can be accessed efficientlyefficiently
BiomedicalBiomedicalTissue engineeringTissue engineering
Heart valvesHeart valvesbone replacement materialsbone replacement materialsSkin graftsSkin grafts
![Page 65: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
APPLICATIONSAPPLICATIONS
AdvantagesAdvantagesBiocompatibleBiocompatibleBiodegradableBiodegradableExceptional mechanical propertiesExceptional mechanical propertiesChemical modification straightforwardChemical modification straightforwardSelfSelf--assembling?assembling?
![Page 66: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements
This project was supported by a grant from the USDA National Research Initiative Competitive Grants Program
![Page 67: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
QUESTIONS?QUESTIONS?
![Page 68: bio-based nanocomposites: challenges and opportunities](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022052515/58a195d11a28ab2a038b544a/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)