Bio 9D: Thursday, 4.28.11 Title: Evidence for Evolution

Homework: None

Silent Do Now: (in NB w/ title and date)As you know, different organisms are related to

each other through evolutionary history – this means that they share a common ancestor.

What are some species that you think are close evolutionary relatives of humans? What are some more distant evolutionary relatives of humans?

Today’s Objectives: Explain the 3 types of homologies and use them

as evidence to build evolutionary trees.

Evolution Dry Lab Part APart A Computer LabAll in the Family: Which Animals are the Closest

Relatives? Link: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/change/family/index.html

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…

Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships

and build phylogenetic trees Part A focuses on using the three different types of

homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationshipsObjectives for Class:

• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTIONWhat is the evidence that all species on

earth are related to each other and share common ancestors?

Overview:3 Major Types of Evidence: 1. Homologous Structures

a) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structures

b) Embryological/ Developmentalc) Molecular/Genetic

2. Fossils3. Geographic Distribution of Species

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES – Similar structures due to sharing a common

ancestor that had those structures

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Anatomical Homology – similar body parts or bone structures

Don’t necessarily have the same function now, but did in the common ancestor

Ex: human arm, cat leg, whale flipper, bat wing all have same bones

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Anatomical Homology, continued:

Vestigial Traits - Don’t have a function now,

but suggest that they descended from an ancestor that did use them.

Examples: human tailbone, human goose

bumps, ostrich wings

Ex: human tail bone, human goose

www.toptenz.net

animal.nationalgeographic.com

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Embryological/Developmental Homology

Similar characteristics appearing during specific embryonic/ developmental stages of development

Examples: fish, reptile, bird, and human embryos all have gill slits and a

tail (but some lose these features before birth)

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Molecular/Genetic Homology Similarities between DNA or amino acid

sequences for different organisms Closer the similarities = Closer relationships

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Don’t confuse Homologous Structures with Analogous Structures

Analogous Structures structures that have the same function but NOT the same

skeletal structure This suggests these organisms did NOT descend from a common

ancestor with that trait

Ex: insect wing and bird wing

bio.miami.edu

Insect wing

Bird wing

Objectives for Class:• Describe the three different types of homologies and give examples of each

Notes stop here.

Evolution 3-Part Investigation Dry Lab

Key Questions:1. What is the evidence that one species

can branch into two?

2. What is the evidence that multiple species are evolutionarily related?

Objectives for Class:• Use the three different types of homologies as evidence for evolutionary relationships

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things

Time -------------------------------------------------------------------->present

Nodes indicate most recent common ancestor of two branches

Bio 9A: Monday, 5.3.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular Evidence

Homework: Lab Part B: Finish Tree #1 and Analysis Question #6 by

tomorrow Finish the whole lab packet by Thursday – you’ll have

tomorrow class time plus HW time (but you have Exhibition Night Tuesday night)

Do Now: According to this diagram, which organism is the

closest evolutionary relative of a bat? What is one piece of evidence you could use

to explain this evolutionary relationship?

Today’s Objectives: Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies

as evidence for evolution

Bird Bat Mouse

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 1

Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic EvidenceThe purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to…

Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build

phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical and

genetic homologies as evidence for evolution Tasks for Today:

Complete the pre-lab questions Complete the Data Chart for Tree #1 Use the chart to build an evolutionary tree for 7 animals based on

anatomical traits

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.4.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution: Anatomy vs. Molecular Evidence (Day 2)

Homework: Lab Part B: Finish the packet and all analysis questions

(typed up and stapled to the packet) Good luck at exhibition night tonight!

Do Now(s): Take out Lab Part B packet and turn to the page with the

amino acid sequences Get a marker and highlight the human sequence on both

rows We will count off (monkey, kanga, frog, turtle, tuna).

Highlight both rows of your assigned organism. Today’s Objectives:

Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Evolution Dry Lab PART B – Day 2

Part B: Comparing Anatomical and Genetic Evidence

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and

build phylogenetic trees Part B focuses on comparing and contrasting anatomical

and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Objectives for Class:• Compare and contrast anatomical and genetic homologies as evidence for evolution

Bio 9A: Thursday, 5.6.10 Title: Evidence for Evolution, continued!

Homework: Complete Lab Part C up to Task 5 and type your response to

question 1 for the analysis questions – completed lab is due Monday!

Do Now: Pass Part A and B forward and take out Part C Look back in your notes…

1. What are the 3 types of homologies that can be studied as evidence for evolution?

2. What are two types of evidence for evolution besides homologous structures?

Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give

one example that illustrates this. Describe how the geographic distribution of species is used as

evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Double Block

Review: EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

1. Homologous Structuresa) Anatomical homologies and vestigial structuresb) Embryosc) Molecular/Genetic

2. Geographic Distribution of Species

3. Fossils

Recap: Analogy vs. Homology

Homologous Structures – similar structures due to shared ancestry common ancestor had this feature, so all

descendents have it Results from divergent (branching)

evolution Example:

Analogous Structures – similar structures due to natural selection in similar environments common ancestor did not have it, but

descendents evolve it independently Example:

Geographic Distribution

Evidence for Evolution, continued:

Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Species that live on the same continents are often closely related to each other

Based on genetic (DNA) and embryonic evidence This is true, even though they look more similar to species

elsewhere.Example:

North vs. South American rodents

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Example: Placental Mammals vs. Australian Marsupial Mammals Australia has been

separated from other continents for a long time, so its marsupials evolved independently

Marsupial traits are analogous, NOT homologous, to placental mammals

Evidence: GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION

Fossils

Evidence for Evolution

Evidence: FOSSILS Fossils

show species that are now extinct show transitions to new body forms

Example: Tiktaalik (lived 375 million years ago) fish with legs and (maybe) primitive lungs… earliest amphibian?

Fossil Artist Rendering

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Example: Archaeopteryx (lived 150

million years ago) earliest bird… but has many dinosaur

features

www.ansp.org

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

Evidence: FOSSILS cont. Interpreting Fossil

Evidence Fossils form in layers of

rock (older = lower layer) Fossils in the same layer

lived at the same time Radiometric dating:

determine the age of a fossil based on how much radioactive carbon it contains

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

What lived at the same time as the fossil fish?

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and give one example that illustrates this.

How did whales evolve?

Evidence for Evolution: Part C

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day1

Part C: How Did Whales Evolve?

The purpose of this series of lab activities is for you to… Examine and understand the evidence for evolution Use that evidence to infer evolutionary relationships and build

phylogenetic trees Part C focuses on using fossil evidence and anatomical homologies to

determine evolutionary relatedness

Today: Complete Tasks 1-4 Then we will watch this video:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Ambulocetus natans in action

A reconstruction of an early close cousin of whales

Shown here with the kind permission of artist Carl Buell. http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/lessons/whale.ev.html

Bio 9A: Friday, 5.7.10 Title: Using fossils and homologous structures as evidence for evolution

Homework: Finish Typing the analysis question for Part C. Completed lab

is due Monday. Do Now:

Take out Part C and turn to the timeline page (Task 4) Get ready to check your answers and write dates on your

official timeline!

Today’s Objectives: Describe how fossils are used as evidence for evolution and

give one example that illustrates this. Explain how whales evolved from land mammals.

Check the Answers…

Check the Answers…

Task 5: Draw the phylogenetic tree!

Draw your tree… Which organisms go on

the 3 branches that reach the “top” of the tree?

Which organism goes on the lowest branch?

Fill in the rest on your ownAFTER the video

Land mammal ancestor

Evolution Dry Lab PART C – Day2How Did Whales Evolve?

Watch the video and take notes:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html

Finish Task 5: Making the phylogenetic tree For the rest of class: 3 options.

If you did not complete the analysis questions for Part B, meet in the front of the room.

If you want to do the Part C analysis questions in your notebook working with a partner/small group, go to the back of the room.

If you want to do the Part C analysis questions silently on your own, you may do so (ipods okay for this group only).

Objectives for Class:• Describe how fossils and anatomical homologies are used as evidence for evolution

Modern Whales…

Where Did Whales Evolve From?

Zooming in on Whale Evolution

Bio 9A: Monday, 5.10.10 Title: Evolution Review & Wrap-Up

Homework: Study for tomorrow’s “Tuiz”

Do Now: Pass Lab Part C to the middle of the row (packet AND

analysis q’s) Look at the grade report and stack of graded work that is

being handed back. In your notebook: Write at least one thing you need to

complete, revise, or review (for tomorrow’s test) in order to do your best in this class.

Today’s Objectives: Tuiz Review:

Explain how populations change over time through natural selection. Explain the different types of evidence for evolution. Draw and interpret evolutionary trees.

Tasks for Today: Work silently on your own Make a review section in your notebook

and make review notes based on the study guide

Complete the practice multiple choice questions

Review all assignments handed back

Mr. Moretti has office hours this afternoon if you want to study more with him!

EVOLUTION SUMMARY Populations of living things change over

time. Due to change over time, a species can

evolve into one or more new species. This results in the branching view of the tree of life.

All living things are related because we all evolved from a common ancestor.

Phylogenetic Tree for All Living Things Time --------------------------------------------------------------------

>present

“There is grandeur in this view of life…” – Charles Darwin

Bio 9A: Tuesday, 5.11.10 Title: Evolution “Tuiz”

Homework: None If you know you are missing work or need to revise – do

that!!

Do Now: Take out a pen or pencil and clear your desks

Today’s Objectives: Show what you know about evolution on the “Tuiz”