Bio 244Chapter 12

THE EUKARYOTES

_______ALGAE

PROTOZOAHELMINTHS

COMPARISON of ___KARYOTIC and EUKARYOTIC CELLS

Table 12.2

________: THE STUDY of FUNGI

CLASSIFICATION and BASIC PROPERTIES of ___________

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom __________

Nutritional Type _______________

Cellularity______-unicellularMold- multicellular

Food Acquisition Method Absorptive

Characteristic FeaturesSexual and/or asexual spores

O2 Requirements Aerobic or facultative anaerobic

ROLE of FUNGIBENEFICIAL– ___________ – Food source– Fermentation– _________ Production

HARMFUL– _______ disease

• Corn smut, mildew, wheat rust, elm and chestnut tree destruction

– _________ disease• Athlete’s foot, ringworm, thrush

– Habitat destruction– Food Spoilage

UNICELLULAR FUNGI: _______Unicellular Asexual Reproduction _________: yeast divide

symmetrically (evenly) budding: yeast divide asymmetrically

Figure 12.3

ROLE of S. cereviseae WINE PRODUCTION BREAD MAKING

Name the genus and species of 3 yeast.

MULTICELLULAR FUNGI:_______Vegetative hyphae – ________

________. Aerial hyphae – produce spores.

Mass of hyphae is a _________.

Figure 12.2

ROLE of MOLD CHEESE PRODUCTION ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION

________ MORPHOLOGY and GROWTH

FUNGAL DIMORPHISM

• Pathogenic dimorphic fungi are _____like at 37°C and ____-like at 28°C.

Figure 12.4

ASEXUAL vs. _________REPRODUCTION in FUNGI

• ___________– Organism has one parent– Offspring are genetically

________ to parent– Ex.: Budding,

Fragmentation,Asexual spores

Ex. Sporangio________ Conidio________

• SEXUAL– Cells from two different

parents unite– Offspring are genetically

__________– Sexual spores Ex. _____spores ______spores

Teleomorphic fungi – produce both asexual and sexual spores.Anamorphic fungi – produce only asexual spores; ex. Stachybotrys sp., Coccidioides sp.

_________ SPORES

Aspergillus sp.Figure 12.1

______ SPORES

ZYGOSPORE

ASCOSPORE

SPORANGIO- SPORES

CONIDIO- SPORES

Rhizopus sp.

CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ZYGOMYCOTASaprophytic moldsCoenocytic __________________ spores – sporangiospores________ spores – zygospores

Ex.: Rhizopus stolonifer (bread mold), Mucor species – opportunistic, systemic mycoses

LIFE CYCLE of _________ sp.

CHARACTERISTICS of the PHYLUM ASCOMYCOTAReferred to as ‘sac’ fungi (also includes some yeast)Septate hyphae Asexual spores – ________spores Sexual spores – _________spores -Aspergillus sp.(opportunistic, systemic mycosis) -Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma capsulatum (systemic) -Microsporum sp., Trichophyton sp. (cutaneous mycoses)

Life cycle of _________ sp.

FUNGAL DISEASES (MYCOSES)SUPERFICIAL-localized -Ex. hair shafts

_____________-hair, skin, nails– Ex. Ringworm, athlete’s foot

SUBCUTANEOUS-under skin– Ex. sporotrichosis

___________-deep within body– Ex. Histoplasmosis, coccidiomycosis

OPPORTUNISTIC-normal micro-biota cause disease– Ex.- thrush, aspergillosis,

CUTANEOUS MYCOSES• Dermatomycoses

– Also known as ________ or ringworm

• Metabolize __________• Genera of fungi involved

– Trichophyton sp.: Infects hair, skin, and nails– Microsporum sp.: Infects hair and skin

• Treatment– Topical miconazole

Tinea pedis

SUBCUTANEOUS ________• More serious than cutaneous mycoses• _______trichosis

– Chronic infection, known as rose gardener’s disease

– Sporothrix sp.- common in soil (peat moss, potting mix)

– Enters puncture wound– Treated initially with potassium iodide (KI)

SYSTEMIC MYCOSES of the RESPIRATORY TRACTCOCCIDIOIDOMYCOSIS

• Causative agent: Coccidioides sp.

• Reservoir: Desert soils of ___________

• Transmission: Inhalation of spores

• Symptoms: Fever, ________, weight loss

• Diagnosis: Serological tests • Treatment: Amphotericin B

HISTOPLASMOSIS

• Causative agent: Histoplasmosis sp.

• Reservoir: Soils of __________ Valley, caves

• Transmission: Inhalation of __________

• Symptoms: Nonspecific, coughing, _________

• Diagnosis: Serological tests,culture of sputum..

• Treatment: Amphotericin B

OTHER FUNGI INVOLVED IN __________ DISEASE

• COMMON GENERA:– Aspergillus sp.– Mucor sp.– Rhizopus sp.

• TYPE OF MYCOSIS - __________• PREDISPOSING FACTORS:

– Immunocompromised state– __________– Diabetes

FUNGAL DISEASES OF THE ________ SYSTEMMYCO______ INTOXICATIONS

DISEASEERGOT POISONING

AFLATOXIN POISONING

PATHOGEN Claviceps purpurea

Aspergillus flavus

SYMPTOMS Reduced blood to limbs

______ cirrhosis; ______ cancer

INTOXICATION/INFECTION

Mycotoxin in ____ Mycotoxin in food

DIAGNOSIS Sclerotia ( mass of hardened mycelia) in food

Immunoassay for toxin in food

TREATMENT None None

BASIC PROPERTIES of ________

Domain Eukarya

Kingdom _________? Plantae?

Nutritional Type ______________

CellularityUnicellularSome multicellular

Cellular ArrangementUnicellular, colonial, filamentous, tissues

Characteristic Features Pigments

SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE• BROWN (_____)

– harvested for algin – medicinal uses

• __________– Harvested for ____ and carrageenan– Serves as food source– Produces __________

• GREEN– Gave rise to terrestrial plants-major source of O2

SOME BASIC TYPES of ALGAE cntd.• ___________

– Pectin and silica cell walls– Store oil– Fossilized diatoms formed oil– Produce ___________ acid

• DINOFLAGELLATES (_________)– Primary producers of food

in aquatic food chain– Food source in certain clams– Produce ____________– Algal blooms

_________Mutualistic combination of an ____ (or

cyanobacterium) & __________Alga produces and secretes carbohydrates,

fungus provides holdfast

BASIC PROPERTIES of __________Domain Eukarya

Kingdom Protista

Nutritional Type Chemoheterotroph

Cellularity Unicellular

Food Acquisition Method Absorptive; ingestive

Characteristic FeaturesMost are _______; some form _____; trophozoite stage

ReproductionAsexual (fission, budding, schizogony);Sexual(Conjugation)

COMMON PROTOZOAN GROUPS:AMOEBAFLAGELLATESCILIATESSPOROZOANS

Amoebae

Move by pseudopods Ex. Entamoeba sp.

Acanthamoeba sp.

Figure 12.18a

CILIATES

Move by ciliaComplex cells Ex. Paramecium sp. Balantidium coli

(only human __________)

_____________

No mitochondriaMultiple flagella Ex. Giardia lamblia Trichomonas _______

(no cyst stage)

Figure 12.17b-d

Pathogen Giardia lamblia

Symptoms ________, cramps, bloating

Reservoir Water, mammals

Diagnosis Microscopic, FA test

TreatmentMetronidazole; quinacrine

GIARDIASIS

Figure 23.22

PROTOZOA cntd

• Photoautotrophic flagellates

• ________ sp.

• Hemoflagellates– _________ sp.

• Sleeping sickness• Chagas’ disease rbc

PHYLUM APICOMPLEXA NonmotileLack mitochondria___________cellular protozoa Ex. Plasmodium sp.

PHYLUM MICROSPORANonmotile Intracellular parasites Ex.______________ grasshopper parasiteWhat is this an example of??

LIFE CYCLE of __________ sp.

Figure 12.19

Infected mosquito bites human; sporozoites migrate through bloodstream to liver of human

Sporozoites undergo schizogony in liver cell; merozoites are produced

Merozoites released into bloodsteam from liver may infect new red blood cells

Merozoites are released when red blood cell ruptures; some merozoites infect new red blood cells, and some develop into male and female gametocytes

1 2

3

4

6

Asexual reproduction

Intermediate host

Merozoite develops into ring stage in red blood cell

Ringstage

Merozoites

Another mosquito bites infected humnan and ingests gametocytes

7

5 Ring stage grows and divides, producing merozoites

Definitive host

In mosquito’s digestive tract, gametocytes unite to form zygote

8

Male gametocyte

Female gametocyte

Zygote

Sexualreproduction

Resulting sporozoites migrate to salivary glands of mosquito

9

Sporozoites in salivary gland

SEXUAL CYCLE ASEXUAL CYCLE

BASIC PROPERTIES of HELMINTHSDomain Eukarya

Kingdom Animalia

Nutritional Type Chemoheterotroph

Cellularity All multicellular

Cellular Arrangement Tissues and organs

Food Acquisition Method Ingestive; absorptive

Characteristic Features Elaborate life cyclesCLASSIFICATION of HELMINTHS

Phylum: __________

(roundworms)

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Platyhelminths (_____worms) Class: Trematodes (flukes) Class: Cestodes (tapeworms)

LIFE CYCLES OF __________Egg _______ adult

Simple the number of hosts that harbor thedifferent stages of the helminth life cycle are few

Complexthe number of hosts that harbor the different stages of the

helminth life cycle are many

– _____________ HOSTS• Harbor _________ parasites• Parasites reproduce sexually• Eggs are shed

– INTERMEDIATE HOSTS• Harbor _______ stages• Parasites grow and reproduce sexually• More than 1 intermediate host may be involved

HUMAN as ____________ HOSTLung fluke: Paragonimus sp.

Figure 12.26

HUMAN as __________ HOSTTapeworm Echinococcus sp.

Figure 12.28

HUMAN as DEFINITIVE and INTERMEDIATE HOST :__________ solium.

NEMATODES: EGGS INFECTIVE for HUMANS

Figure 12.29

Nematodes: _______ Infective for Humans

Figure 25.26

ARTHROPODS as _________ of DISEASE

Figure 12.33

Typhus

Rickettsia prowazekii

______ Plague

Yersinia pestis

Tularemia

Francisella tularensis

Chagas’ Disease

Trypanosoma cruzi

Comparison of ___________ Kingdoms

Table 12.1