Bio 178 Lecture 19 Photosynthesis (Cntd.) Copyright: J. Elson-Riggins.
Bio 178 Lecture 8 Cell Structure Copyright: J. Elson-Riggins.
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Transcript of Bio 178 Lecture 8 Cell Structure Copyright: J. Elson-Riggins.
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Bio 178 Lecture 8Cell Structure
Copyright: J. Elson-Riggins
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Reading
• Chapter 5
Quiz Material
• Questions on P 104
• Chapter 5 Quiz on Text Website (www.mhhe.com/raven7)
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Outline
• Eukaryotic Cells (Cntd.)
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The Golgi Apparatus
StructureFlattened membranous sacs (cisternae).
Functions
• Collection, packaging, sorting, and shipping of ER products.
• Modification (in particular glycosylation) of proteins and lipids.
Orientation• Cis - Receiving end.
• Trans - Discharging end.
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Golgi Apparatus
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Protein Transport from ER to Golgi
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Golgi Apparatus
http://wilfred.berkeley.edu/TEM-Gallery1/pages/Golgi.htm
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Golgi Apparatus
http://www.siena.edu/biology/faculty/cellbiology/golgi.jpg
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Lysosomes
Structure• Membrane bound vesicles that contain hydrolytic emzymes. Enzymes only function at acidic pH.
• pH 5 in secondary lysosomes maintained by proton pumps in the membrane.
• Primary lysosomes not acidic.
Functions
• Organelle breakdown & recycling.
• Phagocytosis.
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Lysosome Fusing
http://www.jdaross.mcmail.com/lysosome.htm
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McGraw-Hill Video : Lysosomes
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Organelles that Contain DNA
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplasts
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Mitochondrion
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Chloroplast
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Organelles that Contain DNA Mitochondria & chloroplasts
Formation of DNA Containing Organelles:The Endosymbiont Theory
• The Theory
Mitochondria & chloroplasts were derived from prokaryotes that were engulfed by the ancestral eukaryote.
• Evidence1. 2 membranes - inner folded
2. Size
3. Own circular DNA
4. Ribosomes
5. Division
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Endosymbiosis
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Mitochondrion
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The MitochondrionSize~ 0.5-1 µm diam
Membranes• Outer - smooth
• Inner - highly folded into cristae with embedded proteins that function in oxidative metabolism.
Compartments• Outer - intermembrane space
• Inner - matrix
FunctionsCellular respiration.
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The Mitochondrion (Cntd)DNA• Own Circular DNA1. Contains several genes encoding proteins for oxidative
metabolism.
2. Synthesis of these proteins uses RNA and ribosomal components encoded by its own DNA.
• Use of Nuclear DNA
1. Nuclear DNA encodes the rest of the proteins required for oxidative metabolism.
2. Also encodes proteins required for mitochondrial division.
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The Mitochondrion
Extracted DNA
DNA (arrow) & ribosomes (circle)
http://cellbio.utmb.edu/cellbio/mitoch2.htm
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Chloroplast
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The ChloroplastSize~ 2 µm X 5 µm
Membranes• Outer & inner membranes - smooth
• Thylakoid membrane - Forms flattened disks (thylakoids), which are stacked to form grana. Photosynthetic pigments in membrane.Compartments• Stroma - bathes thylakoids
• Thylakoid space - inside thylakoidsFunctionsPhotosynthesis
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The Chloroplast (Cntd)DNA• Own Circular DNA
Some chloroplast proteins encoded here.
• Use of Nuclear DNA
Remaining chloroplast proteins encoded here.
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The Cytoskeleton
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The CytoskeletonComposition
• Network of protein fibers.
• Composed of actin (microfilaments), microtubules, & intermediate filaments.
Functions• Structure
• Transport
• Cell division
• Locomotion
• Anchoring of organelles
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Distribution of The Cytoskeleton
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules Actin Filaments
http://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/cellmove.htm
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The Cytoskeleton
Actin Microtubules Intermediate Filaments
http://cellix.imolbio.oeaw.ac.at/Videotour/video_tour_1.html
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Dynamic Nature of the Cytoskeleton
Actin filaments and microtubules are constantly assembling (polymerization) and disassembling (depolymerization).
• Plus end - Fast growing end
• Minus end - Slow growing end
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Actin (Microfilaments)
http://cellix.imolbio.oeaw.ac.at/Videotour/video_tour_1.html
Fibroblast labeled with fluorescent phalloidin.
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Actin (Microfilaments)
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/fluorescence/filtercubes/yfp/yfphyq/actin/yfpactinindex.html
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Actin Filaments
Size
~ 7 nm diam
Composition
2 intertwined chains of the globular protein actin.
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Functions of Actin filaments
• Muscle contraction
• Cellular extensions
• Cleavage furrow
• Anchoring
• Movement
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Microtubules
Functions
• Movement of organelles
• Chromosome movement