BIO 150 #8 Muscle I Lab August 2017averenna/bio150/Lab8-Bio 150-Muscle I.pdf · BIOPAC ® Equipment...

Bio 150 Human Anatomy & Physiology I

DCCC Muscular System I

Last Modified 08/01/17

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Lab # 8 Muscular System I – Muscles and Joints: Head, Neck,

Thorax, and Upper Extremity

Objectives:

• Perform a hands-on study of relationships among human muscles using anatomical models

• Identify a list of human muscles using a virtual human dissection

• Identify and learn the anatomical names of selected human synovial joints of the upper extremity

• Identify the bones, muscles, and movements associated with selected human synovial joints of

the upper extremity

• Dissect and identify the muscles, bones, and joints of a chicken wing

• Understand how electromyography (EMG) can be used to study muscle function

• Use electromyography (EMG) to demonstrate muscle fatigue in both the dominant and non-

dominant hands

Equipment: Photographic Atlas, gloves, goggles, dissection kit (one per bench) proper shoes

**Wear comfortable clothes that will allow for movement and observation of various joints.**

I. The Muscular System

Skeletal Muscles

The human body contains over 700 named skeletal muscles. Most skeletal

muscles attach to bones across joints to create movement at the joint.

Exceptions are many muscles of the face which move the skin to produce

facial expressions. This laboratory will focus on learning the names and

locations of a subset of human skeletal muscles. You should also keep in

mind the action that the muscle causes, such as flexion and extension.

II. Virtual and Model Human Muscle Identification

Access Anatomy and Physiology Revealed (APR) on the lab computers by

double-clicking on the desktop icon. Begin with the region method: Select

6. Muscular in the Module box and then click the dissection tool. From the

Topic box, choose the region as listed in each section below. Typically, the anterior view will provide

the best visuals. To bring up the pin views, click on the layer tag buttons. To bring up the name of a

structure, hover the cursor over a pin. If you are having difficulty locating a specific muscle, type the

name of the muscle into the search box and choose a view from the list that results.




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Locate each muscle on the model after you find it on APR.

A. Region: Head and neck

Anterior view

1. orbicularis oculi

2. orbicularis oris

3. platysma (not on models)

4. scalene (as a group) (deep)

5. sternocleidomastoid

Lateral view

6. temporalis

7. masseter

B. Region: Thorax (anterior view)

8. external intercostals

9. internal intercostals

10. pectoralis major

11. pectorialis minor

12. serratus anterior

C. Region: Shoulder and arm

Anterior view

13. biceps brachii

14. brachialis

15. deltoid

Posterior view

16. triceps brachii

D. Region: Forearm and hand

Anterior view

17. brachioradialis

18. flexors (as a group)

Posterior view

19. extensors (as a group)

III. Human Synovial Joint

A. Introduction to Synovial Joints

Freely moveable articulations or diarthroses are also

known as synovial joints. In synovial joints, the bones

are held together by ligaments. Most of the joints in the

body are synovial, especially those in the limbs.

Synovial joints are highly moveable because there is a

fluid filled space, the synovial cavity, between the

articulating bones. The type of movement that is

possible at a given synovial joint is determined by the

exact construction of that joint (Figure 1).

B. Synovial Joints of the Upper Extremity

1. Use the articulated skeletons available in the lab to

identify the synovial joints shown in Figure 2. As you

locate the joints, write in the common name of each

joint below the anatomical name in Table 1 of your lab

report. Then write in the names of the bones that

articulate to form each joint.

2. Working as a group of four, organize the bones

at your lab bench to form the joints shown in Figure 2. Use the

index cards provided to label each joint when assembled.

Figure 1. Movements at Synovial Joints

Figure 2. Synovial Joints of the Upper Extremity

Glenohumeral

Humeroulnar




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When the joints are constructed, have your instructor check off your lab report. Label the following in

the diagrams of synovial joints in your lab report:

a. correct anatomical name of joint

b. names of articulating bones

3. Observe the radiographs at your lab bench. Identify each joint and use this information to complete

page 12 of the lab report.

C. Identifying Movements at Synovial Joints

1. Use the articulated skeletons and/or your own body to determine which type(s) of movements are

possible at each joint. Choose from the list below and fill in the movements in Table 1 of your lab

report. Use letters.

A. Extension / flexion C. Medial rotation / lateral rotation

B. Abduction / adduction D. Circumduction

2. Use the Anatomy and Physiology Revealed (APR) software to verify your choices. Type in the name

of each joint in the search box and then view the animations for each. If the anatomical name does not

come up, try using the common name (ex. elbow). The animations show the movements possible at

each joint.

IV. Muscle Action at Synovial Joints

A. Introduction

The action of a specific muscle upon contraction depends on its

attachments. When a muscle is connected to bones that make up a

synovial joint, muscle contraction initiates a set type of movement

that is dependent on the articulation type.

Most skeletal muscles are arranged in opposing pairs around a

synovial joint. For each movement possible at a joint, one muscle of

the pair contracts, performing the action. This muscle is the prime

mover (also called agonist). The muscle that

relaxes and stretches to accommodate the movement (often

on the opposite side of the joint) is called the antagonist.

(See Figure 3).

B. Muscles of the Upper Extremity and Their Actions

1. For each of the muscles listed below, use the muscle models to

determine the joint affected when the muscle contracts. Using the

list below, write in the names of muscles associated with each joint in the appropriate boxes of Table 1

in your lab report (do NOT use letters).

Biceps brachii

Prime mover

for flexion at

elbow joint;

Antagonist

for extension

at elbow

Triceps brachii

Antagonist for

flexion at

elbow joint;

Prime mover

for extension

at elbow

Figure 3. Opposing Pair of Muscles




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a. biceps brachii b. triceps brachii c. deltoid

2. Using your own body, try placing your hand on top of each muscle listed in Table 1 of your lab report

and experiment to determine what type of movement occurs when you feel the muscle contract. The

muscle will feel tense when it is contracting, or you may be able to feel the muscle shortening.

3. To verify your observations, use the APR software and type the name of each muscle into the search

box individually. Locate an animation from the results list and view the animation to verify the main

role of that muscle as a prime mover. Fill in the joint and primary movement for each muscle in Table

1 of your lab report.

V. Chicken Wing Dissection

A. Introduction

A raw chicken wing will serve as a model for human tissues.

A careful dissection of the wing will demonstrate the

relationships among integument, connective tissues, muscles,

and bones. The wing also has a striking similarity to the upper

limb of a human when considering the joints, bones, muscle

pairings, and the movements possible (see Figure 4.)

B. Observation and dissection of chicken wing

1. Preparation

Wear goggles and gloves for the entire time that you are

working with the wing. To avoid food borne illness, make sure to dissect the chicken wing in the

provided trays to decrease the chance of contamination. Avoid contaminating your handouts and

materials. Obtain a dissecting tray and a chicken wing that has been soaked in alcohol.

2. Dissection

a. Orient the wing by referring to Figure 5.

b. Stretch out the wing and using scissors only, begin

the first cut at the place where the wing was separated

from the body. Carefully snip just the skin as shown.

Make the second cut, starting at the cut edge. Run your

gloved fingers underneath the skin, loosening and pulling as

you go to pull the skin off.

c. Observe the superficial and deep layers of the skin. Note the yellowish adipose tissue (fat) adhered to

the skin and covering the deeper structures.

Wing

Tip

Figure 5. Wing Structures and Cut Lines

Figure 4. Comparison of Arm and Wing

Cut 1

Cut 2




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d. Clear off as much skin and fat as possible. Observe the thin, shiny connective tissue (fascia) enclosing

the muscles.

e. Locate the biceps brachii and triceps brachii muscles (bundles of pale pink fibers). Loosen the

connective tissue surrounding the muscles enough to get the blunt probe between the muscles and the

bone (humerus).

f. Depending on where the wing was cut, variable sections of the glenohumeral joint will be present.

Hold the wing by the proximal end of the humerus and move the lower wing up and down.

g. Repeat these steps with the extensors and flexors of the lower wing as you move the radiocarpal

joint.

h. Have one lab partner extend their arm in the supinated position. Note the positions of the antebrachial

(forearm) bones. Now have this person pronate their arm. Note how the bones move as the arm changes

position. Repeat the movement a few times.

i. Try this same motion with the chicken wing.

j. In your lab report, draw your chicken wing dissection and label the structures below. Color each

structure as indicated using colored pencils.

Bones (yellow) Muscles (red) Joints (blue)

humerus biceps brachii glenohumeral joint

radius triceps brachii humeroulnar joint

ulna flexors

carpals/metacarpals/phalanges extensors

3. Clean up:

a. Dispose of dissected tissues in the designated containers.

b. Wash the dissecting pan and dissection tools thoroughly with soap and water.

c. Dispose of gloves in the regular trash.

d. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water.

VI. Using Electromyography (EMG) to Study Muscle Physiology

A. Introduction

Electromyography (EMG) is the study of electrical activity in skeletal muscles using electrodes that are

placed on the skin. They are used to study motor units, which contain one somatic motor neuron and all

of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. There is a limit on how long a muscle can function optimally.

When the muscle is unable to maintain maximum tension, fatigue occurs. Fatigue may occur due to a

decrease in available acetylcholine (ACh), decreased ATP synthesis, or lactic acid accumulation. In this




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section of the lab, you will perform experiments that will allow you to observe muscle fatigue in the

upper extremity.

B. Experiment – Muscle Fatigue

BIOPAC® Equipment Setup:

Experiment Preparation:

1. At the top of the screen, click on File.

2. Click on Lesson Preferences.

3. Highlight Clench Force Transducer.

4. Click OK.

5. Highlight SS56L.

6. Click OK.

7. Make sure that your screen looks like Figure 7.

It is important the the dynamometer from Figure 6 is shown on the screen.

If you screen looks like Figure 7, click on the Next tab button at the bottom

of the screen.

Subject Preparation: Select one person to be the subject. Place the electrodes (Figure 8) and leads on the subject. Place the

first set of electrodes and leads on the dominant forearm (identified by the hand that you most frequently

use to write; for instance, if the subject is right handed, place the electrodes and leads on the subject’s

right forearm) using the Lead Placement instructions below. Use Figure 9 as an example.

1. The BIOPAC® MP45 unit will already be

plugged into the computer and attached to the

leads (Figure 6).

2. Log on to the computer using your DCCC login

so that you may print your results at the end of the

experiment.

3. Start the BIOPAC® Student Lab program by

finding the icon on the desktop and double-

clicking it.

4. In the top dialog box, select “Record or Analyze

a BIOPAC lesson.

5. In the bottom dialog box, select the lesson: L02-

Electromyography (EMG) II. Click OK.

5. Type in a name for the file you will recognize

(ie. the subject’s name). Click OK.

Dynamometer Figure 6. Biopac Set- up

Leads

Figure 7. Experiment Preparation




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Important Notes:

1. Do not place lotion on the forearm or wrist prior to electrode placement.

2. Do not let the metal parts of the electrodes overlap.

3. Place a drop of gel on the electrodes before attaching the electrodes to

the skin.

Lead Placement:

White: Ulnar side of forearm; 1 inch distal to the elbow

Black: Ulnar side of forearm; 1 inch proximal to the wrist

Red: Radial side of forearm; 1 inch proximal to the wrist

Once the leads and electrodes are properly positioned, click on the

Next Tab button at the bottom of the screen.

Calibration:

1. Click play on the video to watch how to calibrate the equipment.

There is no sound associated with the video.

2. Make the subject is in a seated position.

3. Place the dynamometer on the lab bench.

4. Click Calibrate in the bottom left part of the screen.

5. Click OK to the first prompt with the dynamometer on the table.

6. Read the second prompt and pick up the dynamometer. When the recording reaches two seconds,

have the subject perform a maximum clench (strongest possible clench on the dynamometer) for two

seconds. At 4 seconds, the subject should release the clench. The calibration will automatically end at 8

seconds. When you are ready to perform this, click OK.

7. Compare your calibration to Figure 10. If your calibration looks like Figure 10, click Continue. If it

does not, click on Redo Calibration in the bottom of the screen.

Figure 8. Electrodes

Figure 9. Lead Placement on the

Right Arm

Figure 10. Calibration Example




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Experiment Procedures

A. Dominant Arm 1. The bottom of the screen should look like Figure 11. Click

the gray record button.

2. The software will begin to record. Do NOT clench the

dynamometer. You will not be recording data from this

section of the software program. We are essentially skipping this part. At two seconds, stop the recording by clicking the

suspend button. Your screen should look like Figure 12.

3. Click Continue.

4. The bottom of the screen will now say “Dominant Arm,

Continued Clench Recording”. This is where you will collect

your muscle fatigue data for the dominant arm.

5. Next, the subject will use maximum force (strongest possible

clench) to clench the dynamometer. When the clench force is half of

the original, you will stop recording. For example, if the subject’s

maximum force was 6,000 kgf/m2, you will stop recording at 3,000

kgf/m2. The clench force values are recorded on the y-axis on the

right. When the subject is clenching the dynamometer, it is important

that the subject remain in a seated position and only clench the

dynamometer. Do not allow the subject to hold onto the lab bench

during the recording.

6. Click Record.

7. Have the subject perform maximum clench and stop recording

when half of the original force is reached.

8. Click Suspend. Your screen should look like Figure 13. If it does

not, click Redo. Otherwise, click Continue.

B. Non-Dominant Arm 1. Place the electrodes and leads on the non-dominant arm. Refer to

page 7 for lead placement.

2. The screen will look similar to Figure 11. It will have the heading

“Nondominant Arm, Increasing Clench Force Recording”. Click the

gray record button.

3. The software will begin to record. Do NOT clench the

dynamometer. You will not be recording data from this section of

Figure 11. Experiment Set Up Part 1

Figure 12. Experiment Set Up Part 2

Figure 13. Dominant Arm Fatigue Example




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the software program. We are essentially skipping this part. At two seconds, stop the recording by

clicking the Suspend button. Your screen should look similar to Figure 12.

4. Click Continue.

5. The bottom of the screen will now say “Nondominant Arm, Continued Clench Recording”. This is

where you will collect your muscle fatigue data for the nondominant arm.

6. Next, the subject will use maximum force (strongest possible clench) to clench the dynamometer.

When the clench force is half of the original, you will stop recording.

7. When the subject is clenching the dynamometer, it is important that the subject remain in a seated

position and only clench the dynamometer. Do not allow the subject to hold onto the lab bench during

the recording.

8. Click Record.

9. Have the subject perform maximum clench and stop recording when half of the original force is

reached.

10. Click Suspend. Your screen should look similar to Figure 13. If it does not, click Redo. Otherwise,

click Stop.

11. A dialog box will appear asking if you are done recording. Click Yes.

12. The next screen will ask you to listen to your recording. You will not be performing this part of the

experiment. Click Done.

Data Analysis 1. A dialog box will appear. Highlight Analyze Current Data file and click OK.

2. Your data for both the dominant and nondominant arms should appear and look like Figure 14.

3. Click on the I-Beam tool (Figure 14). Highlight the maximum clench value on the dominant hand

from the bottom graph (Figure 15). Only include the highest parts. Record this value (Box 41 Mean)

from the upper left corner of the screen in Table 2 of the lab report. Round your value to the nearest

hundredth.

Figure 14. Dominant and Nondominant Arm Data Analysis Example

I-Beam

Tool




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0

4. On the dominant hand, highlight the clench

until 50% of the maximum clench was

reached. (Figure 16) Record the amount of

time it took (to the nearest hundredth) the

dominant hand to fatigue (Box 40 Delta T) in

Table 2 of the lab report.

6. Record the maximum clench and time to

fatigue values for the nondominant hand in

Table 2 of the lab report (Repeat steps 3 & 4).

7. Click File and Print to print the EMG from

your lab group. Choose Preferences,

Landscape. Print a copy for each person in

your group. Attach a copy of the EMG to

your lab report.

8. Close the data file. Click File, Quit.

9. Place all used electrodes in the regular

trash.

Figure 15. Maximum Clench Highlighted on the Dominant Hand

Figure 16. Fatigue Time Highlighted on the Dominant Hand




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1

Muscular System I

Laboratory Report # 8 Name:__________________________

III. Synovial Joints – Parts B. and C.

Follow the directions on pages 2 - 3 to fill in Table 1. CAN BE COMPLETED AT HOME

Table 1. Select Synovial Joints of the Upper Extremity: Articulating Bones, Movements, and

Muscles

Joint Name Articulating Bones Movement / Action

Possible

(please use letters

from page 3)

Major Muscles at Joint

(use muscle(s) from page

4)

1. Glenohumeral joint

Common name:

__________________

2. Humeroulnar joint

Common name:

__________________

III. B. 2. Write in the anatomical name of each upper extremity joint shown below. Label the

articulating bones indicated at the lines by writing in the names of the bones directly on the

diagram.

A. ______________________________ B.___________________________

i.

ii.

INSTRUCTOR JOINT CHECK ______________

B_

_ i

ii




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2

III. B. 3. View the radiographs (X-rays) on display in the lab and give the anatomical names of

the two select synovial joints of the upper extremity.

A. ______________________________

B. ______________________________

V. Chicken Wing Dissection – Draw and label your chicken wing dissection. Be careful to follow the

directions given on page 5. Make the drawing fairly large so it will be easier to label.

VI. EMG Experiment

Table 2. EMG – Fatigue Data

Dominant Hand Non-Dominant Hand

Maximum Clench Force

(kgf/m2)

Time to Fatigue

Delta T (sec)

Maximum Clench Force

(kgf/m2)

Time to Fatigue

Delta T (sec)

1. On your graph, label the following: fatigue for dominant hand, fatigue for non-dominant hand, time

in seconds, and force. ATTACH YOUR GRAPH TO THE END OF THE LAB REPORT.

2. Define muscle fatigue. _______________________________________________________________

3. Which hand fatigued first? ____________

4. List 2 factors that can possibly contribute to muscle fatigue.

A. ______________________________________

B. ______________________________________

BIO 150 #8 Muscle I Lab August 2017averenna/bio150/Lab8-Bio 150-Muscle I.pdf · BIOPAC ® Equipment...

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