Bio 130 Human Biology Chapter 20 DNA and Biotechnology.

Bio 130 Human Biology

Chapter 20

DNA and Biotechnology

DNA molecule


DNA Is a Double Helix Consisting of Two Strings of Nucleotides


During Replication of DNA Each Original Strand Serves As a Template for a New Strand

This process is also used by Man to determine the sequence of DNA

Semiconservative replication

Each new strandhas half an original strand


DNA Sequencing

Figure 20.1

Gel Electrophoresis

Figure 20.1 (2 of 3)

DNA Sequencing

Figure 20.1 (3 of 3)


DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for a Protein

This is the central dogma of DNA

transcription

This RNA Molecule will be translated by Ribosomes into a protein. This protein has an activity that will give us a phenotype


DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for a Protein

Translation is protein synthesis the genetic code

Table 17.7 page 405 (from ch 17)

A codon is 3 nucleotides together Each codon, represents a specific Amino Acid Changes in a sequence, will change a codon

which will change the protein

Codons and their AA

Fig 17.7


The Human Genome Project

An effort to sequence the entire human genome

What Does it do Function Change over time Identify disease/health

Sequencing


Genetic Map

Figure 20.12 (1/4)

Now we know the sequence

What tools do we have and how can we use them.


Recombinant DNA Technique

Figure 20.3

What to do when you don’t want or need a vector?



Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Figure 20.5 (1/2)


Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Figure 20.5 (2/2)


Genetic Engineering Is the Manipulation of DNA for Human Purposes

Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources

Humans can not mix and match various genes from different organisms

This allows us to do things in a few years which previously would take deckades


Laboratory-Modified DNA

Recombinant DNA: cutting, splicing, copying DNA

Restriction enzymes DNA ligases Plasmids


Recombinant DNA Technique

Figure 20.4


Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic bacterial uses to make bioactive molecules (medicine): Insulin Human growth hormone Erythropoeitin Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) Vaccines


Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic plants: Increased resistance to freezing Longer shelf life of fruits and vegetables Increased vitamin A (and overall nutrition) Edible vaccines Human proteins (i.e., albumin) (when required in very

large amounts)


Transgenic Animals

Bigger challenges: No plasmid use Cloning more difficult

Successes: Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth “Gene farming”



Recombinant DNA is made of DNA from different sources



Gene therapy replaces faulty genes with functional genes methods of delivering a healthy gene examples of conditions suitable for gene therapy

Faulty information in mRNA may someday be correctable

Gene silencing may someday adjust gene activity DNA fingerprinting can identify individuals


Gene Therapy: Hope of the Future

Obstacles: Transplant into “right” cells Into reproductive cells?


Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells

Figure 20.13


Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells (cont.)

Retroviruses Liposomes Direct DNA injection


Gene Therapy Successes

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) success

Cystic fibrosis Cancer research


Gene therapy

ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD).

X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID),

Not approved by the FDA


The Purpose of the Human Genome Project Is to Identify the Complete DNA Sequence of the Human Genome

A way to identify and characterize all the genes and the entire sequence of the human genome.

Funded by the DOE

A way to look at change in the human genome and health over time


What we can do with this info?

Individual medicine Diagnose Disease faster Identify individuals


DNA Fingerprint

Using an individuals unique DNA sequence and 20 or so specific marker we can determine who and individual is

Process DNA sample cut with restriction enzymes and

separated by size. Probes that bind to specific sequences of DNA

will highlight their specific matches. The pattern is used to identify individuals

Bio 130 Human Biology Chapter 20 DNA and Biotechnology.

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