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A fish is any member of aparaphyletic group of organisms that consist of allgill-

bearingaquaticcraniate animals that lacklimbs withdigits.

Amphibians are members of theclass Amphibia, whose living forms

includefrogs,toads,salamanders,newts andcaecilians.They are cold-

blooded,tetrapodvertebrates.Most have four limbs and live in fresh water or on land but thecaecilians, though included in the group, live in burrows in damp soil and are limbless.

Amphibians typically have a larval stage that lives in water but there are many different

behavioural adaptations that have developed among species to bypass this necessity. The young

undergometamorphosis from a larval form with gills to an adult air-breathing form with lungs.

Amphibians also use their skin for respiration, and some small terrestrial salamanders rely

entirely on this and have no lungs.

Mammals are members ofclass Mammalia ( /mmeli./), air-

breathingvertebrateanimals characterized by the possession ofendothermy,hair,threemiddle

ear bones,andmammary glands functional in mothers with young. Most mammals alsopossesssweat glandsand specializedteeth.The largest group of mammals, theplacentals,have

aplacenta which feeds the offspring during gestation. The mammalian brain, with its

characteristicneocortex,regulatesendothermic andcirculatory systems,the latter featuringred

blood cells lackingnuclei and afour-chambered heart.Mammals range in size from the 3040

millimeter (1- to 1.5-inch)bumblebee bat to the 33-meter (108-foot)blue whale.

Chordates form aphylum of creatures that are based on a bilateralbody plan,[2]

and is defined by

having at some stage in their lives all of the following:[3]

Anotochord,in other words a fairly stiff rod ofcartilage that extends along the inside of thebody. Among the vertebrate sub-group of chordates the notochord develops into thespine,

and in wholly aquatic species this helps the animal to swim by flexing its tail.

Adorsalneural tube.In fish and othervertebrates this develops into thespinal cord,the maincommunications trunk of thenervous system.

Pharyngeal slits.Thepharynx is the part of thethroat immediately behind the mouth.Infish the slits are modified to formgills,but in some other chordates they are part of

afilter-feeding system that extracts particles of food from the water in which the animals

live.

Post-anal tail. A muscular tail that extends backwards behind theanus. Anendostyle.This is a groove in theventral wall of the pharynx. Infilter-feeding species it

producesmucus to gather food particles, which helps in transporting food to

theesophagus.[4]

It also storesiodine,and may be a precursor of the vertebratethyroid gland

Insects (fromLatin insectum, acalque ofGreek [ntomon], "cut into sections") are

aclass ofinvertebrates within thearthropodphylum that have achitinousexoskeleton,a three-

part body (head,thorax,andabdomen), three pairs of jointedlegs,compound eyes,and one pair

ofantennae.They are among the most diverse groups ofanimals on the planet, including more

than a million describedspecies and representing more than half of all known living

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organisms.[2][3]

The number ofextant species is estimated at between six and ten

million,[2][4][5]

and potentially represent over 90% of the differingmetazoan life forms on

Earth.[6]

Insects may be found in nearly allenvironments,although only a small number of

species occur in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group,crustaceans.

Birds (class Aves) arefeathered,winged,bipedal,endothermic (warm-blooded),egg-laying,vertebrate animals. With around 10,000 living species, they are the mostspeciose class

oftetrapod vertebrates. All present species belong to the subclassNeornithes,and inhabit

ecosystems across the globe, from the Arctic to the Antarctic.Extantbirds range in size from the

5 cm (2 in)Bee Hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft)Ostrich.Thefossil record indicates that birds

emerged withintheropoddinosaurs during theJurassicperiod, around 160 million years (Ma)

ago.Paleontologists regard birds as the onlyclade of dinosaurs to have survived theCretaceous

Paleogene extinction event 65.5 Ma (million years) ago.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Infraclass: Eutheria

Superorder: Laurasiatheria[1]

Order: Chiroptera

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Chondrichthyes

Subclass: Elasmobranchii

Superorder: Selachimorpha

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Rodentia

Superfamily: Muroidea

Family: Muridae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-number-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-number-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metazoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-bloodedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speciosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muridaehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muroideahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasmobranchiihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chondrichthyeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurasiatheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutheriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_eventhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologisthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theropodahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bee_Hummingbirdhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_birdshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrapodhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speciosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egg_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warm-bloodedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endotherm_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipedalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_flighthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Featherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_(biology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustaceanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_environmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metazoahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-number-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extant_taxonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect#cite_note-Chapman-2

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Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: chordata

class: Amphibia

Order: Anura / Salientia

Family: Ranidae

Genus: Rana

species: tigrina

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Myriapoda

Class: Diplopoda

millipede

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Subphylum: Myriapoda

Class: Chilopoda

centipede

chicken

Subfamily: Murinae

Genus: Rattus

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Galliformes

Family: Phasianidae

Subfamily: Phasianinae

Genus: Gallus

Species: G. gallus

Subspecies:

G. g.

domesticus

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Sharks are heavy fishes, possessing neither lungs nor swim bladders (seefish). Their skeletons

are made of cartilage rather than bone, and this, along with large deposits of fat, partially solves

their weight problem; nevertheless, most sharks must keep moving in order to breathe and to stay

afloat. They are good swimmers; the wide spread of the pectoral fins and the upward curve of the

tail fin provide lift, and the sweeping movements of the tail provide drive. Their tough hides are

studded with minute, toothlike structures called denticles. Sharks have pointed snouts; their

crescent-shaped mouths are set on the underside of the body and contain several rows of sharp,

triangular teeth. They have respiratory organs calledgills,usually five on each side, with

individual gill slits opening on the body surface; these slits form a conspicuous row and lack the

covering found over the gills of bony fishes. Like most fishes, sharks breathe by taking water in

through the mouth and passing it out over the gills. Usually there are two additional respiratory

openings on the head, called spiracles. A shark's intestine has a unique spiral valve, which

increases the area of absorption. Fertilization is internal in sharks; the male has paired organs

called claspers for introducing sperm into thecloaca of the female. Members of most species

bear live young, but a few of the smaller sharks lay eggs containing much yolk and enclosed inhorny shells. Compared to bony fishes, sharks tend to mature later and reproduce slowly.

Predation

Only a small number of the predatory species are definitely known to engage in unprovoked

attacks on humans. The largest and most feared of these is the great white shark,which mayreach 20 ft (6 m) in length and is probably responsible for more such attacks than any other

species. Other sharks reputed to be especially dangerous are the tiger and blue sharks andthemako.Sharks are extremely sensitive to motion and to the scent of blood. Swimmers in areaswhere dangerous varieties occur should leave the water quietly if they are cut; spearfishing

divers should remove bleeding fish from the water immediately. In some places bathing areas are

guarded by nets. A number of substances have been used as shark repellents, including maleicacid, copper sulfate, and decaying shark flesh, but their effectiveness is variable. An electrical

repellent device, exploiting the shark's sensitivity to electrical fields, has been developed in

South Africa. Sharks usually circle their prey before attacking. Since they seldom swim near the

surface, an exposed dorsal fin is more likely to be that of a swordfish or ray than that of a shark

reduced lungs

- A frog in adormant state requires very little oxygen for breathing and preferscutaneousrespiration.

- 3 chambered heart

- slippery skin

- cold blooded

- prefer wetlands, shallow ponds and marsh pools

http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0818770.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0820835.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0812595.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0852137.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0831301.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0831301.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0852137.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0812595.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0820835.htmlhttp://www.factmonster.com/ce6/sci/A0818770.html

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CharacteristicsMillipedes are a diverse group of animals and are not well studied in Australia and of the 15

orders of millipedes in the world only 9 have been recorded in Australia. Millipede means

'thousand feet' but they do not really have this many, although most have over 30 pairs of legsand some are known to have about 350 pairs. Millipedes can be distinguished from other

invertebrates by the following characters:

2 pairs of legs per body segment,although some juveniles may posses only 1pair per segment

Simple eyes if present, althoughmany have no eyes

1 pair of antennae Chewing mouthparts

Although it looks like millipedes have 2 pair of legs on each segment, closer examination shows

that each body segment is actually 2 segments fused together. Millipedes are timid invertebrates

and unlike centipedes, do not have poisonous claws so to protect themselves and to discouragepredators they roll into a tight spiral and often discharge a foul smelling, distasteful substance.

The introduced species Ommatoiulus moreletii (Black Portuguese millipede), often reachesplague proportions in southern Australia invading houses and destroying crops. Numbers can be

so great in places that the ground appears a wriggling mass of black millipedes.

Life Cycle

Most male millipedes have specially designed mating legs on their seventh body segment, which

they use to transfer sperm to the female genital opening. The female then lays her eggs in the

soil, under logs or among leaf litter depending on the species. The newly hatched young have 3to 4 pairs of legs depending on the species. Body segments and legs are added with

successivemoults as they grow until the adult size is attained.

Feeding

Millipedes areherbivores and

scavengers, feeding primarily ondecaying plant material and animal matter.

HabitatMost millipedes are found in cool, moist environments and many species are common under

rocks and logs, in leaf litter and soil and under the bark of trees.

Paradoxomatidae species

Ommatoiulus moreleti (JULIDAE)

http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/glossary.html#moulthttp://www.ento.csiro.au/education/glossary.html#herbivorehttp://www.ento.csiro.au/education/glossary.html#herbivorehttp://www.ento.csiro.au/education/glossary.html#moult

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The black Portuguese millipede Ommatoiulus moreleti, is an introduced species which has

rapidly gained a reputation for being a nuisance pest in most areas where it occurs.

This species often reaches plague numbers especially in southern Australia. In these instances it

often invades houses and other dwellings where it contaminates food and infests carpet and

bedding. It may also destroy fruit and vegetable crops.

Like other species of Julid millipedes the black Portuguese millipede discharges a yellowish

liquid when disturbed to discourage predators. Although not dangerous to humans this fluid canstain skin and material.

centipedes are flat, and, unlike Millipedes, have one pair of legs per segment. They are NOT part

of the hexapod (insects, for all you uneducated people out there) class, but are Arachnids.

Centipedes are also carnivores, eating their prey after swiftly injecting poison into it. Still,

the main difference, is that centipedes are flat and have only one pair of legs per segment.

What is the Difference Between Centipedes & Millipedes?

Both centipedes and millipedes have segmented bodies and belong to Superclass Myriapoda.

Both breathe through spiracles and have no direct copulatory organs. However, many differences

exist between centipedes and millipedes.

Centipedes are terrestrial arthropods belonging to Class Chilopoda. Centipedes are flexible,dorsoventrally flattened arthropods. Millipedes belong to Class Diplopoda and are inflexible

arthropods distinguishable by their subcylindrical shape. Centipedes have one pair of legs per

body segment, while millipedes have two pairs.

While most centipedes are known for their speed, millipedes move slowly and burrow.