Bio 105: The Endocrine System - Napa Valley College Endocrine... · Bio 105: The Endocrine System...
Transcript of Bio 105: The Endocrine System - Napa Valley College Endocrine... · Bio 105: The Endocrine System...
4/7/2016
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Bio 105: The Endocrine System
Lecture 12
Chapter 10
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Outline
• Function of the Endocrine System
• Hormones and Neurotransmitters
• Types of Hormones & Their actions
• Endocrine glands/organs and Hormones
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Review Questions
• Muscles cells are bundled together, these bundles are called _______.
• What is the plasma membrane called in muscle cells?
• What is the oxygen binding protein similar to hemoglobin, but found only in muscles?
• Where is Ca++ stored in muscle cells? • What does Ca++ bind to when it is
released?
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Homeostasis
• Nervous and Endocrine Systems
– Exert control over the other systems
–Maintain homeostasis
–Work closely to govern the internal organs
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Endocrine System
• Function
–Work with the nervous system to regulate and control the other systems and maintain homeostasis
– Functions by releasing hormones which travel through the body to target cells
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Review Questions
• Glands are secretory cells or structures derived from what type of tissue? a) Muscle
b) Connective
c) Epithelial
d) Nervous
• What type of glands do not have tubes or ducts, but secrete hormones directly into the blood stream?
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Endocrine System Communication
Figure 10.1
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Hormones
• Chemical messengers
• Secreted by one cell and travels to another
• Affects only the target cells with the correct receptor
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Hormones VS Neurotransmitters
• Endocrine VS Nervous Systems
–Both controlled by negative feedback
–Work together to maintain homeostasis
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Hormones VS Neurotransmitters
Differences Hormones Neurotransmitte
rs
Where is it located?
Distributed throughout the body in blood
stream
Localizsed to nerve synapse
How long does it take to act?
Slow to act Quick acting
How long does it last?
Remains longer in the body
Taken away quickly
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Hormones
• 2 types
–Water soluble
– Lipid soluble
• Amino acid hormones
– Single amino acid – ex. Epinephrine
–Polypeptides – ex. Human growth hormone
–Water soluble
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Amino Acid
Figure 2.22
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Review Questions
• Are amino acids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
• Can amino acids freely cross the plasma membrane?
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Water Soluble Hormones
• Bind to a receptor on surface of the target cells (ex. muscle cells)
• Bind of the hormone epinephrine to the receptor triggers the formation of a secondary messenger (ex. cAMP)
• Secondary messenger triggers cascade of events ending in celluar activity
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Water Soluble Hormones -
cAMP Mediation
Figure 10.4
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Lipid Soluble Hormones
• Steroid Hormones
– Structure similar to cholesterol
– Examples
• Estrogen
• Testosterone
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Review Questions
• What biological molecule are steroids?
• Are steroids hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
• Can steroids freely cross the plasma membrane?
• What do you call the process of when DNA is copied to make mRNA?
• What is the product of translation?
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Lipid Soluble Hormones - Steroids
• Enter the target cells – Can freely pass through the plasma membrane
• Binds with a receptor (inside the cell)
• The hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA in the nucleus and activates the transcription of DNA to make mRNA
• mRNA leaves the nucleus, binds to a ribosome and is translated to make proteins
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Lipid-soluble Hormones
Figure 10.3
Steroid hormone
Receptor
Nuclear pore
Plasma membrane of target cell (lipid bilayer)
Nuclear envelope
Cytoplasm
Extracellular fluid
Nucleus Step 4: The hormone- receptor complex binds to DNA.
Step 1: The steroid hormone diffuses through the plasma membrane of the target cell.
Step 2: The steroid hormone binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
Step 3: The hormone- receptor complex enters the nucleus.
Step 7: Enzymes alter the activity of the cell.
Step 5: Certain genes are activated.
Step 6: Proteins, including enzymes, are synthesized.
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Water Soluble VS Lipid Soluble
• Water Soluble – Take less time to act
–Do not enter target cell • Work via secondary messengers
• Lipid Soluble – Take longer to act
• Cause transcription and translation to make a protein
– Enter the cell Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 21
Hormones
• Water soluble Hormones
–Cyclic AMP pathway
–https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2er_Dfgg44
• Lipid Soluble Hormones
–https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C4m3ZT4Byvo
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Endocrine Glands and Organs
• Primary – Pituitary – Thyroid – Parathyroid – Adrenals – Pineal – Hypothalamus – Thymus
• Secondary – Pancreas – Ovaries – Testes – Heart – Placenta – Stomach – Intestines – Kidneys
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Endocrine System
Figure 10.2 (1 of 2)
Parathyroid glands (two of four)
Pineal gland
Thymus gland
Kidney
Adrenal gland (one on each kidney) Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla
Heart
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Endocrine System
Figure 10.2 (2 of 2)
Uterus
Thyroid gland
Pancreas
Testis (one of a pair)
Ovary (one of a pair)
Small intestine
Stomach
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Hypothalamus
• Regulates the internal environment through the autonomic nervous system
–Heartbeat
–Body temperature
–Water balance
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Hypothalamus
• Controls
–Glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
• Produces
–Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
–Oxytocin
–Hypothalamic-releasing hormones
–Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
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Diuresis
• A diuretic will make your urine
–Dilute?
–Concentrated?
• An antidiuretic will make your urine
–Dilute?
–Concentrated?
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Hypothalamus
• Controls
–Glandular secretions of the pituitary gland
• Produces
–Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
–Oxytocin
–Hypothalamic-releasing hormones
–Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones
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Hypothalamus – ADH & Oxytocin
• Produced by
–Neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus
• Stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary
• Posterior lobe releases these hormones when needed
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ADH – Antidiuretic Hormone
• Function
–Regulates water absorption in the kidneys
• Target
–Kidneys
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Antidiuretic Hormone
(ADH)
Image From: https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/lecture-exam-endocrine-system/deck/6009368
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ADH Disorders
• Disease
–Diabetes Insipidus
• Cause
–Deficiency of ADH
– Excessive urine production dehydration
• Treatment
–Administer synthetic ADH
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Oxytocin (OT)
• Function
– Stimulates uterine contraction during childbirth and milk letdown
• Target
–Uterus
–Mammary glands
• Synthetic: Pitocin
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Hypothalamus
• Hypothalamic-releasing hormone
• Hypothalamic-inhibiting hormone
–Both produced by hypothalamus
• Target
–Anterior Pituitary Gland
–Releasing release/secretion of hormones
– Inhibiting inhibits release/secretion
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Hawaii
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Produces
– Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
–Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
–Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH)
–Prolactin (PRL)
–Growth Hormone (GH)
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Anterior Pituitary Gland • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
– Thyroid – Produce T3 and T4
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) – Adrenal cortex – Produce glucocorticoids
• Gonadotropic hormones (FSH and LH) – Ovaries and Testes – Produce estrogen and testosterone
• Prolactin (PRL) – Breast – Milk let-down
• Growth Hormone (GH) – Bones and muscle – Growth
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Pituitary Gland – Anterior and Posterior
Figure 10.6
Posterior pituitary
Oxytocin (OT)
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Kidney tubules
Smooth muscle in uterus
Anterior pituitary
Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyroid gland
Adrenocortico- tropic hormone (ACTH)
Cortex of adrenal gland
Prolactin (PRL)
Mammary glands
Growth hormone (GH)
Bones, muscles
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Ovaries, testes
Hypothalamus
ADH and OT travel to the ends of the cells in the posterior pituitary, where they are released into the bloodstream to influence target tissues.
Nerve cells in the hypothalamus produce antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin (OT).
Mammary glands
Releasing and inhibiting hormones travel by way of the bloodstream to the anterior pituitary and cause it to modify secretion of its six hormones (FSH, LH, GH, PRL, ACTH, and TSH).
Nerve cells in the hypothalamus secrete releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones.
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
• 2 sections to pituitary gland
–Anterior
–Posterior
• Posterior Pituitary Gland
–Receives ADH and Oxytocin from hypothalamus
– Stores and Releases
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Produces hormones
• Releases when receives hypothalamic-releasing hormones from the hypothalamus
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
• Produced by
–Anterior Pituitary
• Function
– Stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroxine
• Target
– Thyroid gland
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
• Produced by
–Anterior Pituitary
• Function
– Stimulates adrenal cortex to produce cortisol
• Target
–Adrenal cortex
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Gonadotropic Hormones
• Produced by – Anterior Pituitary
• Function – Stimulate gonads to produce gamets and
hormones – FSH – LH
• Target – Ovaries – Testes
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Gonadotropic Hormones
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) – Stimulates gamete development
–Males and Females
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH) – Stimulates ovaries to produce estrogen and
progesterone in females
– Stimulates testes to produce testosterone in males
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Prolactin (PRL)
• Produced by
–Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Function
–Causes mammary glands to develop and produce milk
• Target
–Mammary Glands
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Growth Hormone
• Produced by –Anterior Pituitary Gland
• Function –Promotes skeletal and muscular growth
• Target –Bones
–Muscles
–Cartilage
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Growth Hormone Disorders
• Disease
–Gigantism
• Cause
– Too much GH during childhood
• Treatment
– If caused by pituitary tumor – remove or reduce the tumor
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Gigantism
Figure 10.7
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Growth Hormone Disorders
• Disease –Acromegaly
• Cause – Too much GH in adulthood
– Thickening of the bones of the extremities, face and tongue
• Treatment – Same as gigantism
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Acromegaly
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Growth Hormone Disorders
• Disease
–Pituitary Dwarfism
• Cause
– Insufficient GH production
– Sterility
• Treatment
–Administer GH during childhood
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Pituitary dwarfism
Figure 10.9
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Review Questions
• What hormone stimulates water resorption by the kidneys?
• What hormone stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol?
• Which gland produces oxytocin?
• Which gland produces prolactin?
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Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TVhm2rBGhB0
• ADH = Vasopressin
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Bahamas
Image From: https://www.ncl.com/cruise-destinations/bahamas-florida-cruises
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Bahamas
Image From: http://wikitravel.org/en/Bahamas
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Thyroid Gland Hormones
Figure 10.11a
Opening to trachea
Larynx
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Trachea
Front view Back view
(a) The thyroid gland lies over the trachea, just below the larynx. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 60
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Thyroid Gland
• Large gland located below the larynx
• Requires iodine to make hormones
• Produces
– Thyroid hormones (TH)
• Thyroxine (T4)
• Triiodothyronine (T3)
–Calcitonin
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Thyroid Gland
• Thyroid Hormones –Regulates metabolism
– Stimulates protein synthesis
– Stimulates breakdown of lipids
– Stimulates use of glucose for the production of ATP
• Target –Most cells in the body
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
• Disease
– Simple Goiter
• Cause
–A diet deficient in iodine
• Treatment
– Iodine supplements or administration of thyroid hormone
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
• Disease – Cretinism
• Cause – Too little TH during fetal development or
infancy
– Dwarfism and delayed mental and sexual development
• Treatment – Administer TH
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
• Disease – Myxedema
• Cause – Too little TH in adulthood – Fluid accumulates in facial tissues – Decrease in alertness, body temperature and
heart rate
• Treatment – Administer TH
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
• Disease
–Graves’ disease
• Cause
–Oversecretion of TH
–An autoimmune disorder due to production of antibodies that mimic the action of TSH
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Thyroid Gland Disorders
• Graves’ Disease cont’d
• Symptoms – Increased metabolic rate and heart rate
– Sweating, nervousness and weight loss
– Many have exophthalmos
• Treatment – Drug that blocks the synthesis of TH
– Reduce thyroid gland by surgery or radioactive iodine
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Exopthalmos
Figure 10.12c
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Review Questions
• What is the target of thyroxine?
• Does calcitonin lower or raise the blood’s calcium level?
• What gland produces calcitonin?
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Image From: http://www.hawaiilife.com/articles/2012/03/good-news-vacation-rental-owners/
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