BIO 101, 102 ENERGY & METABOLISM
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Transcript of BIO 101, 102 ENERGY & METABOLISM
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
Dr. Michael C. PotterPaul VI Catholic High School
Fairfax, Virginia
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
ENERGY: Ability to do work States of Energy
PotentialKinetic
Forms of Energy MechanicalHeatAtomic, etc.
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Potential Energy Kinetic Energy
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMMEASUREMENT OF ENERGY Calorie: Amount of heat needed
to raise 1.0 Gm. H2O 1.0 Co
Kcal (kilocalorie) Joule: SI unit of work (energy)
Energy needed to raise 1.0 Kg.1.0 meter
1.0 Kcal. = 4.184 kilojoules
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
ALL Energy obtained from Sun 13X1023 calories per year…or 40 million billion calories/sec.
Sun energy stored as potentialenergy in chemical cmpds.
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
Oxidation Reduction Reactions
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMOXIDATION/REDUCTION REACTION OXIDATION: Molecule LOSES
electron REDUCTION: Molecule GAINS
electron REDOX REACTIONS i.e. “coupled”
reactions
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
OXIDIZING AGENT: Causes oxidation in molecule therefore is reducedREDUCING AGENT Causes reduction in molecule
therefore is oxidized“LEO the lion says GER!”
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Energy can neither be made nor
destroyed; only changed fromone form to another
The TOTAL AMOUNT of energy inthe universe remains constant
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SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
ENTROPY is increasing, i.e. disorder is more likely than order Entropy is the measure of
disorder in a system
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
FREE ENERGY: That energy in a system that is available to dowork
Free Energy equals ENTHALPYminus ENTROPY times Ko
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
Josiah Willard GibbsProfessor of Mathematics Yale University
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMGIBBS FREE ENERGY: Josiah Willard Gibbs ΔG = CHANGE in Free Energy
Negative value - exothermicPositive value – endothermic
ACTIVATION ENERGY:Energy required to initiate a chemical reaction
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMCATALYSTS: Lower Activation nrg.ENZYMES:
Protein catalystsMechanisms of Action (4)Factors Affecting Activity: Inhibition
Competitive Inhibition Non-Competitive Inhibition
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 6 Energy and Metabolism
Competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
ENZYMES:
Factors Affecting Activity:Activation “Activators” Maintain “active
configuration”
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ENZYME COFACTORS: Usually inorganic substances e.g. ions
COENZYMES: Nonprotein organicmolecules (vitamins)
NADH (reduced form)FADH2 (reduced form)
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Biological Redox
Often a PAIR of H atoms are removed, & one proton and 2 electrons are then transferred to NAD+
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
COENZYME NADH
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)Nucleotide consisting of:
RiboseAdenine (N-containing base)Three PO4 groups
Transient Existence (Use it orlose it)
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Phosphate groups
Adenine
Ribose
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
Energy (Potential) stored in bondYields 7.3 kcal/mol when
ATPADPProvides energy for most
endergonic reactionsCoupled Reactions
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
EVOLUTION OF METABOLISM 1. Degradation 2. Glycolysis 3. Anaerobic Photosynthesis 4. Nitrogen Fixation 5. O2 Forming Photosynthesis 6. Aerobic Respiration
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
GLUCOSE CATABOLISM
A.STAGE I: GLYCOLYSISB.STAGE II: PYRUVATE OXIDATIONC.STAGE III: KREBS CYCLED.STAGE IV: ELECTRON TRANSPORT
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMA.GLYCOLYSIS: A process that occursin the cytoplasm of every living cell
1. Glucose Priming: This changes glucose into a molecule that can be“cleaved”.Requires 2 molecules of ATPPhosphofructokinase: commits glucose to glycolysis
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMA.GLYCOLYSIS:2. Splitting & Rearrangement:
Six carbon compound splits to (2) 3 carbon cmpds.
Fructose 1,6, Diphosphate into(2) Glyceraldehyde 3 PO4
“Substrate Level Phosphorylation” Making ATP (4 molecules/glucose)
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMGLYCOLYSIS: 3. Oxidation: Removal of electrons
(energy) & capturing in NADHfrom NAD+.
4. ATP Generation: 4 reactions thatconvert G-3-PO4 to PyruvateGenerates 2 ATP per Pyruvate
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
GLYCOLYSIS RESULTS IN: Glucose → 2 molecules Pyruvate 2 molecules ADP → ATP for each
molecule of pyruvate 2 molecules NAD+ → NADH from
oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-PO4
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
B. Oxidation of Pyruvate: Occursin mitochondrion
1. Aerobic conditions Pyruvate OXIDIZED to Acetyl CoA
2. Anaerobic conditions result in FERMENTATION REACTIONS
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMMetabolism of
Pyruvate
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMFERMENTATION REACTIONS: 1.Lactic Acid Fermentation:
Pyruvate REDUCED to LactateNo CO2 removalNADH → NAD+
2. Alcohol Fermentation:Fungal (Yeast) CellsPyruvate REDUCED to AlcoholCO2 Removed; NADH → NAD+
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Cytosol
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BIO 101. 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
C. KREBS CYCLE: 1. “Priming” Reactions
Prepares the molecule for energy extraction Acetyl CoA (2C) joins oxaloacetate (4C) to form Citrate (6C)Citrate isomerizes to Isocitrate
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
C. KREBS CYCLE: 2. “Energy Extraction”- oxidation
reactions disassembling the molecule Decarboxylation Reactions Reduction NAD+→ NADH Reduction FAD+ → FADH2
Regeneration oxaloacetate
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
THE MALATE SHUTTLE
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
D. ELECTRON TRANSPORT System of REDOX reactions Series of membrane electron carriers Ubiquinone (quinone molecule)
Cytochromes (contain Fe++)OXYGEN is final electron acceptorWater is final product (two H+)
attach to oxygen
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMD. ELECTRON TRANSPORT:The movement of electrons down the concentration gradient to O2 as the final acceptor releases protons (H+) to the intermembrane spaceProtons move thru ATP synthase making ATP from ADP (oxidative phosphorylation)
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Four majorcomponents of electron trans-
port system
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Malate-Aspartate Shuttle
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMENERGY (ATP) YIELD per GLUCOSE Glycolysis: 2ATP by substrate level
phosphorylation Oxidation Pyruvate: 2 NADH (3 ATP per) Krebs Cycle: 6 NADH (3 ATP per)
2 FADH2 (1-2 ATP per)2 ATP via GTP
Electron Transport: 32 ATP oxidativephosphorylation
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Oxidation of Fatty Acids in Mitochomdria & Peroxisomes
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMAlternative Energy Sources
FOOD
complex carbohydrates
simple sugars
pyruvate
acetyl-CoA
glycogenfats proteins
amino acids
carbon backbones
fatty acids
glycerol
NH3
PGAL
glucose-6-phosphate
GLYCOLYSIS
KREBS CYCLE
urea
Figure 8.11Page 145
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMControl of Glucose Catabolism Feedback inhibition
Phosphofructokinase inhibited by: ATP levels Citrate levelsPhosphofructokinase stimulated by ADP levels AMP levels
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ControlOf
Metabolism
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
There is a mutualistic symbioticrelationship between the productsof glycolysis and the requirementsfor photosynthesis. This is an interrelationship between the cell’smitochondria and chloroplast.
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Processes Are Linked
sunlight energy
water+
carbondioxide
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AEROBICRESPIRATION
sugarmolecules
oxygen
In-text figurePage 146
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMPHOTOSYNTHESIS: LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS
1. Captures energy2. Makes ATP & NADPH
LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTIONS
3. Use ATP & NADPH for synthesis organic compound
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
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Copyright © 2005 Brooks/Cole — Thomson Learning
Biology, Seventh Edition CHAPTER 8 Photosynthesis: Capturing Energy
Overview of photosynthesis
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMPHOTOSYNTHESIS:A process whereby radiant
electromagnetic energy (light) is transformed by a specific photo- chemical system located in the thylakoid to yield chemical energy in the form of reducing potential (NADPH) and ATP.
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY & METABOLISM
CHLOROPLAST Double membrane, DNA containing
organelle Internal membrane formed into:
Thylakoids (contain photosystem)Grana (stacks of thylakoids)
Stroma in internal compartment
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PHOTOSYSTEM OVERVIEW: Acts as an antenna, i.e. absorbs
light energy Energy passed via chlorophyll Förster resonance energy transfer Energy transfer @ Reaction Center Membrane Proteins move energy Forms ATP and NADPH
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMPHOTOSYSTEM OVERVIEW:
THE PROCESS OF TRANSDUCTION OF LIGHT ENERGY INTO CHEMICAL NRG,THE PHOTOCHEMICAL EVENT, IS THE ESSENCE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
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ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Visible Light Spectrum
Range from 400nm-750nmGamma rays to Radio WavesMeasured in cps (Hertz)λ is symbol for wavelength
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Absorption Spectrum ofChlorophyll a
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMOVERALL Rx OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6CO2+12H2O→C6H12O6+6O2+6H2OReactions of Photosynthesis are divided into:“Photo”, i.e. light dependent in thylakoid“Synthesis”, i.e. carbon fixation; light
independent, occurs in the stroma
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMLIGHT DEPENDENT REACTIONS 1. Primary Photo Event 2. Electron Transport 3. Chemiosmosis
May be Cyclic or NoncyclicLIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION 1. Calvin-Benson Cycle
CO2 FixationOrganic Synthesis
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PHOTOSYSTEMS: a network of Chlorophyll a and accessory pigments held within a proteinmatrix on the surface of the photo-synthetic membrane.
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISM PHOTOSYSTEMS CONSIST OF: 1. Antenna Complex 2. Reaction Center
PHOTOSYSTEM I: Absorption peak of 700nm. (P700) PHOTOSYSTEM II: Absorption peak of 680nm. (P680)
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NONCYCLIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT
Begins with Photosystem IIPheophytin (1o electron acceptor)Electron Transport ChainPhotolysis (splitting water): This is the MOST IMPORTANT chemical reaction on earth.
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Formation of Oxygen duringNon-Cyclic photosynthesis
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Cyclic Electron Transport
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Cyclic Photosynthesis
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Cyclic Photosynthesis
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LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION
Utilizes the materials from the light dependent reactions, i.e.
Energy (ATP from Photo 2) Reducing Power (NADPH from Photo 1)
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PHOTOSYNTHESISCALVIN CYCLE
3CO2 + 9ATP + 6NADPH + water
reacts to yield
3-PGA + 8Pi + 9ADP + 6 NADP+
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Terminal Events of Calvin Cycle … Synthesis of SucroseIn cytoplasm of cell
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CRASSULACEAN ACID PATHWAYPresent in warmer climatesAllows stomata to close during
day (Preserve H2O)Characterized by:
CactusPineapple
“Temporal” separation of steps
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C4 PATHWAY (Hatch-Slack Pathway)
Allows stomata to close duringday
Characterized by:Grasses, Sugar Cane, Corn
“Spatial” Separation of steps
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C4 Pathway
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C3 Leaf C4 Leaf
Chloroplast
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Anatomy of the Vascular SheathIn C4 Leaves
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BIO 101, 102ENERGY &
METABOLISMFACTORS AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
1.Water Shortage2.Temperature3.Light Intensity
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PHOTORESPIRATION
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AP BIOLOGYENERGY & METABOLISM
Leaf Anatomy
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